A Guide to Pharmaceutical Drugs and the Nutrients They Deplete

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A Guide to Pharmaceutical Drugs and the Nutrients They Deplete

 

By Catherine Creel

2001 Catherine Creel,

 

Email: ccreel

Introduction

Because it is impossible to cover the 4000+ pharmaceutical drugs now on the

market, I've chosen to focus on the forty-five most prescribed drugs in 2000,

and a few others. This guide is not suggesting that you decline, or discontinue

prescription drugs for acute and chronic conditions. At the same time, it is not

advocating for prescription drug usage. Instead, it is offering you some

information that should be considered when making treatment decisions with the

well-informed healthcare provider that you trust. In some cases, you may choose

to take the prescription medication and supplement with any nutrients it may

deplete. At other times, you may choose to forego pharmaceutical drug therapy

for an effective holistic, or complementary alternative therapy.

 

How To Use This Guide

 

The first section of this guide lists:

1) Most popular name of each drug

2) Generic name of drug, if different from popular name

3) Most frequent uses

4) Nutrients depleted

 

The second section contains the following:

 

1) Name of nutrient

2) Overview of function and effect

3) Effects of depletion

4) Dosage range, dietary sources, and special considerations, if any

 

 

Top Pharmaceutical Drugs Prescribed in 2000

 

1) Hydrocodone w/APAP (acetaminophen) - A narcotic/analgesic used for the relief

of moderate to moderately severe pain. Depletes glutathione.

Note: Hydrocodone combined with aspirin depletes the following nutrients: folic

acid, iron, potassium, sodium, Vit. C, glutathione. Oxycontin is also included

here. Oxycontin is only different in that it is a timed-release drug.

2) Lipitor (atorvastatin) - Commonly referred to as a " statin " drug and used to

lower cholesterol. Depletes CoQ10, Vit E.

Note: There are several other drugs known as statins that deplete the same

nutrients. These are Mevacor (lovastatin), Pravachol (pravastatin), Zocor

(simvastatin), Lescol (fluvastatin sodium), and Lopid (gemfibrizol). Another,

Baycol (cerivastatin), was recently voluntarily withdrawn from the market due to

over thirty deaths nation-wide and over fifty deaths worldwide. At least twelve

of these deaths occurred when Lopid (gemfibrizol) was concomitantly prescribed

despite boldfaced warnings in several places in the Physicians' Desk Reference

(PDR) that these two drugs should not be administered together. The FDA has

voiced concerns about Baycol since 1999, but did not act to remove it from the

market. Baycol causes a muscle cell condition called rhabdomyolysis in which

muscle cells break down, rupture and release muscle cell proteins and pigments

into the bloodstream that cause kidney damage and, sometimes kidney failure and

death. Rhabdomyolosis also occurred when Baycol was administered with certain

antibiotics, certain fungal drugs, and niacin. This condition is a somewhat

less, but still very real possibility with all the other statin drugs listed

above. When looking at the function of CoQ10 later in this guide, a causal

relationship between the depletion of CoQ10 and rhabdomyolosis can be suspected.

3) Premarin (conjugated estrogens) - Used to reduce menopausal symptoms.

Depletes magnesium, Vit B6, zinc.

4) Synthroid (levothyroxine) - A synthetic hormone used for hypothyroidism. No

nutrient depletions have been documented. No studies of nutrient depletions can

be found.

5) Atenolol (atenolol) - A beta blocker used for hypertension (high blood

pressure). Depletes CoQ10.

6) Lasix (furosemide) - Used in the treatment of edema associated with renal

(kidney) disease, heart failure, and liver cirrhosis. It is also used for

hypertension (high blood pressure) either alone or in combination with another

drug. Depletes calcium, magnesium, potassium, sodium, Vit B1, Vit B6, Vit C,

zinc.

7) Prilosec (omeprazole) - Used for duodenal ulcers. Depletes Vit B12.

8) Albuterol (albuterol) - Used to dilate bronchial passages. Often is

prescribed as an inhaler for those with asthma. Depletes CoQ10.

9) Norvasc (amlodipine) - Calcium channel blocker used to treat hypertension

(high blood pressure); also used inappropriately by some to treat mitral valve

prolapse. Depletions are currently unknown, but the ongoing blocking of calcium

channels in cell membranes has a detrimental effect on the body over time.

10) Xanax (alprazolam) - A benzodiazepine used for the treatment of anxiety.

There are no known nutrient depletions. There is a lack of nutrient depletion

studies on all drugs used to treat " emotional disorders " .

11) Darvocet-N (propoxyphene w/APAP) - narcotic/analgesic combination prescribed

for mild to moderate pain. Depletes glutathione.

12) Glucophage (metformin) - Used for the treatment of type II diabetes.

Depletes Vit B12, folic acid.

13) Cephalexin (cephelexin) - A first generation antibiotic. Depletes

bifidobacteria bifidum (bifidus), biotin, lactobacillus acidophilus, Vit B1, Vit

B2, Vit B3, Vit B6, Vit B12, Vit K.

14) Amoxicillin (amoxicillin) - A penicillin-based antibiotic. Depletes

bifidobacteria bifidum (bifidus), biotin, inositol, lactobacillus acidophilus,

potassium, Vit B1, Vit B2, Vit B3, Vit B6, Vit B12, Vit K.

15) Claritin (loratidine) - Used for congestion and symptoms attributed to

allergies. No known depletions.

16) Trimox (amoxicillin) - See Amoxicillin above.

17) Hydrochlorothiazide (hydrochlorothiazide) - A diuretic belonging to the

thiazide class used for hypertension (high blood pressure). Depletes CoQ10,

magnesium, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, zinc.

18) Zoloft (sertraline) - An SSRI (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor)

antidepressant used for the treatment of depression. Depletions unknown.

Note: SSRI antidepressants and other serotonergic drugs are powerful medications

that radically alter body chemistry. There are numerous side effects, some of

which can be permanent even after discontinuing usage. SSRIs were popularized in

the early 1990's by the introduction of Prozac. Other drugs that affect

serotonin levels also have many side effects, some of which may be permanent. A

practice that has emerged in the past few years is to prescribe more than one

SSRI or serotonergic drug in combination with another. Some of these

combinations can lead to a very dangerous condition called serotonin syndrome, a

toxic hyperserotonergic state. It is

often mistaken for neuroleptic malignant syndrome in people taking neuroleptic

medications (antipsychotics), but has also been mistaken for an exacerbation of

" psychiatric symptoms " in those who are considered to have " chronic mental

illness " . The symptoms of serotonin syndrome are confusion and hypomania as the

most frequent, followed by restlessness, myoclonus, hyperreflexia, diaphoresis,

shivering, tremor, diarrhea, and incoordination. It is important to know that as

alcohol also affects serotonin levels, drinking alcoholic beverages while taking

a medication that whose mechanism of action is to alter serotonin in some way,

can also induce serotonin syndrome.

 

Other Serotonergic Drugs

(drugs that affect serotonin levels) and SSRIs

 

Drugs That Inhibit Serotonin Uptake

Tricyclic antidepressants:

Amitriptyline (Elavil, Endep)

Clomipramine (Anafranil)

Desipramine (Norpramin,Pertofrane)

Doxepin (Sinequan, Adapin)

Imipramine (Tofranil, Janimine)

Nortriptyline (Pamelor, Aventyl)

Protriptyline (Vivactil)

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI)

Fluvoxamine (Luvox)

Fluoxetine (Prozac)

Paroxetine (Paxil)

Nefazodone (Serzone) - Not selective to serotonin system. Inhibits neuronal

uptake of serotonin and norepinephrine

Sertraline (Zoloft)

Trazodone (Desyrel) - Not purely selective to serotonin system

Citalopram (Celexa)

Decreases serotonin metabolism:

Isocarboxazid (Marplan)

Phenelzine (Nardil)

Selegiline (Eldepryl)

Tranylcypromine (Parnate)

Drugs That Increase Serotonin Release

Amphetamines

Cocaine

Fenfluramine (Pondimin) Now withdrawn from the market

Reserpine, initially (Serpalan, Serpasil)

Direct serotonin receptor agonists (agonists are drugs which bind to the

receptor and stimulate the receptor's function):

Buspirone (Buspar)

Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)

Sumatriptan (Imitrex)

Nonspecific increase in serotonin activity:

Lithium

Other uptake inhibitors:

Amphetamines

Cocaine

Dextromethorphan

Meperidine (Demerol)

Venlafaxine (Effexor)

Bupropion (Wellbutrin, Zyban) A dopamine reuptake inhibitor that has been given

the additional name of Zyban and prescribed for people who would like to quit

smoking. It is known to have similar side effects to those of the SSRIs,

including damage that can be permanent.

All the drugs listed above are said to have no known depletions. Drugs that are

used primarily to address mental status show a distinct pattern of a lack of

nutrient depletion studies. People who take any of these drugs long term usually

develop digestion problems, thyroid problems, high cholesterol, cardiovascular

disease, autoimmune disorders, kidney and liver weakness and/or disease, loss of

energy and interests, and have a higher incidence of cancers than those who do

not take any of these.

 

 

 

 

19) Zithromax (azithromycin) - A macrolide antibiotic. Depletes bifidobacteria

bifudum (bifidus), biotin, inositol, lactobacillus acidopilus, Vit B1, Vit B2,

Vit B3, Vit B6, Vit B12, Vit C.

20) Prozac (fluoxitine) - An SSRI antidepressant used in the treatment of

depression and " mood disorders " . See previous notes on SSRI drugs under ZOLOFT.

21) Ibuprofen (ibuprofen) - A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug used for mild

pain and inflammation. Depletes folic acid.

22) Paxil (paroxetine) - SSRI antidepressant used in the treatment of depression

and " mood disorders " . See previous notes on SSRIs under ZOLOFT.

23) Triamterene/HCTZ (triamterene/HCTZ) - A potassium-sparing diuretic used in

the treatment of hypertension (high blood pressure). Depletes calcium, CoQ10,

folic acid, magnesium, potassium, sodium, Vit B6, zinc.

24) Celebrex (celicoxib) - A non-steroidal anti-inflammmatory drug of the newer

Cox-2 Selective class. Used for arthritis-type inflammation. Depletes folic

acid.

25) Acetaminophen w/codeine (acetaminophen w/codeine) - An analgesic/narcotic

used for moderate pain. Depletes glutathione.

26) Prevacid (lansoprazole) - Used to treat duodenal ulcers. Depletes Vit

B12.

27) Zestril (lisinopril) - An ACE inhibitor used to treat hypertension, heart

failure, and acute myocardial infarction. Depletes zinc.

28) Prednisone - oral (prednisone) - A corticosteroid used to treat

inflammations. Depletes calcium, folic acid, magnesium, potassium, selenium, Vit

C, Vit D, zinc.

29) Zocor (simvastatin) - A statin drug used to reduce cholesterol. See LIPITOR.

30) Vioxx (rofecoxib) - A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) of the

Cox-2 Selective class. Used most often to treat arthritis-type inflammations.

Depletes folic acid.

31) Ortho Tri-Cyclen (norgestimate/ethinyl estradiol) - A contraceptive.

Depletes folic acid, magnesium, tyrosine, Vit B2, Vit B3, Vit B6, Vit B12, Vit

C, zinc.

Note: other contraceptive drugs deplete most of the above nutrients.

32) Prempro (conjugated estrogens/medroxyprogesterone) - used to treat

menopausal symptoms. Depletes folic acid, magnesium, Vit B2, Vit B6, Vit C,

zinc.

33) Ativan (lorazepam) - a benzodiazepine used to treat anxiety. No depletions

known.

34) Trimethoprim/Sulfa (trimeth/sulfameth) - A antibiotic. Depletes

bifidobacteria bifidum (bifidus), folic acid, lactobacillus acidophilus.

35) Metoprolol Tartrate (metoprolol) - A beta-1 selective beta blocker used to

treat hypertension (high blood pressure), and chronic angina pectoris. Depletes

CoQ10.

36) Zantac (ranitidine) - Used to treat duodenal ulcer (short term and

maintenance), hypersecretory conditions, gastric ulcer (short term and

maintenance), erosive esophagitis (heartburn). Depletes calcium, folic acid,

iron, Vit B12, Vit D, zinc.

37) Cipro (ciprofloxacin) - An antibiotic. Depletes bifidobacteria bifidum

(bifidus), biotin, inositol, lactobacillus acidophilus, Vit B1, Vit B2, Vit B3,

Vit B6, Vit B12, Vit K.

38) Ambien (zolpidem) - An hypnotic used for difficulty sleeping. Depletions

unknown.

39) Zyrtec (cetrizine) - Used to treat allergies. Depletions unknown.

40) Naprosyn (naproxen) - A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory (NSAID) used to

treat inflammations, and arthritis-type conditions. Depletes folic acid.

41) Coumadin (warfarin) - An anticoagulant (blood thinner) used to treat people

with blood clotting disorders, and those whose hearts may not be strong enough

to pump the blood, unless thinned, through the body. Depletions are unknown.

Note: This drug blocks the action of Vit K. Supplementation of Vit K is NOT

recommended.

42) Accupril (quinapril) - An ACE inhibitor used in the treatment of

hypertension, heart failure, and angioedema. Depletes zinc.

43) Viagra (sildenafil citrate) - Used for the temporary treatment of

erectile dysfunction. Nutrient depletions unknown.

44) Glyburide (glyburide) - Used in the treatment of type II diabetes. Depletes

CoQ10.

45) Flovent (fluticasone) - A corticosteroidal oral or nasal inhaler used in the

treatment of bronchial inflammation. Depletes calcium, folic acid, magnesium,

potassium, selenium, Vit C, Vit D, zinc.

 

Part 2 - Guide to Nutrients

(NOTE: All " therapeutic treatment dosages " below should not be taken unless a

treatment professional has been consulted.)

 

Vitamin B1 (thiamine)

Function and Effect - Required by all cells in the body to make the source of

energy and fuel (ATP); plays a major role in blood sugar conversion; necessary

for maintenance of nerve tissues, functions, and transmissions; maintains

muscles, especially the heart; synthesizes acetylcholine (primary

neurotransmitter involved in memory and thought processes); involved in the

synthesis of fatty acids.

Effects of depletion/deficiency - Considered to be one of the most common

nutrient deficiencies in the U.S., a Department of Agriculture study estimates

that 45% of the population gets less than the RDA (Recommended Daily Allowance)

of Vitamin B1. Deficiencies will appear as disorders in the cardiovascular,

gastrointestinal, and neuromuscular systems. Symptoms include depression,

irritability, memory loss, mental confusion, indigestion, weight loss, edema,

anorexia, sore calf muscles, loss of reflexes in legs, anorexia, defective

muscular coordination, muscle weakness, rapid pulse, heart palpitations,

fatigue, nerve inflammation with possible sensation of pins and needles and

numbness.

Dosage range - RDA 1.5 mg. daily; typical dosage range is 1.5-100 mg. daily.

Therapeutic treatment doses are 200-600 mg. daily. Toxicity and overdose is

unlikely (doses would have to be 2 grams or more).

Dietary sources - All animal and plant foods contain low concentrations of B1.

Whole, intact cereal grains also provide B1. Organ meats and brewer's yeast are

the richest sources of B1.

 

Vitamin B2 (riboflavin)

Function and Effect - B2 combines with phosphoric acid becoming part of two

important coenzymes that bind 100+ enzymes that act as antioxidants in the

cells; facilitates metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats; assists in

converting carbohydrates to ATP in the production of energy; assists in growth

of healthy hair, skin, and nails; assists in reproductive process.

Effects of depletion/deficiency - deficiencies of B1 occur most often as a

component of multiple nutrient deficiencies. Symptoms include soreness and

burning of mouth, tongue, and lips; cracks in the corners of the mouth

(cheilosis); inflamed mucous membranes; itchy, dry, possibly scaly skin with

eczema on the face and genitals; eyes that tear, itch, burn, are sensitive to

light and tire easily. Depression and hysteria can result from long term

deficiency that damages nerve tissue.

Dosage range - RDA 1.7 mg daily; typical daily dosage range is 1.2-100 mg.

daily. B2 is not known to be toxic.

Dietary sources - The largest amounts of B2 are found in milk and other dairy

products, and liver. Moderate amounts are in salmon and tuna, with somewhat less

found in other fish; oysters; eggs; mushrooms; dark green vegetables; avocados.

 

Vitamin B3 (niacin)

Function and Effect - Niacin is a part of two coenzymes that are involved in

over 200 reactions in the metabolism of carbohydrates, amino acids, and fatty

acids. It is critical to maintaining the function of every cell in the body. B3

also acts as an antioxidant; reduces LDL cholesterol and triglycerides while

raising HDL cholesterol; helps cells in being sensitive to insulin; has

anti-anxiety properties.

Effects of depletion/deficiency - dermatitis, dementia, diarrhea (pellagra);

poor metabolism of carbohydrates, amino acids and fatty acids.

Dosage range - RDA 13 mg. daily for females and 18 mg. daily for males; typical

daily dosage range is 15-2000 mg. daily; therapeutic treatment dosage range is

up to 6 grams daily. There are transient side effects to larger doses (above 75

mg.) of niacin as it releases histamine. These include flushing, tingling, and

possibly throbbing in the head. These last 20-30 min. Sustained release niacin

should be taken with caution as it can be toxic to the liver.

Dietary sources - Best sources are organ meats, brewer's yeast, milk, legumes,

and peanuts. Fish, poultry and lean meats are moderate sources.

 

Vitamin B6 (pyroxidine)

Function and Effect - B6 is required for the production of histamine, GABA,

serotonin, norepinephrine, and acetylcholine; necessary in the growth of red

blood cells and hemoglobin formation; required for glycogen to glucose

conversion; metabolizes homocysteine, helping to prevent atherosclerosis;

converts tryptophan to niacin and synthesizes it; reduces PMS symptoms in women

who take oral contraceptives; helpful with depression; may be useful in

preventing carpal tunnel syndrome.

Effects of depletion/deficiency - Neurological, circulatory, and dermatologic

alterations; elevated homocysteine; PMS; lethargy; depression; sleep

disturbances; anemia; nerve inflammation; dermatitis.

Dosage range - RDA 2 mg.; typical dosage range is 2-100 mg.; therapeutic doses

are 10-100 mg. The U.S. Department of Agriculture cites that 80% of Americans

are deficient in this nutrient. Much of this nutrient is lost in cooking. Large

doses of 2 grams or more a day have been found to be temporarily toxic to the

neurological system.

Dietary sources - brewer's yeast, wheat germ, organ meat, legumes, bananas,

potatoes.

 

Vitamin B12 (cobalamin)

Function and Effect - Assists in generating tetrahydrofolate in the synthesis of

DNA; B12 enzymes are crucial for reducing RNA to DNA, playing a major role in

replicating the genetic code; required for synthesis of the myelin sheath that

surrounds nerves; helps red blood cells to mature; helps to metabolize

carbohydrates, fats, proteins, methionine and folic acid.

Effects of depletion/deficiency -neurological changes; anemia; poor growth and

repair of cells; fatigue; confusion, memory loss, and depression; loss of

appetite; mouth and tongue changes; skin sensitivity; rashes (dermatitis);

peripheral neuropathy; poor blood clotting; sensitive to bruising. Chronic B12

deficiency causes the body to lose its ability to properly assimilate B12 from

food. Injections are then necessary.

Dosage range -RDA 6 mcg.; typical dosage 100-2000 mcg. daily; not known to be

toxic. Oral doses are poorly assimilated.

Dietary sources - organ meats, clams, oysters, beef, eggs, milk, chicken,

cheese.

Note: Vegetarians who eat no dairy need to supplement B12.

 

Bifidobacteria Bifidum (bifudus)

Function and Effect - produces short chain fatty acids in the colon that

discourages the growth of pathological bacteria, molds, and yeasts; fuels the

cells that line the inner surface of the colon.

Effects of depletion/deficiency - chronic yeast infections; bloating and gas;

constipation or diarrhea; bad breath

Dosage range - No RDA has been set. Typical preventive dosage range is 1-2

billion cfu. (colony forming units) daily; when taking antibiotics dosage range

is 10-15 billion cfu. twice daily (combined with acidophilus). No toxicity is

known.

Dietary sources - None. Must be obtained through probiotic supplements.

 

Biotin (Vitamin H, Vitamin Bw, Coenzyme R - considered a B vitamin)

Function and effect - metabolizes fats and carbohydrates to produce energy;

waste removal from protein assimilation; proper oxygenation.

Effects of depletion/deficiency - depression, anorexia, cardiac problems, skin

problems (dermatitis) that can also appear near nose and mouth, hair loss and

loss of hair color, muscle aches, neuritis (tingling and numbness in hands

and/or feet), splitting finger nails.

Dosage range - RDA 0.3 mg; typical doses 30+ mcg. daily; therapeutic doses up tp

3 mg. daily. No toxicity.

Dietary - found in most plant and animal foods (brewer's yeast, liver, and

bananas are some best sources), and synthesized in 'good' bacteria of

intestines.

Note: Biotin deficiency is thought to be rare. This statement is theoretical

only. It does not take into consideration diets consisting of denatured foods or

drugs taken that interfere with the assimilation of

biotin.

 

Vitamin C (ascorbic acid)

Function and Effect - Concentrated in many tissues but most abundant in adrenal

glands; obtained entirely through diet; synthesizes collagen and elastin (the

most abundant protein in the body); antioxidant; hormonal response; increases

HDL cholesterol; decreases LDL cholesterol; decreases lipoproteins (implicated

in atherosclerosis); dissolves atherosclerotic plaque; increases protective

white blood cells; increases interferon production; increases infection fighting

antibodies (IgA, IgG, IgM); modulates prostaglandin synthesis; prevents cervical

dysplasia; reduces bronchial spasms in those with respiratory diseases;

detoxifies heavy metals; promotes healing of wounds and broken bones.

Dosage range - RDA 60 mg. daily; typical dosage 60-12,000 mg. daily in divided

doses; therapeutic doses 500 mg. - 20 grams. Non-toxic; side effect from higher

doses can be diarrhea, some gas, bloating. Vit C supplements with mineral

ascorbates do not usually cause this problem. Vitamin C produces high amounts of

oxalic acid. Those with compromised kidneys or a history of gout should consult

a professional prior to using more than 500 mg. daily.

Dietary sources - fresh fruits and vegetables.

 

Calcium

Function and Effect - Most abundant mineral in the body, 99% of which is in

bones and teeth (1% in body fluids and cells); regulates heart beat; assists in

protein metabolism and fat digestion; initiates contraction of muscles; assists

in maintaining normal blood pressure; prevents osteoporosis.

Effects of depletion/deficiency - Bone deformity (rickets); tooth decay; nervous

disorders; insomnia; hypertension; soft or brittle bones; heart palpitations;

muscle cramps.

Dosage range - RDA depends on age.

0-6 months 400 mg.

6-12 months 600 mg.

1-5 years 800 mg.

6-10 " 800-1200 mg.

11-24 " 1200 mg.

25-65 males 1000 mg.

25-50 females 1000 mg.

Pregnancy 1200-1500 mg.

51-65 females taking estrogen 1000 mg.

51-65 " no estrogen 1500 mg.

over 65 1500 mg.

Typical dosage 800-2000 mg. (therapeutic doses same). Not usually toxic; may

possibly interfere with absorption of magnesium, iron, and zinc.

Dietary sources - Dark green leafy vegetables, broccoli, whole grains, legumes,

nuts, milk, dairy products.

Notes: Excess phosphorus (soft drinks, animal proteins) increases calcium

excretion via urine, causing the body to leach calcium from the bones.

Cow's milk may not be a good source of calcium or any other nutrient for the

following reasons: many people are lactose intolerant; the foreign proteins in

cow's milk frequently cause food allergies; cow's milk contains an enzyme that

can cause damage to arteries; antibodies to a particular bovine oxidase appears

in the blood of people with atherosclerosis.

 

CoQ10 (Coenzyme Q10, ubiquinone)

Function and Effect - Most of the CoQ10 we require is made by our cells in a

17-step process that requires several vitamins and numerous trace minerals.

Deficiencies or depletions of any of these vitamins and minerals will interfere

in our ability to manufacture CoQ10. CoQ10 produces energy in the mitochondria

of every cell, and is particularly abundant in the mitochondria of the heart. It

is a coenzyme for a number of other enzymes that are involved in producing ATP,

a high energy fuel for all cells. Protects against free radical damage; protects

against toxic side effects of beta blocker, antibiotic, and psychiatric drugs;

helpful in periodontal disease.

Effects of depletion/deficiency - weakening of the immune system; lack of

energy; cardiomyopathy; mitral valve prolapse; cardiac arrhythmias; congestive

heart failure; angina; hypertension; gingivitis. The cardiovascular system and

the heart is the first to be affected by deficient/depleted CoQ10.

Dosage range - No RDA set; Typical dosage range 30-100 mg. daily; those who are

taking any prescription drugs that deplete CoQ10, or have heart disease should

supplement with CoQ10 in the 200-300 mg. a day range. Higher doses are possible

if advised by a professional. There are no known toxicities or side effects.

Dietary sources - Although Coenzyme Q compounds exist in all plants and animals,

it is believed that we cannot get enough for supplementing purposes from dietary

sources.

Note: Many of the drugs given to people to allegedly arrest or prevent heart

disease deplete CoQ10 by interfering in its production. This leads to further

damage to the heart and circulatory system. The statin drugs, used for reducing

cholesterol, severely deplete CoQ10. The description of rhabdomyolosis, a

possible side effect of statin drugs, is consistent with the symptoms of severe

CoQ10 depletion (see notes under Lipitor).

 

Vitamin D (calciferol)

Function and Effect - Vitamin D is a hormone precursor that is made by the body

when exposed to sunlight. Without adequate sunshine, Vitamin D deficiency

occurs. Vitamin D is produced in the kidneys and converted into very potent

analogs of Vitamin D in the liver. It plays a vital role in the

mineralization and demineralization of bones; regulates levels and promotes

absorption of calcium and phosphorus; believed to help in the prevention of

osteoporosis (the parathyroid gland becomes stimulated when calcium levels are

low, and leaches calcium from bones); inhibits lymphoma, leukemia, breast and

colon cancer cells; stimulates lymph circulation by boosting macrophage activity

(macrophages clean up toxins in lymph fluids); can be helpful in the form of

direct sunlight for those with psoriasis.

Effects of depletion/deficiency - rickets (in children); bone weakness;

osteoporosis; osteomalacia; rheumatic pains; muscle weakness; tooth decay;

increased incidence of pelvis and hip fractures; gradual loss of hearing.

Dosage range - RDA 400 IU (International Units) daily; typical daily dosage

200-800 IU daily; therapeutic dosages 400-1000 IU daily. An overabundance of

Vitamin D can cause calcium deposits in arteries, lungs, kidneys, heart, and

ears. Symptoms of toxicity include constipation, headache, nausea, vomiting,

weakness, shortness of breath, dull ache in kidney area.

Dietary sources - small amounts in liver, cream, butter, egg yolks. Found most

regularly in milk, which is fortified with Vitamin D (see NOTES under CALCIUM).

Note: There have been numerous papers written in the past year on Vitamin D

deficiency, which is common today especially in children. This led to physicians

stating that breast milk is not adequate nutrition for infants (don't buy this

flawed thinking). A hypothesis that seems to make sense is that people use sun

block regularly now, thus are unable to absorb the necessary sunlight for

adequate Vitamin D production. Short periods of time spent in the sun (20-30

min.) without sunblock will supply what is needed for the production of Vitamin

D.

 

Vitamin E (alpha tocopherol)

Function and Effect - Most important fat-soluble antioxidant: Prevents free

radical damage by insuring the integrity and stability of membranes and cellular

tissues; protects blood vessels; antioxidant properties protect eyes; protects

LDL cholesterol against oxidation; protects against free radical damage during

exercise.

Effects of depletion/deficiency - bruising; dry skin; dry hair; eczema;

psoriasis; poor wound healing; anemia; PMS; hot flashes; cataracts; fibrocystic

tumors in breasts; sterility; muscle weakness; liver, pancreatic, colon, rectal,

cervical, oral, lung cancers.

Dosage range - RDA 30 IU (international units) daily; typical dosage 100-1200 IU

daily. Toxicity is rarely reported, but can occur for a minority of peole when

taking over 1,000 IU daily. Symptoms of toxicity are: double vision, fatigue,

muscle weakness, nausea, headache, gastric distress.

Dietary sources - Vitamin E is widely available in foods. Extra-virgin olive

oil; seeds; nuts; whole grains; leafy greens; avocadoes; asparagus; Brussels

sprouts; spinach.

Note - Dry Vitamin E supplements in the form of d-alpha tocopherol are more

bioavailable than dl-alpha tocopherol, which is synthetic Vitamin E. Those

taking anti-coagulant drugs should use Vitamin E with caution.

 

Folic Acid (folacin)

Function and Effect - Folic acid is a common vitamin deficiency. Synthesizes DNA

and RNA; needed to convert homocysteine to methionine; prevents some birth

defects, including cleft lip, cleft palate and spina bifida; necessary for

healthy blood cells; supplementing with folic acid prevents and reverses

cervical dysplasia.

Effects of depletion/deficiency - damages DNA metabolism in cells of vagina and

cervix, stomach and intestines; more frequent infections; nausea; anorexia;

headache; fatigue; hair loss; elevated homocysteine levels; cervical dysplasia;

megaloblastic anemia; birth defects.

Dosage range - RDA 200 mcg daily; typical dosage range 200-800 mcg daily;

therapeutic dosage range 5,000-10,000 mcg daily. Folic acid is not toxic, but

can mask a deficiency of Vitamin B12. This can be avoided by limiting dosage to

800 mcg or less.

Dietary sources - Folic acid is readily available, and can be found in liver,

eggs, brewer's yeast, cabbage, cauliflower, dark green leafy vegetables,

broccoli, Brussels sprouts, beets, cantaloupe, orange juice, lima and kidney

beans, wheat germ, whole grains.

Notes - Women who are pregnant and lactating need higher doses than the RDA of

folic acid. Further, before choosing to become pregnant, all women should be

tested for their folic acid status. As the use of oral contraceptives has

increased over the years, so has the number of women diagnosed as having

cervical dysplasia. Oral contraceptives severely deplete folic acid, and all

women taking these drugs should supplement with folic acid. Those with a history

of colon cancer and ulcerative colitis can benefit from taking folic acid

supplements.

 

Glutathione

Function and Effect - performs antioxidant activity in red blood cells and

mitochondria; synthesizes fatty acids; one of a group of nutrients that supports

hepatic (liver) detoxification of alcohol, cigarette smoke and large amounts of

acetaminophen and aspirin; reduces free radical damage from radiation; crucial

to the development and function of lymphocytes, macrophages and other types of

immune cells.

Effects of depletion/deficiency - increased free radical damage; compromised

immune system function; poor hepatic detoxification; hair loss.

Dosage range - RDA not established; typical dosage 500-3,000 mg daily in divided

doses. There are no known side effects or toxicity.

Dietary sources - raw vegetables; fresh fruit; meat; fish; avocado; walnuts;

asparagus.

Note - When purchasing this supplement, be sure it is in its reduced form.

Unreduced glutathione is not active.

 

Inositol

Function and Effect - part of the phospholipids and the B complex vitamins

(phospholipids are like tri-glycerides except that the first hydroxyl of the

glycerine molecule has a polar phosphate containing group in place of the fatty

acid) which help cells respond appropriately to external stimuli. It also helps

with the production of an omega-6 fatty acid PUFA called arachidonic acid which

is necessary to cell membrane function. When PGE-1 is lacking, arachidonic

acid leaks from cell membranes and fuels the production of the inflammatory

series-2 prostaglandins (PGE-2). PGE-2 also promotes platelet aggregation and

causes the kidneys to retain sodium.

There are three forms of inositol that are not well understood. Studies are

currently underway. Promise is shown in the area of addictions, the " mental

illnesses " , and chronic fatigue syndrome.

Effects of depletion - improper cell function. Depletion rarely happens if one

eats grains, nuts or organ meats.

Dosage range - No RDA. Typical dosage is 100-1000 mg. daily.

Dietary sources - grains, nuts, beans, organ and muscle meats.

Note - Unless diagnosed with insitol depletion (most likely to happen if

diagnosed with chronic fatigue syndrome).

 

Iron

Function and Effect - Iron binds oxygen to hemoglobin and transports, as

necessary, to all tissues in the body. Iron also plays a role in the synthesis

of dopamine and serotonin transmitters. Healthy immune response is dependent

upon iron. Iron also assists liver detoxification enzymes. Iron assists the

amino acid, carnitine, which is necessary to fatty acid metabolism. Collagen

and elastin are dependent upon iron.

Effects of depletion - fatigue, compromised immune function, anemia, hair

loss, brittle nails and other nail problems, headache, difficulty breathing when

performing physical tasks or activities.

Dosage range - RDA 15 mg. females; 10 mg. males. Typical dosage is 10-50

mg. daily. Toxic doses of iron are rare as the body will not store an

overabundance of it. Iron overdose can happen to people who are addicted to

alcohol. Due to liver damage, iron can be absorbed in excess. There is also a

genetic defect that allows the body to absorb too much iron.

Dietary sources - liver, poultry, fish, other organ meats, vegetables,

dried beans, and small amounts in grains.

Note: Women of child-bearing age are most likely to be iron deficient.

Bleeding ulcers can also deplete iron (as can medications taken for them).

Vegetarians are also susceptible to iron deficiency.

 

Lactobacillus Acidophilus

Function and Effect - Lactobacillus acidophilus inhabits the small intestine as

beneficial bacteria. This bacteria is easily destroyed by antibiotics. Produces

Vitamin K and numerous B vitamins in the intestinal tract; produces natural

antibiotics in the GI tract that help to prevent infection; creates enzymes that

assist in digesting proteins, fats and dairy products; metabolizes cholesterol.

Effect of depletion/deficiency - chronic vaginal yeast infections; bloating;

gas; constipation or diarrhea; halitosis (bad breath).

Dosage range - No RDA established. See BIFIDOBACTERIA BIFIDUM DOSAGE RANGE for

dosage suggestions. There are no side effects or toxicities.

Dietary sources - yogurt; acidophilus milk (see CALCIUM NOTES for concerns about

milk).

 

Vitamin K (phytonadione)

Function and Effect - necessary for the production of several blood clotting

factors; helps to synthesize a protein unique to the bones which assists in

drawing calcium to bone tissue. Vitamin K is actually three vitamins called the

quinones.

Effect of depletion/deficiency - osteoporosis; osteomalacia; hemorrhage. Newborn

infants are more likely to have a Vitamin K deficiency than adults.

Dosage range - RDA 60 mcg women; 80 mcg men. Typical dosage 30-100 mcg.

Therapeutic doses can be higher, but because large doses of Vitamin K can be

toxic a prescription is necessary. Infants can develop a fatal form of jaundice

from too much Vitamin K.

Dietary sources - any type of cabbage; green leafy vegetables; liver. Vitamin K

is synthesized by intestinal bacteria; therefore, we needn't get most of our

Vitamin K from food.

Notes - In order for the small intestine to absorb Vitamin K, the appropriate

amounts of bile and pancreatic juices are necessary. If an adult were to present

with the rare deficiency of Vitamin K, I would first recommend digestive

enzymes. It is far more common for people to lack appropriate amounts of

digestive enzymes than Vitamin K.

 

Magnesium

Function and Effect - cofactor in the production of ATP; necessary for synthesis

of DNA and RNA; involved in hundreds of enzymatic reactions; metabolizes

proteins, carbohydrates and fats; crucial to muscle and nerve tissues; prevents

tooth decay by binding calcium to tooth enamel; helps to metabolize calcium and

synthesize Vitamin D; relaxes blood vessels; acts as an anticoagulant; blocks

calcium uptake; reduces risk of cardiovascular disease; increases oxygen to

heart tissues.

Effect of depletion/deficiency - Mild deficiency is commonplace in the US.

Symptoms are depression, confusion, anxiety, fear, irritability, fatigue, muscle

cramps, weakness, insomnia, loss of appetite, kidney stones, osteoporosis,

gastric disorders. Processed foods contribute to the magnesium deficiencies in

Americans. Most fertilizers used by commercial farmers do not contain magnesium.

When food is refined, it loses up to 85% of its natural magnesium. Magnesium

deficiency can cause cardiac arrest. Death following cardiac episodes is more

likely to occur in people who are deficient in magnesium. Magnesium deficiency

is also noted in those who abuse alcohol, have diabetes, liver disease and/or

kidney disease.

Dosage range - RDA 400 mg daily; typical dosage 400-1,000 mg daily; therapeutic

dose 500-1500 mg daily. Toxicity is rare.

Dietary sources - green leafy vegetables; whole grains; nuts; legumes.

Notes - When I.V. magnesium is given when a heart attack begins, a 70% decrease

in deaths is realized. Supplementing magnesium would be helpful to most, if not

all, people.

 

Phosphorous

Function and Effect - Phosphorous is the second most abundant mineral in the

body and is involved in every metabolic process. Assists in the transportation

of lipids across cellular membranes and through the body; necessary to the

integrity of teeth and bones; crucial to protein synthesis and cellular

reproduction; a partner of many coenzymes.

Effects of depletion/deficiency - Phosphorous deficiency is rare. The effects of

depletion are numerous and beyond the scope of this guide. People with celiac

disease, Crohn's disease, malabsorption syndromes, alcohol addictions and kidney

malfunction are most prone to phosphorous depletion.

Dosage range - RDA 800-1,200 mg daily.

Dietary sources - Studies say that most Americans consume too much phosphorous.

An abundance of phosphorous is found in animal protein and cola soft drinks.

Notes - Too much phosphorous can inhibit calcium absorption and contribute to

hyperthyroidism, calcium deposits in soft tissues and decreases in bone mass.

Regular use of antacids that contain aluminum can deplete phosphorous.

 

Potassium

Function and Effect - Potassium is one of three major electrolytes and is the

primary electrolyte at work inside our cells. Crucial to muscle contraction,

heartbeat, nerve conduction, maintaining balance of water throughout body; helps

to prevent hypertension; can reduce blood pressure.

Effects of depletion/deficiency - muscle weakness; fatigue; cardiac arrhythmia;

constipation; poor reflexes; dizziness; nervous disorders. Potassium can also be

depleted by chronic stress, kidney failure, malnutrition, acidosis (diabetic),

alcohol abuse, caffeine, excessive sugar or salt.

Dosage range - no RDA established; typical dose if needed is 60-99 mg. Potassium

toxicity occurs mostly from malfunctioning adrenal glands and/or kidney failure.

Symptoms of this are difficulty breathing, diminished cardiac activity,

confusion, and/or numbness in extremities.

Dietary sources - fresh vegetables, fruits, meat, milk (see NOTES under

CALCIUM).

 

Sodium

Function and Effect - As one of three major electrolytes in the body, sodium is

the primary extracellular electrolyte in body fluids. Sodium helps to regulate

blood pressure, the balance of alkaline/acid in the lymph and blood, and the

transport and excretion of carbon dioxide. It assists in making the cell walls

permeable and plays a vital role in muscle contraction and nerve function.

Effects of depletion/deficiency - Only a few conditions can cause sodium

deficiency. They are excessive perspiration and the absence of water, severe

diarrhea, starvation, vomiting. Deficiency symptoms can include poor

concentration, muscle weakness, dehydration, loss of appetite, memory loss.

Dosage range - No RDA established; 1-3 grams per day will suffice. Most

Americans consume up to 30 times more sodium daily than needed. Toxic effects

can be edema and increased blood pressure.

Dietary sources - Sodium is found in meats, grains and vegetables. Negligible

amounts can be found in fruits.

Notes - Common table salt is a concentrated form of sodium. It has many

additives and the ratio of potassium to sodium is not compatible with the body.

Processed foods contain very high amounts of sodium and contain no potassium,

making them even worse for the body than common table salt. Solar-dried or

Celtic sea salt is a healthy replacement for table salt.

 

Selenium

Function and Effect - Selenium functions as an antioxidant that can prevent

cardiovascular disease and cancer (low selenium levels are correlated with high

rates of cancer). Destroys mercury and cadmium; increases NK (natural killer)

cell activity, antiviral activity and T lymphocytes; helps to convert T4 thyroid

hormone to T3; is a potent anti-inflammatory; boosts Vitamin E antioxidant

actions.

Effects of depletion/deficiency - undesirable changes to the pancreas and heart;

compromised immune system; sore muscles; weakness of red blood cells; increased

incidence of many cancers; cardiomyopathy.

Dosage range - RDA 55 mcg daily women; 70 mcg daily men. Typical dosage 50-200

mcg daily. Therapeutic dosage 50-500 mcg daily. Higher doses have been used.

Selenium can be toxic. Symptoms are breath that smells like garlic, skin

lesions, hair and nail loss, malfunction of the nervous system, digestive

problems.

Dietary sources - whole grains, cucumbers, cabbage, radishes, celery, eggs,

liver, seafood, garlic,.

Note - The selenium content of foods is related to the selenium content of soil.

It is common today for our farm soils to have less selenium. Convenience foods

lack adequate selenium.

 

Tyrosine

Function and Effect - necessary for the production of thyroid hormones;

facilitates synthesis of norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine.

Effects of depletion/deficiency - metabolic disturbances; hypothyroidism;

depression and emotional disturbances.

Dosage range - no RDA established; dosage range 1,000-5,000 mg daily. No known

toxicities. Can cause some symptoms at very high doses.

Dietary sources - poultry, meats, wheat, corn, eggs, milk (see NOTES under

CALCIUM).

Notes - Tyrosine supplements are effective for some people suffering from

depression.

 

Zinc

Function and Effect - protects DNA from damage; participates in cellular

division, protein synthesis, gene expression, DNA and RNA synthesis; helps to

digest proteins; involved in numerous activities of the immune system and

hundreds of enzymes; controls the release of Vitamin A from the liver; crucial

to ovulation, fertilization, sperm maturation; regulator of sensory perceptions;

assists in conversion of thyroid hormones T4 to T3; possesses anti-inflammatory

properties; keeps prostate gland healthy and prevents benign hyperplasia.

Effects of depletion/deficiency - Zinc deficiencies, though mild, are common in

the US. This is due to zinc-depleted soils, processed foods, convenience foods

and low-protein/low-calorie diets. Alcohol can also deplete zinc. Symptoms

include impaired sense of taste and smell, night blindness, nystagmus, slow

healing of wounds, infections, depression, acne, menstrual problems. Zinc

depletion is also seen in liver and kidney diseases, celiac disease, IBD

(inflammatory bowel diseases), macular degeneration and diabetes.

Dosage range - RDA 12 mg daily women; 15 mg daily men. Therapeutic dosage 10-15

mg daily. Not toxic below 150 mg daily.

Dietary sources - seafood, liver, lean meats, whole grains, eggs.

Notes - Low animal protein and grains high in phytates can cause children to

fail to mature sexually and show signs of dwarfism and hypogonadism. Pregnant

women need more zinc than the RDA. Deficiency in this can cause birth defects.

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