If Mobile Phones Were a Type of Food, They Simply Would Not be Licensed

[Guest guest]

" If Mobile Phones Were a Type of Food, They Simply Would Not be Licensed "

_http://articles.mercola.com/sites/articles/archive/2000/12/17/mobile-phones-p

art-five.aspx_

(http://articles.mercola.com/sites/articles/archive/2000/12/17/mobile-phones-par\

t-five.aspx)

 

This statement was not uttered by some uneducated anti-technology activist,

but rather was written by British physicist Dr. Gerald Hyland and was printed

in the prestigious medical journal _The Lancet_ (http://www.thelancet.com/) .

 

A recent issue of the journal published 2 papers on the subject of cell

phone safety, as well as an accompanying editorial. The editorial, written by

Philip P. Dendy of Cambridge, UK, and entitled " Mobile phones and the illusory

pursuit of safety " puts the 'safety' issue into perspective:

 

The deceptively simple question, much loved by television and radio

interviewers, " Is it safe? " is the scientist's banana skin. A Nobel prize awaits

the

person who first designs an experiment to show that anything is " safe " .

In the light of experience with ionizing radiation and radioactive

materials, out-of-hand dismissal of the possibility of subtle effects of

low-intensity, pulsed, microwave radiation is most unwise.

Early in the 20th century radon and radium-enriched spa waters were

" recommended " for a wide range of aches and minor ailments. As knowledge of the

harmful effects of ionizing radiation has increased and quantitative risk

estimates have become possible (notwithstanding rather large error bands), the

permitted annual dose limit has been progressively reduced from the 1930s to

the

present day.

Dr. Hyland writes an excellent paper, covering the possible mechanisms by

which mobile phones, or cell phones, may cause adverse effects in people. Below

are some exerpts from his paper, entitled " Physics and Biology of Mobile

Telephony " :

 

.... there is evidence that the low intensity, pulsed radiation currently

used can exert subtle non-thermal influences. If these influences entail

adverse

health consequences, current guidelines would be inadequate.This review will

focus on this possibility.

The radiation used is indeed of very low intensity, but an oscillatory

similitude between this pulsed microwave radiation and certain electrochemical

activities of the living human being should prompt concern. ... there are

consistencies between some of these effects and the neurological problems

reported

by some mobile-telephone users and people exposed longterm to base-station

radiation.

The Stewart Report (1), published in May, 2000, makes some sensible

recommendations, but unfortunately some of its greyer areas are now being

exploited

by the industry to obfuscate the issue.

As yet unresolved is the question of adverse health impacts provoked by the

contentious non-thermal effects of the low intensity, pulsed microwave

radiation (MWR) used. For these effects are not taken into account in current

safety guidelines (2), which simply restrict the intensity of the radiation to

prevent tissue heating in excess of what the body's thermoregulatory mechanism

can cope with ... .in the case of living systems (and only living ones) there

are many reports over the past 30 years that MWR can exert non-thermal

influences, at intensities well below those necessary to cause any detectable

heating (3).

The purpose of this review is to introduce clinicians to the physics of

mobile telephony and to explain how low-intensity, pulsed microwaves can affect

living organisms, both thermally and non-thermally; and then to identify some

of the reported biological impacts of exposure to this radiation,

particularly those provoked by the contentious non-thermal effects.

Physics of Mobile Telephony

A base-station antenna typically radiates 60 W and a handset between 1 and 2

W (peak). The antenna of a handset radiates equally in all directions but a

base-station produces a beam that is much more directional. In addition, the

stations have subsidiary beams called side-lobes, into which a small fraction

of the emitted power is channelled. Unlike the mean beam, these side-lobes

are localized in the immediate vicinity of the mast, and, despite their low

power, the power density can be comparable with that of the main beam much

further away from the mast. At 150-200 m, for example, the power density in the

main beam near ground level is typically tenths of a µW/cm (2).

A handset that is in operation also has a low-frequency magnetic field (EMF)

associated, not with the emitted microwaves, but with surges of electric

current from the battery that are necessary to implement " time division

multiple

access " (TDMA), the system currently used to increase the number of people

who can simultaneously communicate with a base-station. With handsets that

have an energy-saving discontinuous transmission mode (DTX), there is an even

lower frequency pulsing at 2 Hz, which occurs when the user is listening but

not speaking.

Biological Impacts: Thermal

Heating of biological tissue is a consequence of microwave energy absorption

by the tissue's water content. The amount of heating produced in a living

organism depends primarily on the intensity (or power density) of the radiation

once it has penetrated the system, on certain electrical properties of the

biomatter, and on the efficiency of the body's thermoregulation mechanism.

Above a certain intensity of the microwaves, temperature homoeostasis is not

maintained, and effects on health ensue once the temperature rise exceeds

about 1°C. Safety guidelines impose upper limits on the radiation intensity to

ensure that this does not happen.

Heating occurs whether the organism is alive or dead. The frequency of the

radiation, as opposed to the intensity, is taken into account only in so far

as it affects (via size resonance) the ability of the organism to absorb

energy from the irradiating field.

Amongst the most thermally vulnerable areas of the body (2), because of

their low blood supply, are the eyes and the testes, and cataract formation and

reduced sperm counts are well-documented acute exposure hazards.

Animal studies indicate that a variety of behavioral and physiological

disorders can be provoked by temperature rises below 1°C -- ie, under much less

acute exposure conditions ... there are reports of adverse health effects of

subthermal intensities, the possible origin of which will now be considered.

Biological Effects: Non-Thermal

The possibility that the pulsed, low-intensity MWR currently used in GSM

mobile telephony can exert subtle, non-thermal influences on a living organism

arises because microwaves are waves; they have properties other than the

intensity that is regulated by safety guidelines. This microwave radiation has

certain well-defined frequencies, which facilitate its discernment by a living

organism (despite its ultralow intensity), and via which the organism can, in

turn, be affected.

The human body is an electrochemical instrument of exquisite sensitivity

whose orderly functioning and control are underpinned (6) by oscillatory

electrical processes of various kinds, each characterised by a specific

frequency,

some of which happen to be close to those used in GSM. Thus some endogenous

biological electrical activities can be interfered with via oscillatory aspects

of the incoming radiation, in much the same way as can the reception on a

radio.

The biological electrical activities that are vulnerable to interference

from GSM radiation include highly organised electrical activities at a cellular

level whose frequency happens to lie in the microwave region, and which are a

consequence of metabolism.7 Although not universally accepted, there is

experimental evidence7-9 consistent with these endogenous activities, in terms

of

which effects of ultralow-intensity microwave radiation of a specific

frequency on processes as fundamental as cell division, for example, can be

understood in a rather natural way.10

Furthermore, the DTX pulse frequency at 2 Hz and the TDMA frequency of 834

Hz correspond to frequencies of electrical oscillations found in the human

brain, specifically the delta and alpha brain-waves, respectively. It is thus

quite possible that living organisms have a two-fold sensitivity to the pulsed

GSM signal -- ie, to both the microwave carrier and the lower frequency

pulsings of the TDMA and DTX signals.

To deny this possibility yet admit the importance of ensuring

electromagnetic compatibility with electronic instruments by banning the use of

mobile

phones on aircraft (11) and hospitals (a prohibition driven by concerns about

non-thermal interference) seems inconsistent.

The intensity of radiation needed for this recognition is many orders of

magnitude below even that currently associated with non-thermal effects. This

influence is possible only when the organism is alive, with excited endogenous

frequencies; the dead have flat electroencephalograms.

Non-thermal effects thus depend on the state of the person when exposed to

the radiation -- ie, non-thermal effects are non-linear. A low-intensity field

can entail a seemingly disproportionately large response (or none at all),

and vice versa, quite unlike the predictable thermal responses. Thus not

everyone can be expected to be affected in the same way by identical exposure

to

the same radiation.

A good example of human vulnerability to a non-thermal, electromagnetic

influence is the ability of a light flashing at about 15 Hz to induce seizures

in

people with photosensitive epilepsy (12). It is not so much the amount of

energy absorbed from the light that provokes the seizure, but rather the

information transmitted to the brain by the (coherent) regularity of its

flashing,

at a frequency that the brain " recognises " because it matches or is close to

a frequency utilised by the brain itself.

What do we know experimentally about non-thermal biological influences of

MWR (both pulsed and continuous) of an intensity close to that near a mobile

phone handset, but often at higher microwave carrier frequencies? A selection

of in vitro studies is given in panel 1.

Panel 1: Selected in vitro studies of non-thermal effects of microwave

radiation of various frequencies and intensities

Effect Reference Epileptic activity in rat brain slices in conjunction with

certain drugs 13 Resonant effects on cell division of Saccharomyces

cerevisiae, and on the genome conformation of Escherichia coli 9, 14

Synchronisation of cell division in S carlsbergenis 15 " Switch-on " of

epigenetic processes,

such as -phage and colicin synthesis 16, 17 Altered ornithine

decarboxylase activity 18 Reduced lymphocyte cytotoxicity 19 Increased

permeability of

erythrocyte membrane 20 Effects on brain electrochemistry (calcium efflux)

21 Increase in chromosome aberrations and micronuclei in human blood

lymphocytes 22 Synergism with cancer-promoting drugs such as phorbol ester 23

In vivo evidence of non-thermal influences, including exposure to actual GSM

radiation, comes predominantly from animal studies (panel 2).

Panel 2: Selected in vivo studies of non-thermal microwave exposure,

including GSM radiation

Effect Reference Epileptiform activity in rats, in conjunction with certain

drugs 24 Depression of chicken immune systems (melatonin, corticosterone and

IgG levels) 25 Increase in chick embryo mortality 25 Increased permeability

of blood-brain barrier in rats 26 Effects on brain electrochemistry

(dopamine, opiates) 27 Increases in DNA single and double strand breaks in rat

brain

28 Promotion of lymphomas in transgenic mice 29 Synergistic effects with

certain psychoactive drugs 30

Finally, human in vivo studies, under GSM or similar conditions, include

effects on the EEG and on blood pressure. A delayed increase in spectral power

density (particularly in the alpha band) has been corroborated (31) in the

" awake " EEG of adults exposed to GSM radiation. Influences on the " alseep " EEG

include a shortening of rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep during which the power

density in the alpha band increases (32), and effects on non-REM sleep (33).

Exposure to mobile phone radiation also decreases the preparatory slow

potentials in certain regions of the brain (34) and affects memory tasks (35).

In

1998, Braune et al (36) recorded increases in resting blood pressure during

exposure to radiofrequencies.

Non-thermal effects have proved controversial, and independent attempts to

replicate them have not always been successful. Such difficulties are not

unexpected, however, because these effects depend on the state of the organism

when it is exposed, particularly in vivo.

Possible Associated Adverse Health Reactions

.... GSM radiation does seem to affect non-thermally a variety of brain

functions (including the neuroendocrine system), and health problems reported

anecdotally do tend to be neurological, although formal confirmation of such

reports, based on epidemiological studies, is still lacking.

For example:

* reports of headache are consistent with the effect of the radiation

on the dopamine-opiate system of the brain27 and

* the permeability of the blood-brain barrier (26), both of which have

been connected to headache (40,41).

* Reports of sleep disruption are consistent with effects of the

radiation on melatonin levels (25) and

* on rapid-eye-movement sleep (32).

Furthermore, since there is no reason to suppose that the seizure-inducing

ability (12) of a flashing visible light does not extend to microwave

radiation (which can access the brain through the skull) flashing at a

similarly low

frequency, together with the fact that exposure to pulsed MWR can induce

epileptic activity in rats (24), reports of epileptic activity in some children

exposed to base-station radiation are perhaps not surprising.

Finally, the significant increase (by a factor of between 2 and 3) in the

incidence of neuroepithelial tumours (the laterality of which correlates with

cell-phone use) found in a nationwide US study (42) is consistent not only

with the genotoxicity of GSM radiation, as indicated by increased DNA strand

breaks (28) and formation of chromosome aberrations and micronuclei but also

with its promotional effect on tumour development (43).

.... it cannot be denied that non-thermal effects of the MWR used in mobile

telephony do have the potential to induce adverse health reactions of the kind

reported, and this possibility should not be ignored even if only a small

minority of people are at risk.

Whether a person is affected or not could depend, for example, on the level

of stress before exposure; if it is high enough, the additional contribution

from MWR exposure might be sufficient to trigger an abnormality that would

otherwise have remained latent.

It is often argued that anecdotal reports of health problems should be

dismissed. However, given the paucity of systematic epidemiological studies of

this new technology, such reports are an indispensable source of information, a

point acknowledged in the 1999 report of the UK parliamentary committee (44).

 

Preadolescent children can be expected to be more vulnerable to any adverse

health effects than adults because absorption of GSM microwaves is greatest

(5) in an object about the size of a child's head, because of the " head

resonance " effect and the greater ease with which the radiation can penetrate

the

thinner skull of an infant (1).

Also the multiframe repetition frequency of 834 Hz and the 2 Hz pulsing in

the DTX mode of cellphones lie in the range of the alpha and delta

brain-waves, respectively.

In a child, alpha waves do not replace delta waves as a stable activity

until the age of about 12 years. Furthermore, the immune system, whose

efficacy

is degraded (19,25) by this kind of radiation, is less robust in children.

This makes them less able to cope with any adverse health effect that might

be provoked by chronic exposure, not only to the pulsed microwave radiation

but also to the the more penetrating low-frequency magnetic fields associated

with the current surges from the handset battery which can reach 40 µT (peak)

near the back of the case (45). Indications of the biological noxiousness of

these magnetic fields (in animals) can be found in ref 25.

In the context of base-station radiation, reports relating to animals are of

particular value since it cannot here be claimed that the effects are

psychosomatic. Of particular interest is a publication on cattle (43),

recording

severely reduced milk yields, emaciation, spontaneous abortions, and

stillbirths. When cattle are removed to pastures well away from the mast, their

condition improves, but it deteriorates once they are brought back. The adverse

effects appeared only after GSM microwave antennae were installed on a tower

formerly used to transmit only non-pulsed television and radio signals.

Finally, in support of the reality of an adverse health impact of

non-thermal influences of the kind of radiation used today in mobile telephony,

we

should recall that during the " cold war " the Soviet irradiation of western

embassies with microwave radiation (of an intensity intermediate between that

in

the vicinity of a handset and a base-station), done with the express intention

of inducing adverse health effects, was quite successful (47).

 

The references to this excellent review by Dr. Hyland are given below.

Risks on the Road

In a separate Lancet report, Massachusetts scientist Dr. Kenneth Rothman

said his research indicated the main public health concern was motor vehicle

collisions rather than any possible link to brain cancer.

He notes that one study found that the risk of a car accident was 4 times

greater when the driver was using the telephone or soon after a call and that

heavy mobile users were involved in twice as many fatal road accidents than

light users.

In addition, use of 'hands-free' units was no less risky than holding the

telephone to the ear with one hand while talking.

The Lancet, November 25, 2000; 356: 1833-36, 1837-40

More Bad News for Hands Free Mobile Phones

Many people concerned with possible adverse health effects, including

myself, have recommended the use of " Hands Free " units as a way to greatly

reduce

the microwave exposure. However, as _we reported_

(http://articles.mercola.com/2000/nov/26/mobile_phones.htm) several weeks ago

this may not necessarily be

any safer.

Now, upon further review of the safety evidence, including the results of

tests conducted by the British Consumers Association and published in their

magazine _Which?_ (http://www.which.net/) the British government has decided to

withdraw its recommendation that mobile phone users switch to handsfree

units.

In addition, they plan to start issuing leaflets warning buyers of the

unknown, but potentially harmful impact of mobile phone usage by children,

according to a report in _Newsbytes.com_ (http://www.newsbytes.com/) .

The warnings follow the British government's continuing funding of tests

into the effects of mobile phone radio frequency (RF) radiation on the soft

tissue of the brain and head.

Liam Donaldson, the UK's chief medical officer, said that the government's

decision to remove the health approval on handsfree kits followed a number of

investigations that claim handsfree devices may even channel radiation to the

users head. " We don't have good enough science so far to say definitely one

way or the other, " he said, adding that further research is being conducted

urgently to provide an answer to the question.

For more information regarding the safety of cell phones go to _EMFacts

Consultancy's Mobile Phone Health Hazard's page_

(http://www.tassie.net.au/emfacts/mobiles/index.html) which is likely the best

compilation of data on the

mobile phone issue.

 

Dr. Mercola's Comments:

 

This is the most comprehensive detailed and well referenced report on cell

phone dangers I have yet to see.

Cell phones are becoming increasingly popular, yet most are absolutely

blinded to the damage they are doing to their brains by exposing themselves to

this radiation. Even the conservative British journal The Lancet is warning

that

the dangers from this radiation can NOT be dismissed.

My recommendation? Keep the use down to as low as possible (my use is less

than five minutes per YEAR). Let's keep those brain cells alive!

Related Articles:

 

_Hands-Free Mobile Phones May Increase Radiation Exposure_

(http://articles.mercola.com/2000/nov/26/mobile_phones.htm)

_Cell Phones the Newest Teen Addiction_

(http://articles.mercola.com/2000/nov/26/cell_phones.htm)

_More Mobile Phone Users Report Symptoms _

(http://articles.mercola.com/2000/jul/9/mobile_phones.htm)

_Mobile Telephones Can Cause Dizziness, Nausea and Headaches_

(http://articles.mercola.com/sites/articles/archive/2000/05/28/mobile-phones-par\

t-one.aspx)

_Study Links Cell Phones To Brain Cancer Risk_

(http://articles.mercola.com/sites/articles/archive/2000/05/14/cell-phones-cance\

r.aspx)

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