shankara108

Hi, I don't really understand what it is you are trying to say in English. Do you want to say that knowledge is painful (i.e. 'painful' is functioning adjectivally, qualifying 'knowledge')? As it stands, 'knowledge is pain' reads something like 'ants are elephants'. Anyway, for what it's worth, and in response to Pokoya, both 'knowledge' and 'pain' would have to be in the same case (here, nominative). Regards, Shankar.

I forgot to answer a couple of your other questions: vishvatah is an indeclinable. kratu- means 'intellect' etc. But as a plural (agreeing with the pl. of the verb) it can mean 'thoughts' esp. 'good thoughts' when qualified by bhadra- 'auspicious'. Best, Shankar.

You are correct, samskrta is to be analysed as containing the prefix sam + past perfect participle krta- from root kr 'to do, to make'. Probably you are confused by the presence of the -s-. In modern linguistics, this is called an s-mobile (or mobile-s). It appears only under certain conditions (Cf. samskara-). No fully acceptible explanation has been found for them, but they are a clear feature of Indo-European roots. Other examples include the roots: *teg- 'to cover' beside *steg- (e.g. greek tegos 'roof' and stegu 'cover'. Also sanskrit sthagayati 'he causes to veil'). *pek 'to see' - e.g. skt. pashyati 'he sees' beside *spek, like skt. spash - 'to spy'. A specialisation in Sanskrit has occured with the combination of sam + kr. It means 'polished' etc. Of course, in the Sanskrit texts themselves, the most common name for the language is devavani, devabhasya etc meaning 'language of the gods'. Hope this helps, Best Shankar.

Hi, I left out the full grammatical parse, thinking it wouldn't be useful. But evidently it is, so: nah - used for acc.dat.and gen.pl, of 1st pers.prn. 'aham'. Here it stands for the dative, meaning 'to us'. kratavah - is nom. voc.pl. of masc. and fem. -u stems. Stem is kratu-. yantu - 3rd.pl.imperative.active voice (parasmaipada) of verb i 'to go'. When modified by pre-verb a it means 'to come' . Alike gam 'to go' a+ gam 'to come'. yantu means 'let them come'. Best, Shankar

the solution is much simpler than has been suggested above. a - preverb, to be taken with yantu nah - unto us (1st pl. pronoun) yantu - let them come (3rd pl. from root i 'to go') bhadrah - auspicious kratavah - thoughts (-u stem. Cf. Avestan xratu- 'intellect') vishvatah - from every direction. 'Let auspicious thoughts come unto us from every direction'. Hope this helps, Shankar.