Fw: Symposium on animal welfare to be held in Beijing, China, August 23-24, 2004

[Guest guest]

[EthologicalEthics] Digest Number 559

 

Thu, 12 Aug 2004 08:34:47 -0600 (MDT)

BEKOFF MARC <marc.bekoff

Symposium on animal welfare to be held in Beijing, China, August

23-24, 2004

 

Hello - a number of you have asked about this symposium that I organized

with Aster Zhang so here is the original outline - there are some changes

but in general most of these topics are still going to be represented

along with a symposium on the plight of moon bears headed by Jill Robinson

of Animals Asia - this is a wonderful opportunity get the word out to many

people who are working very hard for animals in China and all over the

world - mb

 

_____

 

INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON ANIMAL WELFARE, BEIJING, CHINA, 23-24 AUGUST

2004

Organized by Marc Bekoff and Aster Zhang

 

 

Minding animals and wild justice: Awareness, emotions, well-being, and

heart

 

Marc Bekoff

Ecology and Evolutionary Biology

University of Colorado

Boulder, Colorado 80309-0334 USA

marc.bekoff

homepage:http://literati.net/Bekoff

Marc Bekoff and Jane Goodall (Ethologists For the Ethical Treatment of

Animals): www.ethologicalethics.org)

 

Abstract: In my presentation I will discuss recent information concerning

the evolution and ecology of animal cognition and animal emotions and show

how these data can help us to understand animals more than is possible

without paying careful attention to their " intelligence " and passionate

nature. I will also consider some aspects of the evolution of fairness,

cooperation, trust, and morality in nonhuman animal beings ( " animals " )

under the

subject that I call " wild justice. " I will also discuss how Darwinian

biology - his emphasis on evolutionary continuity - helps is to understand

what other animals feel, and how this information can aid us in our

attempts to (re)connect with animals and with other nature from our hearts

as well as from our heads.

 

 

Coexisting with carnivores in the U.S.: Overcoming prejudice and

persecution

 

Camilla H. Fox of Wildlife Programs

Animal Protection Institute

P.O. Box 22505

Sacramento, CA 95822

E-mail: chfox

Ph: 916-447-3085 x215

 

Abstract: In the United States, conflicts between carnivores and people

have traditionally been addressed by federal and state agencies through

cooperative agreements with counties, municipalities, and other entities.

This top-down approach to predator conflicts has relied heavily on lethal

control methods, including trapping, poisoning, and aerial gunning. Public

opposition to such methods, however, and greater understanding of the

ecological importance of native carnivores has led to increased demand for

innovative, humane, and ecologically sound approaches to conflicts.

Collaborative, community-based approaches developed at the local level

with input from stakeholders and support of the general public can yield

more effective and longer lasting results than the present top-down model.

This presentation will consider attitudes towards predators in the United

States, the ecological repercussions of widespread lethal predator

control, the significance of large carnivores in maintaining ecosystem

health and biodiversity, and alternative approaches to addressing

carnivore conflicts.

 

 

Pet Assisted Therapy and it's relevance in Asian Society

 

Nikki Green

15, Tai Om Shan Tsuen

Lam Tsuen, Tai Po. N.T. Hong Kong

Tel 852 28092147 or Fax: 852 28092114 or

nikgreen

 

Abstract: I would be speaking as a practicing Cross-cultural

Person-Centred Psychotherapist. In my presentation I will briefly discuss

recent studies outlining the difficulties which arise when using a Western

paradigm in Psychotherapy with Asian clients and how Pet-Assisted Therapy

can serve as a bridge, especially when working with children and the

elderly. I will discuss the fundamental characteristics of the

domesticated dog and why it makes him such a suitable candidate to assist

us in therapy. As a case study I will be using the Dr. Dog program, (in

which one of my dogs is involved), developed by Jill Robinson of Animals

Asia, based in Hong Kong.

 

 

The Case for a Uniform Global Ban on the International Trade in Bear

Viscera and Derivatives: A View from the United States

 

Adam M. Roberts

Senior Research Associate

Animal Welfare Institute

PO Box 3650

Washington, DC 20007

Tel: 703-836-4300

Fax: 703-836-0400

Web: www.awionline.org

 

Abstract: The market demand for bear gallbladders and bile is on the rise

and is negatively impacting bear populations and individual animals

worldwide. Mounting evidence points to a systematic pattern of killing

bears in the United States and Canada in order to satisfy the

demand for bear parts in consuming nations, primarily Asian markets. The

bear parts trade is international in scope and difficult to regulate and

contain. The current approach of trying to regulate the legal bear parts

trade on a state-by-state basis in the United States and on a

country-by-country basis globally has failed, and has actually facilitated

the illegal trade in some instances. It is time to recognize the

usefulness, if not the necessity, for national legislation uniformly

prohibiting commercialization of bear viscera. In addition, an

international moratorium on global trade in bear parts and derivatives is

long overdue and much needed.

 

 

Legal Protection of Great Apes in the United States

 

Sheryl Wolf

Professor of Law

University of New Mexico,

School of Law

1117 Stanford NE,

Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA

e-mail address: wolf

 

Abstract: This paper will examine the legal protection--and lack of

protection--afforded great apes in the United States, including the Animal

Welfare Act and the recently enacted Chimp Act, which allocates funding

for a retirement sanctuary for chimps previously used in medical research.

The paper will discuss existing protections for apes in the settings of

medical and psychological research, zoos and other exhibitions, the

entertainment industry, sanctuaries, and the pet trade. The recent

acquisition by the Center for Chimpanzee Care of 260+ chimps from the

former Coulston Foundation (a breeding facility for medical research) will

be used as a case study and a focal point for examining these issues.

 

 

Problems associated with the 'Free-dripping Fistula Technique' as a method

of bile extraction from Asiatic Black Bears

 

Gail M Cochrane, BVMS MRCVS (Poster)

Animals Asia Foundation

Room 2401 Universal Trade Centre

3 Arbuthnot Road,

Central, Hong Kong

www.animalsasia.org

gcochrane

 

Abstract: The Asiatic Black Bear (Ursus thibetanus) is the only species of

bear currently legally allowed to be extracted for bile within China. The

'Free-dripping Fistula Technique' is the only method allowed under current

regulations. Bear farmers within China believe that this technique " can

ensure the health of the bears and avoid their maltreatment " .

Cholecystectomies performed on Asiatic Black bears rescued from bear farms

which have had the 'Free-dripping Fistula Technique' performed indicates

that cholecystitis, cholelithiasis, polyp formation and the presence of

foreign bodies within the gall-bladder are common problems found in these

bears, which would lead to significant health problems and a reduced

lifespan.

 

 

China's bear farming: issues of ethics, challenges and prospects

 

Peter J. Li, Ph.D.

Assistant Professor of Political Science

Social Science Department

University of Houston-Downtown

One Main Street, Houston, Texas 77002

(713) 217-2471

lipj

 

Abstract: Moral questions have been raised about China's bear farming.

Despite declining profits, bear farming continues. What's the perceived

direction of this " business " in the eyes of wildlife policy-makers in

China? How will they respond to challenges of rising societal opposition

and international pressure for change? What are their perceived solutions

to bear farming? This study aims to find answers to these questions

through a field trip to provinces with a concentration of bear farms and

by conversing with officials in charge of Central and local wildlife

protection.

 

 

The Plight Of Animals in a diversified

socio-economic-culture-religious-secular and largest democracy - A Case

Study of this region

 

Pradeep Kumar Nath.

Founder / President Hony, Visakha S.P.C.A.,

26-15-200, Main Road

Visakhapatnam - 530001, Andhra Pradesh, India.

PHONE : +91 +0891 +2564759 ;

mobile : 98481 85652;

vspcanath

 

Abstract: As we enter into the eighth year of our efforts in the

protection of animals, we confront various forms of exploitations of them

for the insatiable forms of human beings and the morrow seems a renewed

bleak of the minimum assurances of their existence. It is a factual

presentation that owes its prominence of maturity ruptured by our

determination of the cause. Unless we treat them with intelligence, do not

interfere, have a codified living for them and all intellectuals agreeing

their significant role, there could be a massive erosion. We believe in

sharing the actuals to derive solutions and consolidate the effective

measures already in vogue here to reach the objectives globally if

possible.

 

 

The fallacy of sustainable consumptive utilization of wildlife in Africa,

the link between the Bush meat crisis and the community based win-win

strateg ies to Conservation.

 

Josphat Ngonyo

Youth for Conservation

jngonyo

Telephone number: +254 733 617286 or +254 20 606479

 

Abstract: While the proponents of consumptive utilization of wildlife

argue that it prov ides an incentive to poor countries to conserve their

wildlife, a May 2002 repor t by The Maasai Environmental Resource

Coalition on the hunting operations of Or tello Business Company in

Tanzania had the following to say; " The voices of the Loliondo Maasai echo

those of other indigenous communities across the country, whose complaints

about mistreatment and overexploitation of their natural resource by

profit-driven hunting companies have continued to go u nheeded. Like the

Loliondo Masai, Tarangire, Oloonkiito, and Mkomanzi Maasai say the

Government-sanctioned, unregulated hunting operations have detrimentally

af fected their basic rights, environment and wildlife. "

 

In addressing the community point of view and in seeking to answer the

pertine nt question of the sustainability of consumptive utilization of

wildlife in Africa, the presentation uses field research findings,

information and powerful photos linked with:

 

a. the Youth for Conservation's 5-year hands-on conservation work with

local communities in and around Kenya's Parks and Reserves

b. the Maasai Environmental Resource Coalition report on the Hunting Op

erations of the Ortello Business Company in Tanzania and

c. Traffic's " Food for Thought " - Research on Illegal Bushmeat Trade in

East, Central and Southern Africa.

d. Cropping Evaluation report of 2001 commissioned by Kenya Wildlife Se

rvice and sponsored by USAID

 

The presentation also seeks to explain the link between consumptive

wildlife u tilization and the rampant illegal bush meat trade in West,

Central, East and So uthern Africa while at the same time showing the

impacts of consumptive utilizat ion in countries that practiced it.

 

It is an arguable fact that conservation programs that alienate the

involvemen t of local communities rarely succeed, the presentation

therefore recommends pra ctical win-win community-based conservation

strategies with incentives given to landowners and local communities to

protect and preserve wildlife on their land.

 

 

Refinement of the statistical and the ethological approaches to improve

welfare of laboratory animals

 

Maria Puopolo, Armelle Queyras, Gianni Laviola, Augusto Vitale and Enrico

Alleva

Section of Comparative Psychology

Lab. Fisiopatologia di Organo e di Sistema

Istituto Superiore di Sanit

Viale Regina Elena, 299

00161 Roma, Italy

Tel.: + 39-06-4990-3104

Fax: + 39-06-49387134

mpuopolo

 

Abstract: The quality of data collected in animal research may be improved

by following simple statistical and ethological rules: optimize

experimental design and statistical analysis in order to reduce the number

of subjects used and maximize the information obtained from the same

subject; use physical and social enrichment to improve the psychophysical

welfare of animals by promoting the expression of a more natural

behavioural repertoire; refine the experimental procedures to minimize

suffering. These rules may also prevent waste of animals. A review of the

state of the art and some results obtained in our laboratory on rodents

and non-human primates, will be presented.

 

 

What can behavior science do for captive giant pandas management?

 

Ronald R. Swaisgood, Ph.D.

Field Biologist

Center for Reproduction of Endangered Species

Zoological Society of San Diego

P. O. Box 120551

San Diego, CA 92112

FAX: 619-744-3346

 

Abstract: The historical performance of giant panda Ailuropoda melanoleuca

captive breeding programs has been poor. Recent research has implicated

that the lack of biological relevance of many breeding facilities has

played a contributing role in reproductive failure. I will summarize

efforts underway in western and Chinese institutions to enhance well-being

through environmental enrichment, enclosure design, and husbandry

practices, as well as potential links between well-being, biological

relevance, and reproduction for the species. The focus will be on the

positive role of systematic data collection and scientifically-guided

management.

 

 

Replacing Animals With Herbs in Traditional Oriental Medicine and Working

to End Bear Farming in Asia

 

Jill Robinson

Founder & CEO

Animals Asia Foundation

Room 2401,

Universal Trade Centre,

3 Arbuthnot Road,

Central,

Hong Kong SAR, China.

Tel: (852) 27193340

Fax: (852) 27196716

 

Abstract: Whilst the worldwide demand for Traditional Medicines expands,

there is growing concern surrounding the conservation and animal welfare

impacts of wild and domesticated species utilised in the trade. In the

past two decades, the practice of bear farming in Asia has shown that a

well meaning initiative has escalated into an industry which continues to

threaten wild populations of bears across the world - and which is

inherently cruel.

 

Valid research is revealing a growth in acceptable alternatives and,

together with an ambitious programme which is rescuing 500 caged Moon

Bears in China, is pioneering solutions for people and animals alike.

 

 

The Growth of Factory Farming in China and its Associated Risks

 

Joyce D'Silva

Chief Executive

Compassion In World Farming

Charles House

5a Charles Street

Petersfield, Hampshire GU32 3EH UK

Phone: 0044 (0)1730 237377

Fax: 0044 (0)1730 260791

joyce

www.ciwf.co.uk

 

Abstract: As China's 1.3 billion people come out of poverty, they are

demanding more and more meat. Meat production and consumption are both

increasing massively i n China. The way the animals are reared is also

being transformed rapidly. Instead of millions of people keeping one or

two pigs in their backyards, commercial pig fa rms with many thousands of

pigs are being established. Poultry production is al so being transformed

with an increase in commercial battery egg production and a massive

increase in intensive broiler chicken production. In factory farming

systems, the animals are selectively bred for rapid growth or excessive

milk or egg production, they are kept in isolation or in overcrowded

sheds, are often fed an unnatural diet and are frequently prevented from

carrying out their natural behaviours. Their lives are truly lives of

misery - perhaps not worth living. This type of factory farming is

modelled on systems currently used in Europe and North America. These

cruel systems are now beginning to be phased out and banned in the

European Union. Intensive systems are also environmentally polluting.

Increased meat/saturated fat consumption can adversely affect human

health. There are also possible risks from antibiotic resistance and

bacterial contamination of meat. Compassion in World Farming is committed

to ending cruel and unsustainable factory farming systems worldwide. The

question is, how can China be persuaded to feed her people without

resorting to the damaging techniques and systems which the West is now

just beginning to abandon?

 

 

Attitudes of Hong Kong Primary School age Children to Animals and Related

Welfare Issues

 

P. Grandison, W. K. Chan, A. E. James, and D. P. Johns

 

Hong Kong (HK), is a unique city that has been influenced by both Chinese

and European cultures. Chinese history and culture regards animal rights

differently from the West and these traditional attitudes are still

entrenched in the minds of the HKs young people, although animal welfare

issues have a higher profile than in other Asian countries. This study has

demonstrated that HK children who own pets are more empathetic towards

animals and more supportive of animal welfare issues. Pet owning children

have greater knowledge about animal care and treat animals more humanely

than non-pet owner. The study has demonstrated that HK children support

zoos as an educational experience.

Buddhist teachings have a significant influence in the HK community, and

many children believe that by performing Fong San (the Buddhist practice

of releasing animals into the wild), they are respecting animal life, even

though the release of the animal may not be in its natural habitat. The

media is one of the main sources to pass the knowledge of animal to young

people and organizations such as the SPCA and the Government should

utilize these channels more effectively to pass animal welfare messages to

the general public.

 

 

Animal welfare in China

 

Merritt Clifton

Editor, ANIMAL PEOPLE

P.O. Box 960

Clinton, Washington 98236 USA

anmlpepl

Telephone: 360-579-2505

 

Abstract: Discussion of the following topics: 1) Developing and promoting

a cultural foundation for the cause, based on whatever pro-animal myths,

history, philosophy, etc. can be found wherever one happens to be. In

China there are the vegetarian monks of Shaolin, Buddhism, the belief in

the " lucky cat, " and the tradition of keeping pet turtles, koi fish, and

sometimes birds for several generations within one family. There is always

something that can be researched, raised, and used to make humane values

indigenous to the community. 2) Developing self-sustaining local support.

Humane organizations can become self-sustaining and successful even in the

most unlikely-seeming places, if they can learn to recruit and effectively

use volunteers, and can avoid the frequent confusion of fundraising with

begging. 3) Avoiding the shelter trap. Humane organizations frequently

destroy themselves by trying to take in homeless animals and becoming

overburdened, instead of sterilizing dogs and cats and educating against

the attitudes that result in animals becoming homeless. This is especially

important. The U.S. humane community mostly went in entirely the wrong

direction for much of the 20th century, and we are still trying to undo

the damage 4) Developing educational programs. Even organizations with

next to nothing of material value can often do tremendous good as

educators. 5) Developing communications.

 

 

Selective breeding for reduced fear and distress can benefit poultry

welfare

 

Bryan Jones

Roslin Institute

Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9PS, Scotland

Tel: + 44 (0)131 527 4466

Fax: + 44 (0)131 440 0434

E-mail: Bryan.Jones

 

Abstract: Fear and distress can seriously damage poultry welfare,

productivity and product quality. Furthermore, many consumers demand

greater consideration for animal welfare. Identifying practical ways of

reducing these harmful states is critical from a sustainable agriculture

perspective. The Japanese quail was used as a model to determine potential

benefits of a genetic approach. Selective breeding for a reduced

adrenocortical response to brief restraint was associated with a

non-specific attenuation of stress-responsiveness, decreased fearfulness,

enhanced ability to produce stable phenotypes, greater sociality,

accelerated puberty and increased egg production.

 

 

Abandoned dogs living in italian rescue shelters: behaviour, stress and

welfare

 

Dr. Paola Valsecchi, F. Mondelli, and E. Prato Previde

 

Dr. Paola Valsecchi

Dipartimento di Biologia Evolutiva e Funzionale

Universit degli Studi di Parma

Parco Area delle Scienze 11/A

43100 Parma - Italy

ph. 0039 0521 905671

fax: 0039 0521 905657

e-mail: valsecchi

 

Abstract: In Italy, abandoned dogs once captured and sheltered cannot be

euthanized unless they have untreatable diseases or unless they are

dangerous. Every year the number of dogs living in shelters increases

because adoptions do not counterbalance abandons, thus most dogs will stay

there until they die. In shelters, dogs have to face a condition of social

deprivation and a situation of boredom and frustration. Our study aimed to

the evaluation of: dogs' behavior to describe their temperament and to

define rehoming criteria; dogs stress through behavioural observations and

physiological parameters; effects of an environmental enrichment program

on dogs welfare.

 

 

Animal welfare in the lab for research, study or education

 

Kai Xue

Lab of Environmental biotechnology

P.O. BOX 2871,Beijing, 100085, China

Phone: +86-10-62923562(O)

+8610-62849014(D)

 

Abstract: In middle school, all the students must anatomize frogs or other

animals in the course of biology. In university, many students, whose

major is medicine, biology, and soon, must cut animals in lab. Many

scientists whose research area is biology related use animals in

experiments without considering the animals welfare. I think we must

reconsider such phenomenon. Maybe it is not necessary to use animals in

some cases. Maybe there is a non-animal alternative. Now 70%-80% medical

schools in the States dont cut animals for education purpose. We should

try not to cause unnecessary pain and suffering for animals.

 

 

Behavioural abnormalities in zoo carnivores and primates in India; Welfare

issues with regard to their management in captivity

 

Avanti Mallapur

C/o Dr. Anindya Sinha, National Institute of Advanced Studies,

Indian Institute of Science campus,

Bangalore 560012

Karnataka, India

Phone: +91 80 658 4036

Email: amallapur

 

Abstract: Studies on wild animals in captivity have well documented the

influence of captive environments on the behavioural repertoire and

welfare of these animals. Similar studies conducted in Indian zoos have

shown that a variety of factors influence the development of abnormal

behaviour. For example, a study on leopards revealed that animals housed

in enclosures with elevated resting sites exhibited lower levels of

stereotypic pacing than those housed in barren enclosures. This paper will

discuss the welfare issues regarding animals in Indian zoos and will

emphasise the significance of behavioural and welfare studies to managing

wild animals in captivity

 

 

A need for zoo evaluations in China to improve standards of ethics and

animal welfare

 

Prof G. Agoramoorthy

Affiliation and Full Address: Wildlife Reserves Singapore, 80 Mandai Lake

Road, Singapore

moorthy

agoram

Telephone number: 65-96759916

 

Abstract: The on-going illegal trade and uninterrupted habitat destruction

have been forcing a variety of wildlife species to local extinction in

many countries in Asia. Confiscated and abandoned wild animals in Asia are

increasing in recent years, which boost over crowding, and also damage the

quality of life in captive facilities such as zoos, recreational parks,

and rehabilitation centers. As a result, the basic principals of animal

welfare such as, freedom from hunger and thirst, freedom from thermal and

physical discomfort, freedom from pain, disease and injury, freedom to

express normal behavior, and freedom from fear and distress are being

ignored. Public concern for captive animal welfare is evident in many

countries in Asia. It is important to understand the ethical and animal

welfare problems facing captive wild animals in Asian zoos today in order

to make significant improvement to manage them. Being the Chairman of the

South East Asian Zoos Association, I carry out zoo evaluations to assess

ethics and animal welfare in member zoos in the region. During the

evaluations, several major and minor problems are identified and

constructive suggestions to zoo authorities are provided, which in turn

significantly improve the standards of animal welfare. Thus the procedures

tested in South East Asian zoos to assess ethics and welfare problems

could serve as a model to be followed for zoos in China to improve captive

animal welfare standards in general.

 

 

On the origin and therapeutic efficacy of traditional animal-derived

medicines

 

Zu Shu-Xian, MD, MSc

Founder, Educational Group for the Protection of Environment & Animals

Anhui Medical University

Hefei, Anhui 230032

 

Abstract: One thousand and fifty traditional animal medicines are included

in an official book, Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, comprising in ten

volumes published in 1997 and edited by an authoritative committee.

However, assessment of the efficacy of almost all of the medicines derived

from natural materials is generally based on the ancient works, which

described individual experiences and anecdotes without any basis in

deliberate scientific examination. It is recorded that even animal and

human excreta are effective in the treatment of various diseases according

to traditional Chinese medicine. In fact, traditional Chinese

animal-derived medicines are essentially the same as other age-old

medicines used in such as ancient Egypt, Greece, and India. Medicine

originated in every culture from witchcraft, and the use of animals in

remedies by primitive humans was based mainly on the perception that

consuming particular parts of animals could magically convey the qualities

of those animals into humans, that is the law of similarity or signature

of homeopathic or imitative magic. The reasons based in the use of

animal-derived medicines described in ancient classics may strike us as

even ridiculous.

 

Modern medicine came along when the newly active chemical drugs,

sulfonamides and penicillin, were discovered and clinically used in around

1940. There were only few genuinely effective drugs that could be

prescribed for treatment before these years. Clinical trial are now

recognized as the only truly reliable method for assessing the efficacy of

drugs and other medical treatments. Any drug to be used today should be

evaluated by randomized controlled clinical trial. However, most of the

traditional Chinese medicines, particularly those containing animal

products, including tiger bone, rhinoceros horn, bear bile, musk and

antler velvet as tonics or for the treatment of ailments, have never been

assessed by well designed clinical trials, and no active ingredients of

such items have ever been identified or tested using recognized scientific

standards at all to support their use in the treatment of the illnesses

and other conditions for which they are commonly used. Only two useful

drugs,ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) and chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA), have

been derived from animal bile, for example, but these drugs are now

produced by chemical semisynthesis, and are used for the dissolution of

cholesterol gallstones. This current usage is completely different from

the uses described in the ancient medicinal literature. Although the

clinical indications and the effectiveness of UDCA are limited, bear bile

remains incomparable with it, since no sound trial was done on bear bile

at all. Unfortunately,

the preparations containing bear bile continue to be promoted to treat a

number of diseases and as tonics by bear farm. Therefore, using this kind

of ineffective medicines from wildlife does not only threaten the survival

of animals, but also puts a heavily burden to our national health care

system.

 

Why do people believe in these ineffective animal-derived medicines?

Basically, they have their roots in traditional culture, and have also

been encouraged by the authorities for more than fifty years. Now the use

of traditional animal-derived medicines is additionally being promoted for

profit by medicinal animal farms and the manufacturer of traditional

medicines. There are several reasons why an ineffective drug or treatment

can be mistakenly thought to be effective with out undergoing a

well-designed clinical trial. First, there is a possibility of poor

diagnosis. It is self-evident that an accurate diagnosis is essential to

successfully treat a patient, particularly in a clinical trial. But in

traditional Chinese medicine, only the symptoms are treated or a set of

syndromes loosely identified, which may be caused by a series of

conditions ranging from the very mild to the fatal. Secondly, most

diseases are self-limiting, and even cancer may also undergo spontaneous

remission. This is why a control group comparable to the group tested

should be included in any clinical trial. Thirdly, an effective result may

be merely a placebo effect. Therefore a placebo should be used in the

control group. Traditional Chinese medicines have never subjected to

critical assessment. As a rule, any drug or treatment should be considered

as ineffective, unless it is proven to be effective. This rule protects

the interests of patients, and is now enshrined in the laws of most

nations.

 

 

REHABILITATION OF SLOTH BEARS RESCUED FROM ILLEGAL WILDLIFE TRADE

 

Geeta Seshamani

Wildlife O. S.

D-210,DEFENCE COLONY, NEW DELHI - 110 024. INDIA

wsos

Telephone number: 00 91 11 246 21939 / 00 91 9810000254

 

 

SLOTH BEAR CONSERVATION - EXPOSING BEAR CUB POACHING WITH ANTIPOACHING

MEASURES & POACHER / TRADER REHABILITATION

 

Kartick Satyanarayan

Wildlife O. S.

D-210,DEFENCE COLONY, NEW DELHI - 110 024. INDIA

wsos / karticksatyanarayan

Telephone number: 00 91 11 246 21939 / 00 91 981011 4563

 

 

The China Dogs (Poster)

 

Ellie Maynard

PO Box 642

Tauranga, New Zeland

conectus