Guest guest Posted March 5, 2003 Report Share Posted March 5, 2003 http://www.integrativephysician.org/PharmaceuticalDrugs.htm A Guide to Pharmaceutical Drugs and the Nutrients They Deplete By Catherine Creel 2001 Catherine Creel, Email: ccreel Introduction Because it is impossible to cover the 4000+ pharmaceutical drugs now on the market, I've chosen to focus on the forty-five most prescribed drugs in 2000, and a few others. This guide is not suggesting that you decline, or discontinue prescription drugs for acute and chronic conditions. At the same time, it is not advocating for prescription drug usage. Instead, it is offering you some information that should be considered when making treatment decisions with the well-informed healthcare provider that you trust. In some cases, you may choose to take the prescription medication and supplement with any nutrients it may deplete. At other times, you may choose to forego pharmaceutical drug therapy for an effective holistic, or complementary alternative therapy. How To Use This Guide The first section of this guide lists: 1) Most popular name of each drug 2) Generic name of drug, if different from popular name 3) Most frequent uses 4) Nutrients depleted The second section contains the following: 1) Name of nutrient 2) Overview of function and effect 3) Effects of depletion 4) Dosage range, dietary sources, and special considerations, if any Top Pharmaceutical Drugs Prescribed in 2000 1) Hydrocodone w/APAP (acetaminophen) - A narcotic/analgesic used for the relief of moderate to moderately severe pain. Depletes glutathione. Note: Hydrocodone combined with aspirin depletes the following nutrients: folic acid, iron, potassium, sodium, Vit. C, glutathione. Oxycontin is also included here. Oxycontin is only different in that it is a timed-release drug. 2) Lipitor (atorvastatin) - Commonly referred to as a " statin " drug and used to lower cholesterol. Depletes CoQ10, Vit E. Note: There are several other drugs known as statins that deplete the same nutrients. These are Mevacor (lovastatin), Pravachol (pravastatin), Zocor (simvastatin), Lescol (fluvastatin sodium), and Lopid (gemfibrizol). Another, Baycol (cerivastatin), was recently voluntarily withdrawn from the market due to over thirty deaths nation-wide and over fifty deaths worldwide. At least twelve of these deaths occurred when Lopid (gemfibrizol) was concomitantly prescribed despite boldfaced warnings in several places in the Physicians' Desk Reference (PDR) that these two drugs should not be administered together. The FDA has voiced concerns about Baycol since 1999, but did not act to remove it from the market. Baycol causes a muscle cell condition called rhabdomyolysis in which muscle cells break down, rupture and release muscle cell proteins and pigments into the bloodstream that cause kidney damage and, sometimes kidney failure and death. Rhabdomyolosis also occurred when Baycol was administered with certain antibiotics, certain fungal drugs, and niacin. This condition is a somewhat less, but still very real possibility with all the other statin drugs listed above. When looking at the function of CoQ10 later in this guide, a causal relationship between the depletion of CoQ10 and rhabdomyolosis can be suspected. 3) Premarin (conjugated estrogens) - Used to reduce menopausal symptoms. Depletes magnesium, Vit B6, zinc. 4) Synthroid (levothyroxine) - A synthetic hormone used for hypothyroidism. No nutrient depletions have been documented. No studies of nutrient depletions can be found. 5) Atenolol (atenolol) - A beta blocker used for hypertension (high blood pressure). Depletes CoQ10. 6) Lasix (furosemide) - Used in the treatment of edema associated with renal (kidney) disease, heart failure, and liver cirrhosis. It is also used for hypertension (high blood pressure) either alone or in combination with another drug. Depletes calcium, magnesium, potassium, sodium, Vit B1, Vit B6, Vit C, zinc. 7) Prilosec (omeprazole) - Used for duodenal ulcers. Depletes Vit B12. 8) Albuterol (albuterol) - Used to dilate bronchial passages. Often is prescribed as an inhaler for those with asthma. Depletes CoQ10. 9) Norvasc (amlodipine) - Calcium channel blocker used to treat hypertension (high blood pressure); also used inappropriately by some to treat mitral valve prolapse. Depletions are currently unknown, but the ongoing blocking of calcium channels in cell membranes has a detrimental effect on the body over time. 10) Xanax (alprazolam) - A benzodiazepine used for the treatment of anxiety. There are no known nutrient depletions. There is a lack of nutrient depletion studies on all drugs used to treat " emotional disorders " . 11) Darvocet-N (propoxyphene w/APAP) - narcotic/analgesic combination prescribed for mild to moderate pain. Depletes glutathione. 12) Glucophage (metformin) - Used for the treatment of type II diabetes. Depletes Vit B12, folic acid. 13) Cephalexin (cephelexin) - A first generation antibiotic. Depletes bifidobacteria bifidum (bifidus), biotin, lactobacillus acidophilus, Vit B1, Vit B2, Vit B3, Vit B6, Vit B12, Vit K. 14) Amoxicillin (amoxicillin) - A penicillin-based antibiotic. Depletes bifidobacteria bifidum (bifidus), biotin, inositol, lactobacillus acidophilus, potassium, Vit B1, Vit B2, Vit B3, Vit B6, Vit B12, Vit K. 15) Claritin (loratidine) - Used for congestion and symptoms attributed to allergies. No known depletions. 16) Trimox (amoxicillin) - See Amoxicillin above. 17) Hydrochlorothiazide (hydrochlorothiazide) - A diuretic belonging to the thiazide class used for hypertension (high blood pressure). Depletes CoQ10, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, zinc. 18) Zoloft (sertraline) - An SSRI (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor) antidepressant used for the treatment of depression. Depletions unknown. Note: SSRI antidepressants and other serotonergic drugs are powerful medications that radically alter body chemistry. There are numerous side effects, some of which can be permanent even after discontinuing usage. SSRIs were popularized in the early 1990's by the introduction of Prozac. Other drugs that affect serotonin levels also have many side effects, some of which may be permanent. A practice that has emerged in the past few years is to prescribe more than one SSRI or serotonergic drug in combination with another. Some of these combinations can lead to a very dangerous condition called serotonin syndrome, a toxic hyperserotonergic state. It is often mistaken for neuroleptic malignant syndrome in people taking neuroleptic medications (antipsychotics), but has also been mistaken for an exacerbation of " psychiatric symptoms " in those who are considered to have " chronic mental illness " . The symptoms of serotonin syndrome are confusion and hypomania as the most frequent, followed by restlessness, myoclonus, hyperreflexia, diaphoresis, shivering, tremor, diarrhea, and incoordination. It is important to know that as alcohol also affects serotonin levels, drinking alcoholic beverages while taking a medication that whose mechanism of action is to alter serotonin in some way, can also induce serotonin syndrome. Other Serotonergic Drugs (drugs that affect serotonin levels) and SSRIs Drugs That Inhibit Serotonin Uptake Tricyclic antidepressants: Amitriptyline (Elavil, Endep) Clomipramine (Anafranil) Desipramine (Norpramin,Pertofrane) Doxepin (Sinequan, Adapin) Imipramine (Tofranil, Janimine) Nortriptyline (Pamelor, Aventyl) Protriptyline (Vivactil) Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI) Fluvoxamine (Luvox) Fluoxetine (Prozac) Paroxetine (Paxil) Nefazodone (Serzone) - Not selective to serotonin system. Inhibits neuronal uptake of serotonin and norepinephrine Sertraline (Zoloft) Trazodone (Desyrel) - Not purely selective to serotonin system Citalopram (Celexa) Decreases serotonin metabolism: Isocarboxazid (Marplan) Phenelzine (Nardil) Selegiline (Eldepryl) Tranylcypromine (Parnate) Drugs That Increase Serotonin Release Amphetamines Cocaine Fenfluramine (Pondimin) Now withdrawn from the market Reserpine, initially (Serpalan, Serpasil) Direct serotonin receptor agonists (agonists are drugs which bind to the receptor and stimulate the receptor's function): Buspirone (Buspar) Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) Sumatriptan (Imitrex) Nonspecific increase in serotonin activity: Lithium Other uptake inhibitors: Amphetamines Cocaine Dextromethorphan Meperidine (Demerol) Venlafaxine (Effexor) Bupropion (Wellbutrin, Zyban) A dopamine reuptake inhibitor that has been given the additional name of Zyban and prescribed for people who would like to quit smoking. It is known to have similar side effects to those of the SSRIs, including damage that can be permanent. All the drugs listed above are said to have no known depletions. Drugs that are used primarily to address mental status show a distinct pattern of a lack of nutrient depletion studies. People who take any of these drugs long term usually develop digestion problems, thyroid problems, high cholesterol, cardiovascular disease, autoimmune disorders, kidney and liver weakness and/or disease, loss of energy and interests, and have a higher incidence of cancers than those who do not take any of these. 19) Zithromax (azithromycin) - A macrolide antibiotic. Depletes bifidobacteria bifudum (bifidus), biotin, inositol, lactobacillus acidopilus, Vit B1, Vit B2, Vit B3, Vit B6, Vit B12, Vit C. 20) Prozac (fluoxitine) - An SSRI antidepressant used in the treatment of depression and " mood disorders " . See previous notes on SSRI drugs under ZOLOFT. 21) Ibuprofen (ibuprofen) - A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug used for mild pain and inflammation. Depletes folic acid. 22) Paxil (paroxetine) - SSRI antidepressant used in the treatment of depression and " mood disorders " . See previous notes on SSRIs under ZOLOFT. 23) Triamterene/HCTZ (triamterene/HCTZ) - A potassium-sparing diuretic used in the treatment of hypertension (high blood pressure). Depletes calcium, CoQ10, folic acid, magnesium, potassium, sodium, Vit B6, zinc. 24) Celebrex (celicoxib) - A non-steroidal anti-inflammmatory drug of the newer Cox-2 Selective class. Used for arthritis-type inflammation. Depletes folic acid. 25) Acetaminophen w/codeine (acetaminophen w/codeine) - An analgesic/narcotic used for moderate pain. Depletes glutathione. 26) Prevacid (lansoprazole) - Used to treat duodenal ulcers. Depletes Vit B12. 27) Zestril (lisinopril) - An ACE inhibitor used to treat hypertension, heart failure, and acute myocardial infarction. Depletes zinc. 28) Prednisone - oral (prednisone) - A corticosteroid used to treat inflammations. Depletes calcium, folic acid, magnesium, potassium, selenium, Vit C, Vit D, zinc. 29) Zocor (simvastatin) - A statin drug used to reduce cholesterol. See LIPITOR. 30) Vioxx (rofecoxib) - A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) of the Cox-2 Selective class. Used most often to treat arthritis-type inflammations. Depletes folic acid. 31) Ortho Tri-Cyclen (norgestimate/ethinyl estradiol) - A contraceptive. Depletes folic acid, magnesium, tyrosine, Vit B2, Vit B3, Vit B6, Vit B12, Vit C, zinc. Note: other contraceptive drugs deplete most of the above nutrients. 32) Prempro (conjugated estrogens/medroxyprogesterone) - used to treat menopausal symptoms. Depletes folic acid, magnesium, Vit B2, Vit B6, Vit C, zinc. 33) Ativan (lorazepam) - a benzodiazepine used to treat anxiety. No depletions known. 34) Trimethoprim/Sulfa (trimeth/sulfameth) - A antibiotic. Depletes bifidobacteria bifidum (bifidus), folic acid, lactobacillus acidophilus. 35) Metoprolol Tartrate (metoprolol) - A beta-1 selective beta blocker used to treat hypertension (high blood pressure), and chronic angina pectoris. Depletes CoQ10. 36) Zantac (ranitidine) - Used to treat duodenal ulcer (short term and maintenance), hypersecretory conditions, gastric ulcer (short term and maintenance), erosive esophagitis (heartburn). Depletes calcium, folic acid, iron, Vit B12, Vit D, zinc. 37) Cipro (ciprofloxacin) - An antibiotic. Depletes bifidobacteria bifidum (bifidus), biotin, inositol, lactobacillus acidophilus, Vit B1, Vit B2, Vit B3, Vit B6, Vit B12, Vit K. 38) Ambien (zolpidem) - An hypnotic used for difficulty sleeping. Depletions unknown. 39) Zyrtec (cetrizine) - Used to treat allergies. Depletions unknown. 40) Naprosyn (naproxen) - A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory (NSAID) used to treat inflammations, and arthritis-type conditions. Depletes folic acid. 41) Coumadin (warfarin) - An anticoagulant (blood thinner) used to treat people with blood clotting disorders, and those whose hearts may not be strong enough to pump the blood, unless thinned, through the body. Depletions are unknown. Note: This drug blocks the action of Vit K. Supplementation of Vit K is NOT recommended. 42) Accupril (quinapril) - An ACE inhibitor used in the treatment of hypertension, heart failure, and angioedema. Depletes zinc. 43) Viagra (sildenafil citrate) - Used for the temporary treatment of erectile dysfunction. Nutrient depletions unknown. 44) Glyburide (glyburide) - Used in the treatment of type II diabetes. Depletes CoQ10. 45) Flovent (fluticasone) - A corticosteroidal oral or nasal inhaler used in the treatment of bronchial inflammation. Depletes calcium, folic acid, magnesium, potassium, selenium, Vit C, Vit D, zinc. Part 2 - Guide to Nutrients (NOTE: All " therapeutic treatment dosages " below should not be taken unless a treatment professional has been consulted.) Vitamin B1 (thiamine) Function and Effect - Required by all cells in the body to make the source of energy and fuel (ATP); plays a major role in blood sugar conversion; necessary for maintenance of nerve tissues, functions, and transmissions; maintains muscles, especially the heart; synthesizes acetylcholine (primary neurotransmitter involved in memory and thought processes); involved in the synthesis of fatty acids. Effects of depletion/deficiency - Considered to be one of the most common nutrient deficiencies in the U.S., a Department of Agriculture study estimates that 45% of the population gets less than the RDA (Recommended Daily Allowance) of Vitamin B1. Deficiencies will appear as disorders in the cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and neuromuscular systems. Symptoms include depression, irritability, memory loss, mental confusion, indigestion, weight loss, edema, anorexia, sore calf muscles, loss of reflexes in legs, anorexia, defective muscular coordination, muscle weakness, rapid pulse, heart palpitations, fatigue, nerve inflammation with possible sensation of pins and needles and numbness. Dosage range - RDA 1.5 mg. daily; typical dosage range is 1.5-100 mg. daily. Therapeutic treatment doses are 200-600 mg. daily. Toxicity and overdose is unlikely (doses would have to be 2 grams or more). Dietary sources - All animal and plant foods contain low concentrations of B1. Whole, intact cereal grains also provide B1. Organ meats and brewer's yeast are the richest sources of B1. Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) Function and Effect - B2 combines with phosphoric acid becoming part of two important coenzymes that bind 100+ enzymes that act as antioxidants in the cells; facilitates metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats; assists in converting carbohydrates to ATP in the production of energy; assists in growth of healthy hair, skin, and nails; assists in reproductive process. Effects of depletion/deficiency - deficiencies of B1 occur most often as a component of multiple nutrient deficiencies. Symptoms include soreness and burning of mouth, tongue, and lips; cracks in the corners of the mouth (cheilosis); inflamed mucous membranes; itchy, dry, possibly scaly skin with eczema on the face and genitals; eyes that tear, itch, burn, are sensitive to light and tire easily. Depression and hysteria can result from long term deficiency that damages nerve tissue. Dosage range - RDA 1.7 mg daily; typical daily dosage range is 1.2-100 mg. daily. B2 is not known to be toxic. Dietary sources - The largest amounts of B2 are found in milk and other dairy products, and liver. Moderate amounts are in salmon and tuna, with somewhat less found in other fish; oysters; eggs; mushrooms; dark green vegetables; avocados. Vitamin B3 (niacin) Function and Effect - Niacin is a part of two coenzymes that are involved in over 200 reactions in the metabolism of carbohydrates, amino acids, and fatty acids. It is critical to maintaining the function of every cell in the body. B3 also acts as an antioxidant; reduces LDL cholesterol and triglycerides while raising HDL cholesterol; helps cells in being sensitive to insulin; has anti-anxiety properties. Effects of depletion/deficiency - dermatitis, dementia, diarrhea (pellagra); poor metabolism of carbohydrates, amino acids and fatty acids. Dosage range - RDA 13 mg. daily for females and 18 mg. daily for males; typical daily dosage range is 15-2000 mg. daily; therapeutic treatment dosage range is up to 6 grams daily. There are transient side effects to larger doses (above 75 mg.) of niacin as it releases histamine. These include flushing, tingling, and possibly throbbing in the head. These last 20-30 min. Sustained release niacin should be taken with caution as it can be toxic to the liver. Dietary sources - Best sources are organ meats, brewer's yeast, milk, legumes, and peanuts. Fish, poultry and lean meats are moderate sources. Vitamin B6 (pyroxidine) Function and Effect - B6 is required for the production of histamine, GABA, serotonin, norepinephrine, and acetylcholine; necessary in the growth of red blood cells and hemoglobin formation; required for glycogen to glucose conversion; metabolizes homocysteine, helping to prevent atherosclerosis; converts tryptophan to niacin and synthesizes it; reduces PMS symptoms in women who take oral contraceptives; helpful with depression; may be useful in preventing carpal tunnel syndrome. Effects of depletion/deficiency - Neurological, circulatory, and dermatologic alterations; elevated homocysteine; PMS; lethargy; depression; sleep disturbances; anemia; nerve inflammation; dermatitis. Dosage range - RDA 2 mg.; typical dosage range is 2-100 mg.; therapeutic doses are 10-100 mg. The U.S. Department of Agriculture cites that 80% of Americans are deficient in this nutrient. Much of this nutrient is lost in cooking. Large doses of 2 grams or more a day have been found to be temporarily toxic to the neurological system. Dietary sources - brewer's yeast, wheat germ, organ meat, legumes, bananas, potatoes. Vitamin B12 (cobalamin) Function and Effect - Assists in generating tetrahydrofolate in the synthesis of DNA; B12 enzymes are crucial for reducing RNA to DNA, playing a major role in replicating the genetic code; required for synthesis of the myelin sheath that surrounds nerves; helps red blood cells to mature; helps to metabolize carbohydrates, fats, proteins, methionine and folic acid. Effects of depletion/deficiency -neurological changes; anemia; poor growth and repair of cells; fatigue; confusion, memory loss, and depression; loss of appetite; mouth and tongue changes; skin sensitivity; rashes (dermatitis); peripheral neuropathy; poor blood clotting; sensitive to bruising. Chronic B12 deficiency causes the body to lose its ability to properly assimilate B12 from food. Injections are then necessary. Dosage range -RDA 6 mcg.; typical dosage 100-2000 mcg. daily; not known to be toxic. Oral doses are poorly assimilated. Dietary sources - organ meats, clams, oysters, beef, eggs, milk, chicken, cheese. Note: Vegetarians who eat no dairy need to supplement B12. Bifidobacteria Bifidum (bifudus) Function and Effect - produces short chain fatty acids in the colon that discourages the growth of pathological bacteria, molds, and yeasts; fuels the cells that line the inner surface of the colon. Effects of depletion/deficiency - chronic yeast infections; bloating and gas; constipation or diarrhea; bad breath Dosage range - No RDA has been set. Typical preventive dosage range is 1-2 billion cfu. (colony forming units) daily; when taking antibiotics dosage range is 10-15 billion cfu. twice daily (combined with acidophilus). No toxicity is known. Dietary sources - None. Must be obtained through probiotic supplements. Biotin (Vitamin H, Vitamin Bw, Coenzyme R - considered a B vitamin) Function and effect - metabolizes fats and carbohydrates to produce energy; waste removal from protein assimilation; proper oxygenation. Effects of depletion/deficiency - depression, anorexia, cardiac problems, skin problems (dermatitis) that can also appear near nose and mouth, hair loss and loss of hair color, muscle aches, neuritis (tingling and numbness in hands and/or feet), splitting finger nails. Dosage range - RDA 0.3 mg; typical doses 30+ mcg. daily; therapeutic doses up tp 3 mg. daily. No toxicity. Dietary - found in most plant and animal foods (brewer's yeast, liver, and bananas are some best sources), and synthesized in 'good' bacteria of intestines. Note: Biotin deficiency is thought to be rare. This statement is theoretical only. It does not take into consideration diets consisting of denatured foods or drugs taken that interfere with the assimilation of biotin. Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) Function and Effect - Concentrated in many tissues but most abundant in adrenal glands; obtained entirely through diet; synthesizes collagen and elastin (the most abundant protein in the body); antioxidant; hormonal response; increases HDL cholesterol; decreases LDL cholesterol; decreases lipoproteins (implicated in atherosclerosis); dissolves atherosclerotic plaque; increases protective white blood cells; increases interferon production; increases infection fighting antibodies (IgA, IgG, IgM); modulates prostaglandin synthesis; prevents cervical dysplasia; reduces bronchial spasms in those with respiratory diseases; detoxifies heavy metals; promotes healing of wounds and broken bones. Dosage range - RDA 60 mg. daily; typical dosage 60-12,000 mg. daily in divided doses; therapeutic doses 500 mg. - 20 grams. Non-toxic; side effect from higher doses can be diarrhea, some gas, bloating. Vit C supplements with mineral ascorbates do not usually cause this problem. Vitamin C produces high amounts of oxalic acid. Those with compromised kidneys or a history of gout should consult a professional prior to using more than 500 mg. daily. Dietary sources - fresh fruits and vegetables. Calcium Function and Effect - Most abundant mineral in the body, 99% of which is in bones and teeth (1% in body fluids and cells); regulates heart beat; assists in protein metabolism and fat digestion; initiates contraction of muscles; assists in maintaining normal blood pressure; prevents osteoporosis. Effects of depletion/deficiency - Bone deformity (rickets); tooth decay; nervous disorders; insomnia; hypertension; soft or brittle bones; heart palpitations; muscle cramps. Dosage range - RDA depends on age. 0-6 months 400 mg. 6-12 months 600 mg. 1-5 years 800 mg. 6-10 " 800-1200 mg. 11-24 " 1200 mg. 25-65 males 1000 mg. 25-50 females 1000 mg. Pregnancy 1200-1500 mg. 51-65 females taking estrogen 1000 mg. 51-65 " no estrogen 1500 mg. over 65 1500 mg. Typical dosage 800-2000 mg. (therapeutic doses same). Not usually toxic; may possibly interfere with absorption of magnesium, iron, and zinc. Dietary sources - Dark green leafy vegetables, broccoli, whole grains, legumes, nuts, milk, dairy products. Notes: Excess phosphorus (soft drinks, animal proteins) increases calcium excretion via urine, causing the body to leach calcium from the bones. Cow's milk may not be a good source of calcium or any other nutrient for the following reasons: many people are lactose intolerant; the foreign proteins in cow's milk frequently cause food allergies; cow's milk contains an enzyme that can cause damage to arteries; antibodies to a particular bovine oxidase appears in the blood of people with atherosclerosis. CoQ10 (Coenzyme Q10, ubiquinone) Function and Effect - Most of the CoQ10 we require is made by our cells in a 17-step process that requires several vitamins and numerous trace minerals. Deficiencies or depletions of any of these vitamins and minerals will interfere in our ability to manufacture CoQ10. CoQ10 produces energy in the mitochondria of every cell, and is particularly abundant in the mitochondria of the heart. It is a coenzyme for a number of other enzymes that are involved in producing ATP, a high energy fuel for all cells. Protects against free radical damage; protects against toxic side effects of beta blocker, antibiotic, and psychiatric drugs; helpful in periodontal disease. Effects of depletion/deficiency - weakening of the immune system; lack of energy; cardiomyopathy; mitral valve prolapse; cardiac arrhythmias; congestive heart failure; angina; hypertension; gingivitis. The cardiovascular system and the heart is the first to be affected by deficient/depleted CoQ10. Dosage range - No RDA set; Typical dosage range 30-100 mg. daily; those who are taking any prescription drugs that deplete CoQ10, or have heart disease should supplement with CoQ10 in the 200-300 mg. a day range. Higher doses are possible if advised by a professional. There are no known toxicities or side effects. Dietary sources - Although Coenzyme Q compounds exist in all plants and animals, it is believed that we cannot get enough for supplementing purposes from dietary sources. Note: Many of the drugs given to people to allegedly arrest or prevent heart disease deplete CoQ10 by interfering in its production. This leads to further damage to the heart and circulatory system. The statin drugs, used for reducing cholesterol, severely deplete CoQ10. The description of rhabdomyolosis, a possible side effect of statin drugs, is consistent with the symptoms of severe CoQ10 depletion (see notes under Lipitor). Vitamin D (calciferol) Function and Effect - Vitamin D is a hormone precursor that is made by the body when exposed to sunlight. Without adequate sunshine, Vitamin D deficiency occurs. Vitamin D is produced in the kidneys and converted into very potent analogs of Vitamin D in the liver. It plays a vital role in the mineralization and demineralization of bones; regulates levels and promotes absorption of calcium and phosphorus; believed to help in the prevention of osteoporosis (the parathyroid gland becomes stimulated when calcium levels are low, and leaches calcium from bones); inhibits lymphoma, leukemia, breast and colon cancer cells; stimulates lymph circulation by boosting macrophage activity (macrophages clean up toxins in lymph fluids); can be helpful in the form of direct sunlight for those with psoriasis. Effects of depletion/deficiency - rickets (in children); bone weakness; osteoporosis; osteomalacia; rheumatic pains; muscle weakness; tooth decay; increased incidence of pelvis and hip fractures; gradual loss of hearing. Dosage range - RDA 400 IU (International Units) daily; typical daily dosage 200-800 IU daily; therapeutic dosages 400-1000 IU daily. An overabundance of Vitamin D can cause calcium deposits in arteries, lungs, kidneys, heart, and ears. Symptoms of toxicity include constipation, headache, nausea, vomiting, weakness, shortness of breath, dull ache in kidney area. Dietary sources - small amounts in liver, cream, butter, egg yolks. Found most regularly in milk, which is fortified with Vitamin D (see NOTES under CALCIUM). Note: There have been numerous papers written in the past year on Vitamin D deficiency, which is common today especially in children. This led to physicians stating that breast milk is not adequate nutrition for infants (don't buy this flawed thinking). A hypothesis that seems to make sense is that people use sun block regularly now, thus are unable to absorb the necessary sunlight for adequate Vitamin D production. Short periods of time spent in the sun (20-30 min.) without sunblock will supply what is needed for the production of Vitamin D. Vitamin E (alpha tocopherol) Function and Effect - Most important fat-soluble antioxidant: Prevents free radical damage by insuring the integrity and stability of membranes and cellular tissues; protects blood vessels; antioxidant properties protect eyes; protects LDL cholesterol against oxidation; protects against free radical damage during exercise. Effects of depletion/deficiency - bruising; dry skin; dry hair; eczema; psoriasis; poor wound healing; anemia; PMS; hot flashes; cataracts; fibrocystic tumors in breasts; sterility; muscle weakness; liver, pancreatic, colon, rectal, cervical, oral, lung cancers. Dosage range - RDA 30 IU (international units) daily; typical dosage 100-1200 IU daily. Toxicity is rarely reported, but can occur for a minority of peole when taking over 1,000 IU daily. Symptoms of toxicity are: double vision, fatigue, muscle weakness, nausea, headache, gastric distress. Dietary sources - Vitamin E is widely available in foods. Extra-virgin olive oil; seeds; nuts; whole grains; leafy greens; avocadoes; asparagus; Brussels sprouts; spinach. Note - Dry Vitamin E supplements in the form of d-alpha tocopherol are more bioavailable than dl-alpha tocopherol, which is synthetic Vitamin E. Those taking anti-coagulant drugs should use Vitamin E with caution. Folic Acid (folacin) Function and Effect - Folic acid is a common vitamin deficiency. Synthesizes DNA and RNA; needed to convert homocysteine to methionine; prevents some birth defects, including cleft lip, cleft palate and spina bifida; necessary for healthy blood cells; supplementing with folic acid prevents and reverses cervical dysplasia. Effects of depletion/deficiency - damages DNA metabolism in cells of vagina and cervix, stomach and intestines; more frequent infections; nausea; anorexia; headache; fatigue; hair loss; elevated homocysteine levels; cervical dysplasia; megaloblastic anemia; birth defects. Dosage range - RDA 200 mcg daily; typical dosage range 200-800 mcg daily; therapeutic dosage range 5,000-10,000 mcg daily. Folic acid is not toxic, but can mask a deficiency of Vitamin B12. This can be avoided by limiting dosage to 800 mcg or less. Dietary sources - Folic acid is readily available, and can be found in liver, eggs, brewer's yeast, cabbage, cauliflower, dark green leafy vegetables, broccoli, Brussels sprouts, beets, cantaloupe, orange juice, lima and kidney beans, wheat germ, whole grains. Notes - Women who are pregnant and lactating need higher doses than the RDA of folic acid. Further, before choosing to become pregnant, all women should be tested for their folic acid status. As the use of oral contraceptives has increased over the years, so has the number of women diagnosed as having cervical dysplasia. Oral contraceptives severely deplete folic acid, and all women taking these drugs should supplement with folic acid. Those with a history of colon cancer and ulcerative colitis can benefit from taking folic acid supplements. Glutathione Function and Effect - performs antioxidant activity in red blood cells and mitochondria; synthesizes fatty acids; one of a group of nutrients that supports hepatic (liver) detoxification of alcohol, cigarette smoke and large amounts of acetaminophen and aspirin; reduces free radical damage from radiation; crucial to the development and function of lymphocytes, macrophages and other types of immune cells. Effects of depletion/deficiency - increased free radical damage; compromised immune system function; poor hepatic detoxification; hair loss. Dosage range - RDA not established; typical dosage 500-3,000 mg daily in divided doses. There are no known side effects or toxicity. Dietary sources - raw vegetables; fresh fruit; meat; fish; avocado; walnuts; asparagus. Note - When purchasing this supplement, be sure it is in its reduced form. Unreduced glutathione is not active. Inositol Function and Effect - part of the phospholipids and the B complex vitamins (phospholipids are like tri-glycerides except that the first hydroxyl of the glycerine molecule has a polar phosphate containing group in place of the fatty acid) which help cells respond appropriately to external stimuli. It also helps with the production of an omega-6 fatty acid PUFA called arachidonic acid which is necessary to cell membrane function. When PGE-1 is lacking, arachidonic acid leaks from cell membranes and fuels the production of the inflammatory series-2 prostaglandins (PGE-2). PGE-2 also promotes platelet aggregation and causes the kidneys to retain sodium. There are three forms of inositol that are not well understood. Studies are currently underway. Promise is shown in the area of addictions, the " mental illnesses " , and chronic fatigue syndrome. Effects of depletion - improper cell function. Depletion rarely happens if one eats grains, nuts or organ meats. Dosage range - No RDA. Typical dosage is 100-1000 mg. daily. Dietary sources - grains, nuts, beans, organ and muscle meats. Note - Unless diagnosed with insitol depletion (most likely to happen if diagnosed with chronic fatigue syndrome). Iron Function and Effect - Iron binds oxygen to hemoglobin and transports, as necessary, to all tissues in the body. Iron also plays a role in the synthesis of dopamine and serotonin transmitters. Healthy immune response is dependent upon iron. Iron also assists liver detoxification enzymes. Iron assists the amino acid, carnitine, which is necessary to fatty acid metabolism. Collagen and elastin are dependent upon iron. Effects of depletion - fatigue, compromised immune function, anemia, hair loss, brittle nails and other nail problems, headache, difficulty breathing when performing physical tasks or activities. Dosage range - RDA 15 mg. females; 10 mg. males. Typical dosage is 10-50 mg. daily. Toxic doses of iron are rare as the body will not store an overabundance of it. Iron overdose can happen to people who are addicted to alcohol. Due to liver damage, iron can be absorbed in excess. There is also a genetic defect that allows the body to absorb too much iron. Dietary sources - liver, poultry, fish, other organ meats, vegetables, dried beans, and small amounts in grains. Note: Women of child-bearing age are most likely to be iron deficient. Bleeding ulcers can also deplete iron (as can medications taken for them). Vegetarians are also susceptible to iron deficiency. Lactobacillus Acidophilus Function and Effect - Lactobacillus acidophilus inhabits the small intestine as beneficial bacteria. This bacteria is easily destroyed by antibiotics. Produces Vitamin K and numerous B vitamins in the intestinal tract; produces natural antibiotics in the GI tract that help to prevent infection; creates enzymes that assist in digesting proteins, fats and dairy products; metabolizes cholesterol. Effect of depletion/deficiency - chronic vaginal yeast infections; bloating; gas; constipation or diarrhea; halitosis (bad breath). Dosage range - No RDA established. See BIFIDOBACTERIA BIFIDUM DOSAGE RANGE for dosage suggestions. There are no side effects or toxicities. Dietary sources - yogurt; acidophilus milk (see CALCIUM NOTES for concerns about milk). Vitamin K (phytonadione) Function and Effect - necessary for the production of several blood clotting factors; helps to synthesize a protein unique to the bones which assists in drawing calcium to bone tissue. Vitamin K is actually three vitamins called the quinones. Effect of depletion/deficiency - osteoporosis; osteomalacia; hemorrhage. Newborn infants are more likely to have a Vitamin K deficiency than adults. Dosage range - RDA 60 mcg women; 80 mcg men. Typical dosage 30-100 mcg. Therapeutic doses can be higher, but because large doses of Vitamin K can be toxic a prescription is necessary. Infants can develop a fatal form of jaundice from too much Vitamin K. Dietary sources - any type of cabbage; green leafy vegetables; liver. Vitamin K is synthesized by intestinal bacteria; therefore, we needn't get most of our Vitamin K from food. Notes - In order for the small intestine to absorb Vitamin K, the appropriate amounts of bile and pancreatic juices are necessary. If an adult were to present with the rare deficiency of Vitamin K, I would first recommend digestive enzymes. It is far more common for people to lack appropriate amounts of digestive enzymes than Vitamin K. Magnesium Function and Effect - cofactor in the production of ATP; necessary for synthesis of DNA and RNA; involved in hundreds of enzymatic reactions; metabolizes proteins, carbohydrates and fats; crucial to muscle and nerve tissues; prevents tooth decay by binding calcium to tooth enamel; helps to metabolize calcium and synthesize Vitamin D; relaxes blood vessels; acts as an anticoagulant; blocks calcium uptake; reduces risk of cardiovascular disease; increases oxygen to heart tissues. Effect of depletion/deficiency - Mild deficiency is commonplace in the US. Symptoms are depression, confusion, anxiety, fear, irritability, fatigue, muscle cramps, weakness, insomnia, loss of appetite, kidney stones, osteoporosis, gastric disorders. Processed foods contribute to the magnesium deficiencies in Americans. Most fertilizers used by commercial farmers do not contain magnesium. When food is refined, it loses up to 85% of its natural magnesium. Magnesium deficiency can cause cardiac arrest. Death following cardiac episodes is more likely to occur in people who are deficient in magnesium. Magnesium deficiency is also noted in those who abuse alcohol, have diabetes, liver disease and/or kidney disease. Dosage range - RDA 400 mg daily; typical dosage 400-1,000 mg daily; therapeutic dose 500-1500 mg daily. Toxicity is rare. Dietary sources - green leafy vegetables; whole grains; nuts; legumes. Notes - When I.V. magnesium is given when a heart attack begins, a 70% decrease in deaths is realized. Supplementing magnesium would be helpful to most, if not all, people. Phosphorous Function and Effect - Phosphorous is the second most abundant mineral in the body and is involved in every metabolic process. Assists in the transportation of lipids across cellular membranes and through the body; necessary to the integrity of teeth and bones; crucial to protein synthesis and cellular reproduction; a partner of many coenzymes. Effects of depletion/deficiency - Phosphorous deficiency is rare. The effects of depletion are numerous and beyond the scope of this guide. People with celiac disease, Crohn's disease, malabsorption syndromes, alcohol addictions and kidney malfunction are most prone to phosphorous depletion. Dosage range - RDA 800-1,200 mg daily. Dietary sources - Studies say that most Americans consume too much phosphorous. An abundance of phosphorous is found in animal protein and cola soft drinks. Notes - Too much phosphorous can inhibit calcium absorption and contribute to hyperthyroidism, calcium deposits in soft tissues and decreases in bone mass. Regular use of antacids that contain aluminum can deplete phosphorous. Potassium Function and Effect - Potassium is one of three major electrolytes and is the primary electrolyte at work inside our cells. Crucial to muscle contraction, heartbeat, nerve conduction, maintaining balance of water throughout body; helps to prevent hypertension; can reduce blood pressure. Effects of depletion/deficiency - muscle weakness; fatigue; cardiac arrhythmia; constipation; poor reflexes; dizziness; nervous disorders. Potassium can also be depleted by chronic stress, kidney failure, malnutrition, acidosis (diabetic), alcohol abuse, caffeine, excessive sugar or salt. Dosage range - no RDA established; typical dose if needed is 60-99 mg. Potassium toxicity occurs mostly from malfunctioning adrenal glands and/or kidney failure. Symptoms of this are difficulty breathing, diminished cardiac activity, confusion, and/or numbness in extremities. Dietary sources - fresh vegetables, fruits, meat, milk (see NOTES under CALCIUM). Sodium Function and Effect - As one of three major electrolytes in the body, sodium is the primary extracellular electrolyte in body fluids. Sodium helps to regulate blood pressure, the balance of alkaline/acid in the lymph and blood, and the transport and excretion of carbon dioxide. It assists in making the cell walls permeable and plays a vital role in muscle contraction and nerve function. Effects of depletion/deficiency - Only a few conditions can cause sodium deficiency. They are excessive perspiration and the absence of water, severe diarrhea, starvation, vomiting. Deficiency symptoms can include poor concentration, muscle weakness, dehydration, loss of appetite, memory loss. Dosage range - No RDA established; 1-3 grams per day will suffice. Most Americans consume up to 30 times more sodium daily than needed. Toxic effects can be edema and increased blood pressure. Dietary sources - Sodium is found in meats, grains and vegetables. Negligible amounts can be found in fruits. Notes - Common table salt is a concentrated form of sodium. It has many additives and the ratio of potassium to sodium is not compatible with the body. Processed foods contain very high amounts of sodium and contain no potassium, making them even worse for the body than common table salt. Solar-dried or Celtic sea salt is a healthy replacement for table salt. Selenium Function and Effect - Selenium functions as an antioxidant that can prevent cardiovascular disease and cancer (low selenium levels are correlated with high rates of cancer). Destroys mercury and cadmium; increases NK (natural killer) cell activity, antiviral activity and T lymphocytes; helps to convert T4 thyroid hormone to T3; is a potent anti-inflammatory; boosts Vitamin E antioxidant actions. Effects of depletion/deficiency - undesirable changes to the pancreas and heart; compromised immune system; sore muscles; weakness of red blood cells; increased incidence of many cancers; cardiomyopathy. Dosage range - RDA 55 mcg daily women; 70 mcg daily men. Typical dosage 50-200 mcg daily. Therapeutic dosage 50-500 mcg daily. Higher doses have been used. Selenium can be toxic. Symptoms are breath that smells like garlic, skin lesions, hair and nail loss, malfunction of the nervous system, digestive problems. Dietary sources - whole grains, cucumbers, cabbage, radishes, celery, eggs, liver, seafood, garlic,. Note - The selenium content of foods is related to the selenium content of soil. It is common today for our farm soils to have less selenium. Convenience foods lack adequate selenium. Tyrosine Function and Effect - necessary for the production of thyroid hormones; facilitates synthesis of norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine. Effects of depletion/deficiency - metabolic disturbances; hypothyroidism; depression and emotional disturbances. Dosage range - no RDA established; dosage range 1,000-5,000 mg daily. No known toxicities. Can cause some symptoms at very high doses. Dietary sources - poultry, meats, wheat, corn, eggs, milk (see NOTES under CALCIUM). Notes - Tyrosine supplements are effective for some people suffering from depression. Zinc Function and Effect - protects DNA from damage; participates in cellular division, protein synthesis, gene expression, DNA and RNA synthesis; helps to digest proteins; involved in numerous activities of the immune system and hundreds of enzymes; controls the release of Vitamin A from the liver; crucial to ovulation, fertilization, sperm maturation; regulator of sensory perceptions; assists in conversion of thyroid hormones T4 to T3; possesses anti-inflammatory properties; keeps prostate gland healthy and prevents benign hyperplasia. Effects of depletion/deficiency - Zinc deficiencies, though mild, are common in the US. This is due to zinc-depleted soils, processed foods, convenience foods and low-protein/low-calorie diets. Alcohol can also deplete zinc. Symptoms include impaired sense of taste and smell, night blindness, nystagmus, slow healing of wounds, infections, depression, acne, menstrual problems. Zinc depletion is also seen in liver and kidney diseases, celiac disease, IBD (inflammatory bowel diseases), macular degeneration and diabetes. Dosage range - RDA 12 mg daily women; 15 mg daily men. Therapeutic dosage 10-15 mg daily. Not toxic below 150 mg daily. Dietary sources - seafood, liver, lean meats, whole grains, eggs. Notes - Low animal protein and grains high in phytates can cause children to fail to mature sexually and show signs of dwarfism and hypogonadism. Pregnant women need more zinc than the RDA. Deficiency in this can cause birth defects. 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