Fwd: FW: Developmental Origins of Health and Disease

March 6, 2006

> Developmental Origins of Health and Disease

>

> <!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC " -//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0

> Transitional//EN " >

> <HTML><HEAD>

> <META http-equiv=Content-Type content= " text/html;

> charset=iso-8859-1 " >

> <META content= " MSHTML 6.00.2800.1106 "

> name=GENERATOR>

> <STYLE></STYLE>

> </HEAD>

> <BODY bgColor=#ffffff>

> <DIV>

> <DIV><B

> style= " mso-bidi-font-weight: normal " ><SPAN

> style= " FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size:

> 10.0pt " >Editor’s Note: Although

> governments are fond of proclaiming in principle the

> importance of early

> childhood development to build strong families and a

> strong economy, scientists

> continue to find evidence of just how critical this

> time of life really is. This

> recent article from the <?xml:namespace

> prefix = st1 ns =

> " urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags "

> /><st1:place><B

> style= " mso-bidi-font-weight: normal " ><SPAN

> style= " FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size:

> 10.0pt " >New

> England</st1:place><B

> style= " mso-bidi-font-weight: normal " ><SPAN

> style= " FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt " >

> Journal of Medicine

> summarizes current evidence on the so-called <I

> style= " mso-bidi-font-style: normal " >fetal origins

> hypothesis. The hypothesis

> states that deficits in nutrition during pregnancy

> and in early childhood, as

> well as exposure to environmental contaminants in

> utero, may increase the

> occurrence of diabetes, cardiovascular disease,

> asthma, cancers, osteoporosis

> and neuropsychiatric disorders in adulthood.

> Research also shows that children

> with a low birth weight, but who grew up to be

> overweight later in childhood,

> were at the highest risk for these outcomes. These

> conclusions were based on

> retrospective studies going back several decades.

> Given the rise in child

> obesity in most developed nations this hypothesis

> has serious implications for

> governments and public health authorities.

> </DIV>

> <FONT

> face= " Times New Roman " ><B

> style= " mso-bidi-font-weight: normal " ><SPAN

> style= " FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size:

> 10.0pt " >

> <FONT

>

> face= " Times New Roman " ><SPAN

> style= " FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size:

> 10.0pt " >BC*

> <SPAN

>

> style= " FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size:

> 10.0pt " ><?xml:namespace prefix = o

> ns = " urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office "

> /><FONT

> face= " Times New Roman " >

> <SPAN

>

> style= " FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size:

> 10.0pt " ><A

>

href= " http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/353/17/1848 " ><FONT

>

> face= " Times New

>

Roman " >http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/353/17/1848</A></o:p\

>

> <FONT

>

> face= " Times New Roman " ><SPAN

> style= " FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size:

> 10.0pt " >The <st1:place><SPAN

> style= " FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size:

> 10.0pt " >New

> England</st1:place><SPAN

> style= " FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt " >

> Journal of

> Medicine

> <SPAN

>

> style= " FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black " ><FONT

> face= " Times New Roman " >Volume

> 353:1848-1850, Number 17 - October 27, 2005<SPAN

> style= " mso-spacerun: yes " >

>

> <SPAN

>

> style= " FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size:

> 10.0pt " ><FONT

> face= " Times New Roman " >

> <P class=MsoNormal style= " MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt;

> TEXT-ALIGN: center "

> align=center><SPAN

> style= " FONT-SIZE: 18pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY:

> Arial " >Developmental Origins

> of Health and Disease<SPAN

> style= " FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR:

> black " >

> <P class=MsoNormal style= " MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt;

> TEXT-ALIGN: center "

> align=center><SPAN style= " FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;

> COLOR: black " ><FONT

> face= " Times New Roman " >Matthew W. Gillman, M.D.

>

> At

> first glance, it may seem

> implausible that your mother's exposure

> to stress or toxins while she

> was pregnant with you, how she fed you

> when you were an infant, or

> how fast you grew during childhood can

> determine your risk for

> chronic disease as an adult. Mounting

> evidence, however, indicates

> that events occurring in the earliest

> stages of human development

> — even before birth — may influence the

> occurrence of diabetes,

> cardiovascular disease, asthma, cancers,

> osteoporosis, and

> neuropsychiatric disorders.

>

> More than 40

> years ago, Widdowson and

> McCance<A

>

href= " http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/353/17/1848#R1#R1 " ><FONT

>

> face= " Times New Roman "

> size=3>1</A><FONT

> face= " Times New Roman " > discovered that

> rat pups that were

> undernourished during the three weeks of

> lactation gained weight more

> slowly over their lifetime than control

> pups did, even though they

> had access to ad libitum diets after

> weaning. In contrast, an

> identical duration of an energy deficit

> between 9 and 12 weeks of age

> had only a short-term effect on weight

> gain. These experiments showed

> not only that an environmental insult in

> early life could have

> long-term, irreversible consequences, but

> also that the insult must

> occur during a critical period in

> development to have maximal

> effect.

> In the years

> since, investigators have

> induced such developmental programming of

> adverse health outcomes in

> many animal species with the use of

> diverse interventions, ranging

> from the modification of the maternal (or

> even the grandmaternal)

> diet to the prenatal administration of

> glucocorticoid hormones,

> ligation of the uterine artery,

> experimentally produced anemia, and

> alteration of postnatal growth.<A

>

href= " http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/353/17/1848#R2#R2 " ><FONT

>

> face= " Times New Roman "

> size=3>2</A><FONT face= " Times New

> Roman "

> size=3> These perturbations can result in the

> adverse development of

> organs or organ systems directly or in adaptive

> responses that may be

> beneficial in the short term but deleterious in

> the long run. Because

> such experiments in animals involve

> environmental changes, they do

> not address purely genetic influences, but

> epigenetic processes may

> play a key role in the mechanisms underlying

> these

> phenomena.<A

>

href= " http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/353/17/1848#R2#R2 " ><FONT

>

> face= " Times New Roman "

> size=3>2</A><FONT

> face= " Times New Roman " size=3>

> Although

> experiments in animals

> illustrate the principle that adult

> health outcomes can trace some of

> their roots to early development, the

> extent to which similar

> developmental processes explain

> variations in human health outcomes

> remains unclear. The first generation of

> epidemiologic studies found

> intriguing associations between birth

> weight and disease outcomes

> decades later.<A

>

href= " http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/353/17/1848#R3#R3 " ><FONT

>

> face= " Times New Roman "

> size=3>3</A><FONT face= " Times New

> Roman "

> size=3> Researchers have found consistent inverse

> associations

> between birth weight and a central

> distribution of body fat,

> insulin resistance, the metabolic syndrome,

> type 2 diabetes

> mellitus, and ischemic cardiovascular

> disease.<A

>

href= " http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/353/17/1848#R4#R4 " ><FONT

>

> face= " Times New Roman "

> size=3>4</A><FONT face= " Times New

> Roman "

> size=3> Moreover, the phenotype of lower

> birth weight coupled with a

> higher body-mass index in childhood or

> adulthood appears to be

> associated with the highest risks of

> these outcomes. This pattern

> holds, for example, for insulin

> resistance in children eight years of

> age in India,<A

>

href= " http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/353/17/1848#R5#R5 " ><FONT

>

> face= " Times New Roman "

> size=3>5</A><FONT face= " Times New

> Roman "

> size=3> blood pressure among Filipino

> adolescents,<A

>

href= " http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/353/17/1848#R6#R6 " ><FONT

>

> face= " Times New Roman "

> size=3>6</A><FONT face= " Times New

> Roman "

> size=3> the metabolic syndrome among

> white and Mexican-American

> adults,<A

>

href= " http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/353/17/1848#R7#R7 " ><FONT

>

> face= " Times New Roman "

> size=3>7</A><FONT face= " Times New

> Roman "

> size=3> and coronary heart disease among

> Welsh men and among American

> women who are nurses.<A

>

href= " http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/353/17/1848#R8#R8 " ><FONT

>

> face= " Times New Roman "

> size=3>8</A><FONT

> face= " Times New Roman " size=3>,<A

>

href= " http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/353/17/1848#R9#R9 " ><FONT

>

> face= " Times New Roman "

> size=3>9</A><FONT

> face= " Times New Roman " size=3>

> In this issue

> of the Journal,

> Barker and colleagues,<A

>

href= " http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/353/17/1848#R10#R10 " ><FONT

>

> face= " Times New Roman "

> size=3>10</A><FONT

> face= " Times New Roman " > taking advantage

> of unusually extensive data

> from

>

<st1:country-region><st1:place>Finland</st1:place></st1:country-region>

> on

> childhood growth and adult outcomes,

> present a detailed analysis of

> this pattern. As compared with members of

> the cohort in whom

> heart disease outcomes did not develop,

> those who were

> hospitalized for or died from coronary

> heart disease had relatively

> small body size during the first two

> years of life, then grew

> more rapidly through 11 years of age.

> This growth pattern also

> predicted elevations in biomarkers for

> insulin resistance, which is

> a risk factor for coronary disease.

> Adjusting for variables that

> represent social and economic circumstances in

> adulthood did

> not appreciably change the results. Although

> some differences

> appeared to be present between the affected

> boys and girls in

> patterns of growth during infancy, the limited

> number of cardiac

> events among women precludes strong

> inferences.

>

> Together with

> published results from

> India showing that an increasing

> body-mass index through adolescence

> confers an excess risk of impaired

> glucose tolerance in early

> adulthood,<A

>

href= " http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/353/17/1848#R11#R11 " ><FONT

>

> face= " Times New Roman "

> size=3>11</A><FONT

> face= " Times New Roman " > the findings of

> Barker et al. provide

> evidence that for those with a relatively

> low birth weight, excess

> weight gain during childhood and adolescence

> portends a particularly

> poor prognosis for the development of

> coronary heart disease in

> adulthood.

> One issue

> that remains unresolved is the

> role of early postnatal growth from birth

> to two years of age. In

> contrast to the findings of Barker et

> al., recent observational

> studies of full-term infants and

> randomized trials involving

> premature infants suggest that

> accelerated weight gain during

> infancy, even during the first weeks of

> life, can result in

> overweight, insulin resistance, and high

> leptin levels and

> blood-pressure levels one to two decades

> later.<A

>

href= " http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/353/17/1848#R12#R12 " ><FONT

>

> face= " Times New Roman "

> size=3>12</A><FONT

> face= " Times New Roman " size=3>,<A

>

href= " http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/353/17/1848#R13#R13 " ><FONT

>

> face= " Times New Roman "

> size=3>13</A><FONT

> face= " Times New Roman " > Some of the discrepancies

> between the studies

> may have resulted from the limitations of

> body-mass index to

> represent true fatness, variable loss to

> follow-up, and differences

> in infant growth from one era to another.

> Furthermore, published

> intervention trials are restricted to

> premature infants. Getting

> the right answers, however, is more than an

> academic issue. If

> rapid weight gain in infancy is indeed harmful to

> adult health, then

> clinicians and public health professionals are faced

> with many

> challenges, including those of overcoming cultural

> stereotypes

> suggesting that " a big baby is a healthy

> baby, " considering

> whether growth charts based largely on

> formula-fed infants are

> still appropriate, questioning whether to

> continue using

> energy-enriched formulas for premature

> infants, and devising more

> effective strategies to promote the

> duration and exclusivity of

> breast-feeding.

> Beyond

> reproducing the observation that

> lower birth weight is associated with

> heart-disease outcomes, Barker

> et al. do not address the area of

> research most readers will

> associate with Professor Barker's name —

> the prenatal origins of

> adult disease. Birth weight is easily

> measured and is available

> from historical records, but if the truth

> be told, it is a

> dreadful marker of prenatal etiologic

> pathways.<A

>

href= " http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/353/17/1848#R14#R14 " ><FONT

>

> face= " Times New Roman "

> size=3>14</A><FONT

> face= " Times New Roman " > Fortunately, a new

> generation of

> epidemiologic studies directly examine the

> effects of prenatal

> determinants on postnatal health outcomes,

> irrespective of birth

> weight. Investigators have recognized that the

> initially invoked

> concept of maternal undernutrition is a simplistic

> model of prenatal

> influences. They now consider perturbations

> anywhere along the entire

> fetal-supply line, which includes not only

> maternal diet but also

> uteroplacental blood flow, placental

> function, and fetal

> metabolism.

> Recent

> studies of maternal diet during

> pregnancy indicate, for example, that the

> higher a mother's intake of

> fish, if the fish is low in mercury

> content, the higher the child's

> score will be on a test of

> cognition,<A

>

href= " http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/353/17/1848#R15#R15 " ><FONT

>

> face= " Times New Roman "

> size=3>15</A><FONT face= " Times New

> Roman "

> size=3> and the higher the mother's calcium

> intake, the lower the

> child's blood-pressure level will be.<A

>

href= " http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/353/17/1848#R16#R16 " ><FONT

>

> face= " Times New Roman "

> size=3>16</A><FONT

> face= " Times New Roman " > Despite the known

> relationship between

> smoking and reduced fetal growth,

> maternal smoking during pregnancy

> is associated with an increased risk of

> obesity in the

> offspring.<A

>

href= " http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/353/17/1848#R17#R17 " ><FONT

>

> face= " Times New Roman "

> size=3>17</A><FONT

> face= " Times New Roman " > Experiments in

> animals show that reduced

> activity of the placental enzyme

> 11<?xml:namespace prefix = v ns =

> " urn:schemas-microsoft-com:vml " /><v:shapetype

> id=_x0000_t75 stroked= " f "

> filled= " f " path= " m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe "

> o:preferrelative= " t " o:spt= " 75 "

> coordsize= " 21600,21600 " > <v:stroke

> joinstyle= " miter " ></v:stroke><v:formulas><v:f

> eqn= " if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0 " ></v:f><v:f

> eqn= " sum @0 1 0 " ></v:f><v:f

> eqn= " sum 0 0 @1 " ></v:f><v:f eqn= " prod @2 1

> 2 " ></v:f><v:f

> eqn= " prod @3 21600 pixelWidth " ></v:f><v:f

> eqn= " prod @3 21600 pixelHeight " ></v:f><v:f eqn= " sum

> @0 0 1 " ></v:f><v:f

> eqn= " prod @6 1 2 " ></v:f><v:f eqn= " prod @7 21600

> pixelWidth " ></v:f><v:f

> eqn= " sum @8 21600 0 " ></v:f><v:f eqn= " prod @7 21600

> pixelHeight " ></v:f><v:f

> eqn= " sum @10 21600 0 " ></v:f></v:formulas><v:path

> o:connecttype= " rect "

> gradientshapeok= " t "

> o:extrusionok= " f " ></v:path><o:lock aspectratio= " t "

>

v:ext= " edit " ></o:lock></v:shapetype><v:shape

> id=_x0000_i1025

> style= " WIDTH: 6pt; HEIGHT: 11.25pt "

> type= " #_x0000_t75 " alt= " {beta} " ><v:imagedata

> o:href= " http://content.nejm.org/math/beta.gif "

>

src= " file:///C:\DOCUME~1\bcook\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image001.gif " ></v:\

imagedata></v:shape><FONT

>

> face= " Times New Roman " size=3>-hydroxysteroid

> dehydrogenase type 2 programs

> hypertension and hyperglycemia in the

> offspring, as a result of

> excess fetal exposure to

> glucocorticoids.<A

>

href= " http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/353/17/1848#R18#R18 " ><FONT

>

> face= " Times New Roman "

> size=3>18</A><FONT face= " Times New

> Roman "

> size=3> Gestational diabetes (which is

> associated with higher birth

> weight) leads to fetal hyperinsulinemia

> and is associated with

> obesity and impaired glucose tolerance in

> the growing child.<A

>

href= " http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/353/17/1848#R19#R19 " ><FONT

>

> face= " Times New Roman "

> size=3>19</A><FONT face= " Times New

> Roman "

> size=3> The treatment of gestational diabetes

> is effective in

> reducing adverse perinatal outcomes,<A

>

href= " http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/353/17/1848#R20#R20 " ><FONT

>

> face= " Times New Roman "

> size=3>20</A><FONT

> face= " Times New Roman " > but its long-term

> effectiveness in reducing

> obesity-related consequences in the

> offspring is not known, and

> evidence with regard to strategies to

> prevent gestational diabetes is

> scarce. Indeed, for most of the

> epidemiologic associations described

> to date, the extent to which

> interventions that are intended to

> modify risk can improve long-term health

> is not yet clear.

>

> In

> populations of the world that

> are undergoing the nutritional and

> epidemiologic transition to

> Western styles of diet, sedentary

> behavior, obesity, and chronic

> diseases, the ominous pattern that Barker

> et al. identify — lower

> birth weight followed by excess weight

> gain in childhood — is both

> common and liable to persist for the

> foreseeable future. It is

> therefore imperative that, along with

> vigorous efforts to optimize

> childhood growth, researchers and

> policymakers identify, quantify,

> and evaluate strategies to modify

> prenatal and perinatal

> determinants of adverse adult health

> outcomes. These are the goals of

> the field of inquiry known as the

> developmental origins of

> health and disease, which is now

> represented by a learned

> society, the International Society for

> Developmental Origins of

> Health and Disease, and by yearly

> interdisciplinary congresses

> that are devoted to catalyzing a rapid

> expansion of research and

> policy initiatives. Slowly but surely,

> investigators in this

> field are learning ways by which ensuring the

> well-being of

> women of reproductive age and their newborn

> children can have

> substantial health-promoting effects in the

> next generation.

>

> <FONT face= " Times

> New Roman " >Supported by a

> grant from the National Institutes of Health

> (HL 068041).

>

> <FONT face= " Times

> New Roman " >Dr. Gillman

> reports having received grant support from

> Sanofi Aventis and Mead

> Johnson Nutritionals.

>

> <SPAN style= " FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;

> FONT-FAMILY: Arial " >Source

> Information<FONT face= " Times New

> Roman " size=3>

> <FONT face= " Times

> New Roman " >From the

> Department of Ambulatory Care and Prevention,

> Harvard Medical School and Harvard

> Pilgrim Health Care, and the Department of

> Nutrition, Harvard School of Public

> Health — all in Boston.

> <SPAN

> style= " FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY:

> Arial " >References<FONT

> face= " Times New Roman " size=3>

> <OL type=1>

> <LI class=MsoNormal

> style= " MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-top-alt:

> auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-list: l0

> level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in " ><A

> name=R1></A>Widdowson

> EM, McCance RA. The effect

> of finite periods of undernutrition at different

> ages on the composition and

> subsequent development of the rat. Proc R Soc Lond

> B Biol Sci

> 1963;158:329-342. <A

>

href= " http://content.nejm.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=A19631012C00008 & link_t\

ype=ISI "

>

> target=ISI><FONT face= " Times New

> Roman " >[iSI]</A><A

>

href= " http://content.nejm.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=14070049 & link_type=MED\

"

>

> target=ISI><FONT face= " Times New

> Roman " >[Medline]</A><A

> name=R2></A>

> </LI></OL>

> <OL type=1 start=2>

> <LI class=MsoNormal

> style= " MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-top-alt:

> auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-list: l0

> level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in " ><FONT

> face= " Times New Roman " >McMillen IC, Robinson JS.

> Developmental origins of the

> metabolic syndrome: prediction, plasticity, and

> programming. Physiol Rev

> 2005;85:571-633. <A

>

href= " http://content.nejm.org/cgi/ijlink?linkType=ABST & journalCode=physrev & resid\

=85/2/571 " ><FONT

>

> face= " Times New

> Roman " >[Abstract/Full Text]</A><A

> name=R3></A>

> </LI></OL>

> <OL type=1 start=3>

> <LI class=MsoNormal

> style= " MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-top-alt:

> auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-list: l0

> level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in " ><FONT

> face= " Times New Roman " >Barker DJP. Mothers,

> babies, and disease in later life.

> 2nd ed. <st1:State><st1:place>New

> York</st1:place></st1:State>: Churchill

> Livingstone, 1998.<A name=R4></A><FONT

> face= " Times New Roman " >

> </LI></OL>

> <OL type=1 start=4>

> <LI class=MsoNormal

> style= " MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-top-alt:

> auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-list: l0

> level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in " ><FONT

> face= " Times New Roman " >Oken E, Gillman MW. Fetal

> origins of obesity. Obes Res

> 2003;11:496-506. <A

>

href= " http://content.nejm.org/cgi/ijlink?linkType=ABST & journalCode=obesityres & re\

sid=11/4/496 " ><FONT

>

> face= " Times New

> Roman " >[Abstract/Full Text]</A><A

> name=R5></A>

> </LI></OL>

> <OL type=1 start=5>

> <LI class=MsoNormal

> style= " MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-top-alt:

> auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-list: l0

> level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list .5in " ><FONT

> face= " Times New Roman " >Bavdekar A, Yajnik CS, Fall

> CHD, et al. Insulin

> resistance syndrome in 8-year-old Indian children:

> small at birth, big at 8

> years, or both? Diabetes

> 1999;48:2422-2429. <A

>

href= " http://content.nejm.org/cgi/ijlink?linkType=ABST & journalCode=diabetes & resi\

d=48/12/2422 " ><FONT

>

> face= " Times New Roman " >[Abstract]</A><A

> name=R6></A><FONT

> face= " Times New Roman " > </LI></OL>

> <OL type=1 start=6>

> <LI class=MsoNormal

> style= " MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-top-alt:

> auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-list: l0

> level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list .5in " ><FONT

> face= " Times New Roman " >Adair LS, Cole TJ. Rapid

> child growth raises blood

> pressure in adolescent boys who were thin at

> birth. Hypertension

> 2003;41:451-456. <A

>

href= " http://content.nejm.org/cgi/ijlink?linkType=ABST & journalCode=hypertensiona\

ha & resid=41/3/451 " ><FONT

>

> face= " Times New

> Roman " >[Abstract/Full Text]</A><A

> name=R7></A>

> </LI></OL>

> <OL type=1 start=7>

> <LI class=MsoNormal

> style= " MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-top-alt:

> auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-list: l0

> level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list .5in " ><FONT

> face= " Times New

>

Roman " ><st1:City><st1:place>Valdez</st1:place></st1:City>

> R,

> <st1:place><st1:City>Athens</st1:City>

> <st1:State>MA</st1:State></st1:place>,

> Thompson GH, Bradshaw BS, Stern MP. Birthweight

> and adult health outcomes in a

> biethnic population in the

>

<st1:country-region><st1:place>USA</st1:place></st1:country-region>.

>

> Diabetologia 1994;37:624-631. <A

>

href= " http://content.nejm.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=10.1007/S001250050157 & \

link_type=DOI " ><FONT

>

> face= " Times New Roman " >[CrossRef]</A><A

>

href= " http://content.nejm.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=A1994NN77900013 & link_t\

ype=ISI "

>

> target=ISI><FONT face= " Times New

> Roman " >[iSI]</A><A

>

href= " http://content.nejm.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=7926349 & link_type=MED "

>

> target=ISI><FONT face= " Times New

> Roman " >[Medline]</A><A

> name=R8></A>

> </LI></OL>

> <OL type=1 start=8>

> <LI class=MsoNormal

> style= " MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-top-alt:

> auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-list: l0

> level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list .5in " ><FONT

> face= " Times New Roman " >Frankel S, Elwood P,

> Sweetnam P, Yarnell J, Smith GD.

> Birthweight, body-mass index in middle age, and

> incident coronary heart

> disease. Lancet 1996;348:1478-1480. <A

>

href= " http://content.nejm.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=10.1016/S0140-6736(96)\

03482-4 & link_type=DOI " ><FONT

>

> face= " Times New Roman " >[CrossRef]</A><A

>

href= " http://content.nejm.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=A1996VV46300009 & link_t\

ype=ISI "

>

> target=ISI><FONT face= " Times New

> Roman " >[iSI]</A><A

>

href= " http://content.nejm.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=8942776 & link_type=MED "

>

> target=ISI><FONT face= " Times New

> Roman " >[Medline]</A><A

> name=R9></A>

> </LI></OL>

> <OL type=1 start=9>

> <LI class=MsoNormal

> style= " MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-top-alt:

> auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-list: l0

> level1 lfo9; tab-stops: list .5in " ><FONT

> face= " Times New Roman " >Rich-Edwards JW, Kleinman

> K, Michels KB, et al.

> Longitudinal study of birth weight and adult body

> mass index in predicting

> risk of coronary heart disease and stroke in

> women. BMJ

> 2005;330:1115-1115. <A

>

href= " http://content.nejm.org/cgi/ijlink?linkType=ABST & journalCode=bmj & resid=330\

/7500/1115 " ><FONT

>

> face= " Times New

> Roman " >[Abstract/Full Text]</A><A

> name=R10></A>

> </LI></OL>

> <OL type=1 start=10>

> <LI class=MsoNormal

> style= " MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-top-alt:

> auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-list: l0

> level1 lfo10; tab-stops: list .5in " ><FONT

> face= " Times New Roman " >Barker DJP, Osmond C,

> Forsén TJ, Kajantie E, Eriksson

> JG. Trajectories of growth among children who have

> coronary events as adults.

> N Engl J Med 2005;353:1802-1809. <A

>

href= " http://content.nejm.org/cgi/ijlink?linkType=ABST & journalCode=nejm & resid=35\

3/17/1802 " ><FONT

>

> face= " Times New

> Roman " >[Abstract/Full Text]</A><A

> name=R11></A>

> </LI></OL>

> <OL type=1 start=11>

> <LI class=MsoNormal

> style= " MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-top-alt:

> auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-list: l0

> level1 lfo11; tab-stops: list .5in " ><FONT

> face= " Times New

> Roman " ><st1:place><st1:City>Bhargava</st1:City>

> <st1:State>SK</st1:State></st1:place>, Sachdev HS,

> Fall CH, et al. Relation of

> serial changes in childhood body-mass index to

> impaired glucose tolerance in

> young adulthood. N Engl J Med

> 2004;350:865-875. <A

>

href= " http://content.nejm.org/cgi/ijlink?linkType=ABST & journalCode=nejm & resid=35\

0/9/865 " ><FONT

>

> face= " Times New

> Roman " >[Abstract/Full Text]</A><A

> name=R12></A>

> </LI></OL>

> <OL type=1 start=12>

> <LI class=MsoNormal

> style= " MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-top-alt:

> auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-list: l0

> level1 lfo12; tab-stops: list .5in " ><FONT

> face= " Times New Roman " >Stettler N,

> <st1:place><st1:City>Stallings</st1:City>

> <st1:State>VA</st1:State></st1:place>,

> <st1:place><st1:City>Troxel</st1:City>

> <st1:State>AB</st1:State></st1:place>, et al.

> Weight gain in the first week of

> life and overweight in adulthood: a cohort study

> of European American subjects

> fed infant formula. Circulation

> 2005;111:1897-1903. <A

>

href= " http://content.nejm.org/cgi/ijlink?linkType=ABST & journalCode=circulationah\

a & resid=111/15/1897 " ><FONT

>

> face= " Times New

> Roman " >[Abstract/Full Text]</A><A

> name=R13></A>

> </LI></OL>

> <OL type=1 start=13>

> <LI class=MsoNormal

> style= " MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-top-alt:

> auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-list: l0

> level1 lfo13; tab-stops: list .5in " ><FONT

> face= " Times New Roman " >Singhal A, Lucas A. Early

> origins of cardiovascular

> disease: is there a unifying hypothesis? Lancet

> 2004;363:1642-1645. <A

>

href= " http://content.nejm.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=10.1016/S0140-6736(04)\

16210-7 & link_type=DOI " ><FONT

>

> face= " Times New Roman " >[CrossRef]</A><A

>

href= " http://content.nejm.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=000221408800026 & link_t\

ype=ISI "

>

> target=ISI><FONT face= " Times New

> Roman " >[iSI]</A><A

>

href= " http://content.nejm.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=15145640 & link_type=MED\

"

>

> target=ISI><FONT face= " Times New

> Roman " >[Medline]</A><A

> name=R14></A>

> </LI></OL>

> <OL type=1 start=14>

> <LI class=MsoNormal

> style= " MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-top-alt:

> auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-list: l0

> level1 lfo14; tab-stops: list .5in " ><FONT

> face= " Times New Roman " >Gillman MW. Epidemiological

> challenges in studying the

> fetal origins of adult chronic disease. Int J

> Epidemiol

> 2002;31:294-299. <A

>

href= " http://content.nejm.org/cgi/ijlink?linkType=FULL & journalCode=intjepid & resi\

d=31/2/294 " ><FONT

>

> face= " Times New Roman " >[Full Text]</A><A

> name=R15></A><FONT

> face= " Times New Roman " > </LI></OL>

> <OL type=1 start=15>

> <LI class=MsoNormal

> style= " MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-top-alt:

> auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-list: l0

> level1 lfo15; tab-stops: list .5in " ><FONT

> face= " Times New Roman " >Oken E, Wright RO, Kleinman

> K, et al. Maternal fish

> consumption, hair mercury, and infant cognition in

> a U.S. cohort. Environ

> Health Perspect 2005;113:1376-1380. <A

>

href= " http://content.nejm.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=16203250 & link_type=MED\

"

>

> target=ISI><FONT face= " Times New

> Roman " >[Medline]</A><A

> name=R16></A>

> </LI></OL>

> <OL type=1 start=16>

> <LI class=MsoNormal

> style= " MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-top-alt:

> auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-list: l0

> level1 lfo16; tab-stops: list .5in " ><FONT

> face= " Times New Roman " >Gillman MW, Rifas-Shiman

> SL, Kleinman KP, Rich-Edwards

> JW, Lipshultz SE. Maternal calcium intake and

> offspring blood pressure.

> Circulation 2004;110:1990-1995. <A

>

href= " http://content.nejm.org/cgi/ijlink?linkType=ABST & journalCode=circulationah\

a & resid=110/14/1990 " ><FONT

>

> face= " Times New

> Roman " >[Abstract/Full Text]</A><A

> name=R17></A>

> </LI></OL>

> <OL type=1 start=17>

> <LI class=MsoNormal

> style= " MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-top-alt:

> auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-list: l0

> level1 lfo17; tab-stops: list .5in " ><FONT

> face= " Times New Roman " >Toschke AM, Montgomery SM,

> Pfeiffer U, von Kries R.

> Early intrauterine exposure to tobacco-inhaled

> products and obesity. Am J

> Epidemiol 2003;158:1068-1074. <A

>

href= " http://content.nejm.org/cgi/ijlink?linkType=ABST & journalCode=amjepid & resid\

=158/11/1068 " ><FONT

>

> face= " Times New

> Roman " >[Abstract/Full Text]</A><A

> name=R18></A>

> </LI></OL>

> <OL type=1 start=18>

> <LI class=MsoNormal

> style= " MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-top-alt:

> auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-list: l0

> level1 lfo18; tab-stops: list .5in " ><FONT

> face= " Times New Roman " >Seckl JR. Glucocorticoid

> programming of the fetus:

> adult phenotypes and molecular mechanisms. Mol

> Cell Endocrinol

> 2001;185:61-71. <A

>

href= " http://content.nejm.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=10.1016/S0303-7207(01)\

00633-5 & link_type=DOI " ><FONT

>

> face= " Times New Roman " >[CrossRef]</A><A

>

href= " http://content.nejm.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=000173052800008 & link_t\

ype=ISI "

>

> target=ISI><FONT face= " Times New

> Roman " >[iSI]</A><A

>

href= " http://content.nejm.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=11738795 & link_type=MED\

"

>

> target=ISI><FONT face= " Times New

> Roman " >[Medline]</A><A

> name=R19></A>

> </LI></OL>

> <OL type=1 start=19>

> <LI class=MsoNormal

> style= " MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-top-alt:

> auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-list: l0

> level1 lfo19; tab-stops: list .5in " ><FONT

> face= " Times New Roman " >Gillman MW, Rifas-Shiman

> SL, Berkey CS, Field AE,

> Colditz GA. Maternal gestational diabetes, birth

> weight, and adolescent

> obesity. Pediatrics 2003;111:e221-e226. <A

>

href= " http://content.nejm.org/cgi/ijlink?linkType=ABST & journalCode=pediatrics & re\

sid=111/3/e221 " ><FONT

>

> face= " Times New

> Roman " >[Abstract/Full Text]</A><A

> name=R20></A>

> </LI></OL>

> <OL type=1 start=20>

> <LI class=MsoNormal

> style= " MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-top-alt:

> auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-list: l0

> level1 lfo20; tab-stops: list .5in " ><FONT

> face= " Times New

> Roman " ><st1:place><st1:City>Crowther</st1:City>

> <st1:State>CA</st1:State></st1:place>, Hiller JE,

> Moss JR, McPhee AJ, Jeffries

> WS, Robinson JS. Effect of treatment of

> gestational diabetes mellitus on

> pregnancy outcomes. N Engl J Med

> 2005;352:2477-2486. <A

>

href= " http://content.nejm.org/cgi/ijlink?linkType=ABST & journalCode=nejm & resid=35\

2/24/2477 " ><FONT

>

> face= " Times New

> Roman " >[Abstract/Full Text]</A></LI></OL>

> <DIV class=MsoNormal

> style= " MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-top-alt:

> auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-list: l0

> level1 lfo20; tab-stops: list .5in " ><SPAN

> style= " FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size:

> 10.0pt " >*Brian Cook is a

> contributing editor to Foodnews. Contributing

> editors who have written

> introductions to foodnews postings indicate

> authorship by signing off

> with their initials; unsigned statements are by the

> editors.</DIV>

> <DIV class=MsoNormal

> style= " MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-top-alt:

> auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-list: l0

> level1 lfo20; tab-stops: list .5in " ><SPAN

> style= " FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size:

> 10.0pt " > </DIV>

> <DIV class=MsoNormal

> style= " MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-top-alt:

> auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-list: l0

> level1 lfo20; tab-stops: list .5in " ><SPAN

> style= " FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size:

> 10.0pt " >WHO WE ARE: This

> e-mail service shares information to help more

> people discuss crucial policy

> issues affecting global food security. The service

> is managed by Amber

> McNair of the University of Toronto in partnership

> with the Centre for Urban

> Health Initiatives (CUHI) and Wayne Roberts of the

> Toronto Food Policy Council,

> in partnership with the Community Food Security

> Coalition, World Hunger Year,

> and International Partners for Sustainable

> Agriculture. Please help by

> sending information or names and e-mail addresses of

> co-workers who'd like to

> receive this service, to <A

>

href= " foodnews " >foodnews</A> </ST\

RONG></DIV></DIV></BODY></HTML>

>

>

Sign In

Fwd: FW: Developmental Origins of Health and Disease

Recommended Posts

Guest guest

Link to comment

Share on other sites

Join the conversation

Support the Ashram

Join Groups

Top Downloads