Guest guest Posted October 25, 2004 Report Share Posted October 25, 2004 Hi All, & John, Below is a summary of responses from PVA-L & VBMA colleagues on their approach to treating “fireworks terror/phobia” in dogs. There was no unanimity in the recommendations; each practitioner has his/her own favourite approach, which included desensitization, diversion (loud music or soundproofed room), conventional drugs, herbs +/- acupuncture, homeopathic cocktails, Nutraceuticals & Other. Many thanks to Are Thoresen, Barbara Fougere, Bella O'Connell, Bianca Shaw, Elaine Cebuliak, Ihor Basko, Kim Schnepf, Michelle Schraeder, Patricia Baley, Patricia Jordan, Patty Ungar, Rachael Jones, Rhea Dodd, Richard.Bleckman, Stefanie Schwartz, Thomas I. Leininger, & Walt McCall for their comments. Apologies if I have omitted anyone who replied! A fuller version of each response is at the end. Best regards, Phil >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> Desensitize dogs w effects recordings of thunderstorm & fireworks. A CD by Terry Ryan & Sound Sensibilities [ www.hanaleipets.com ] has a variety of firework sounds. Play it at a low volume while pet relaxes. Then over many days, increase volume as long as it doesn't provoke anxiety. Another avenue is just to block external stimuli by having pet indoors in a quiet area (basement) w a white noise machine or other loud sound such as a bathroom fan, & perhaps earplugs to further block unwanted noises. Put dog in as sound-proofed an area as possible, w very loud music or television sound on at time. Drugs: Ace or diazepam to sedate for fireworks Drugs: some dogs w noise phobia respond to melatonin (3mg/large dog), xanax (0.05-0.1mg/kg, q12h or PRN; 4mg/dog max/day) or a combination of clomipramine at 2-4mg/kg BID +/- low dose of xanax. Drugs: Xanax is the only thing that works w/o sedating them Herbs: _Classify conditions physiologically, psychologically & " constitutionally " . Use appropriate TCM Tx. For example, little old dogs that are not deaf w Heart Blood Deficiency vs young dog w/o heart issues will need a different formula. Subtlety of pattern diagnosis is very important in herbal medicine. How do we manage this in a busy clinic, where a good client asks us " Have you got something good for fireworks? " . Yes, we all know we should say that I would not be giving you or your pet proper service if I was to ignore doing a proper history & physical examination supported by pulse, tongue & urine diagnosis & prescribing according to this. Herbs to explore include Kava, Bacopa, Scutellaria, passionflower, hops & general " nervine group " . TCM formulas that include Oystershell & Dragonbone, group to research would be herbal formulas for Disturbed Shen. However, one dose prior to fireworks will not necessarily work. Also combinations seem to work better than a single herb, & it also reduces toxicity. I have used Kava on its own, but in larger dogs mainly. Herbal mixture (great success): Suanzaoren (Zizyphus S; Jujube S), Shanzha (Hawthorn berry), Catnip, Chamomile w Dazao (Fr Zizyphi), Jixuecao (Gotu Kola Leaf) & Amala fruit of which I give 1ml /10kg bid. Herbs: “Calm Spirit” from Health Concerns is fairly reliable; it is a modified Ding Xin Wan (a tonic for Heart Yin) + much magnesium & some taurine. Dogs must be on it months sometimes though before response is reliable. It does not remove all anxiety, just makes symptoms more bearable. Herbs: “Heavenly Emperor” from Golden Flowers in New Mexico works great. I have them start several days before & they do it for about 2 weeks. Herbs: “Shen Calmer” by Dr Xie is a very good formula in conjunction w acupuncture to Calm Shen (points like HT07; give appropiate Tx for Heart Yin Deficiency or whatever diagnosis you make. Are Thoresen recommended acupuncture at BL02. Herbs: Anxiety & Stress Calming Support (Genesis/Resources) works well if given 3 days before & continued through fireworks & thundershowers. Does not work right away - like acepromazine or phenobarb. But works great for long term anxiety disorders. Every dog & every herb will have a different action. In general, herbs act slower & need to be used a few days before fireworks. High dose Kava stimulates CNS & relaxes muscle. Low dose Kava produces euphoria w/o muscle relaxation Magnesium (muscle relaxant) can be used w other herbs or substances synergistically. Valerian can depress CNS but may cause agitation One other " shotgun method " I have used in combination are: melatonin + 5-HTP + Magnesium; this works for many dogs but not all. There is no one magic bullet! Herbs: Nervines to Calm Shen include scullcap, valerian, passionflower & hops; also Chinese dragon bone & oyster shell have sedative & muscle relaxing properties, similarly antispasmodic herb lobelia can be very helpful. Each of these herbs has particular qualities & so I would select a herb or group of herbs that balances animals constitution; so as an example an animal that has a strong Yang constitution would generally be made worse by valerian but benefit from scullcap whilst an animal w a Yin constitution would benefit from valerian but not scullcap. Whilst this is a simple example I feel strongly that we need to respect principles of herbalism & understand nature & properties of a herb so we can accurately prescribe them. idea of a herb for firework related anxiety comes from our love of simple answers to complex problems, it has a kind of elegance, but it is contrary to how herbs have been traditionally used. Generally treatment is specific to individual & not condition where as in what is commonly called conventional medicine we treat condition & not individual (though now I would say that w vast leaps in knowledge that has come from molecular biology & understanding of biochemical individuality that practice of medicine is a little behind science of medicine). Heavenly empress is generally a modification of classical formula Heavenly Emperor Tonifying Heart Pill. One of it's uses is to treat anxiety, panic, palpitations & insomnia arising from Heart & Kidney Yin Deficiency w Heart Heat so where this pattern is present in an animal it would be appropriate to use this. However as it has many Yin Tonics it would be quite inappropriate for patient w for example Spleen Deficiency or Spleen Damp. Herbs: Peppermint oil on bottom of dog’s four paws Herbs: What are we trying to achieve? (1) Increase serotonin & improve feeling of well being?; (2) Depress CNS?; (3) Relax muscles?; (4) Calm Shen?; (5) lower BP? Use synergistic blend of herbs in lowered dosages of a little of everything that addresses all 5 areas + nutrients to improve brain function & health (Gingko, B vitamins) Homeopathic combination of Asarum, Borax, Kali-carb, Theridiom; I combine these 4 w potencies of 6C, 30C, 100C & 1M for each. This combination is dispensed in 1/2 ounce dropper bottles. I begin each session w what I call " set up " . This consists of a drop on gums every 5 minutes for 4 times. This is done only once at beginning of anticipated time of need. To maintain we give 1 drop 3- 4 times daily during time of need. Homeopathic Rescue Remedy for thunderstorms & other causes of anxiety: 4 drops in mouth on gums every 5 minutes, as needed. Most folks don't have to give more than 3 treatments & about 90% only use one. If a thunderstorm is anticipated, I also recommend 4 drops of Rescue in water dish as soon as it is forecast Nutraceuticals: Anxiety Wrap [ http://www.anxietywrap.com ] + Bach Flower remedy (based on both constitutional & situational considerations--ie, tailored to patient's temperament & history), & two nutraceuticals, Min-Trans by Standard Process [ http://www.standardprocess.com ], (2-4 tabs bid w meals) + L- Theanine Calmplex (which has GABA & 5-HTP in it). For tough cases, add Melatonin 1-5mg (usually 3mg for ave. sized dogs). L- Theanine Calmplex [ http://www.ImmuneSupport.com ]; they also sell a subingual melatonin tablet (2.5mg) but I sometimes use Thorne Research Inc. encapsulated melatonin too (1, 3 & 5mg)....Min-Trans is ordered direct from Standard Process Other: Combination of Standard Process Minchex or Orchex [ http://www.becomehealthynow.com/supps/minchex.shtml ], Rx Pets Nutri-Calm, & sometimes adding melatonin I would love to hear about other peoples experience w herbal meds or tryptophan. Has anyone tried VetriScience's new " Composure " made from milk peptides? >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> < wrote to PVA-L & VBMA: “Hi All, Have you any RELIABLE treatment (with acupuncture, herbs or any other approach] to reduce panic/fear/excitability in dogs during a series of explosions caused by fireworks? Please respond if you have! Best regards, Phil” Phil wrote to John Bainbridge: “Hi John, I sent the above mail to PVA-L (a list of circa 300 vet acupuncturists) and VBMA (Vet Bot Med Assoc - an international list for herbalists. I will forward any useful replies.” John Bainbridge (a vet colleague) wrote: >Hi Phil I asked Luis Campoy - college anaesthetist who helps me a lot in zoo - about medication for dogs to reduce fear of fireworks. Luis came back with advise that accupuncture - especially a couple of points on the head Luis? Most unlike an anaesthetist so it may be good advice or the problem may be too complicated. Any thoughts Phil? Regards JB Acupuncture can give some help in human panic attacks, but I am not aware of its use for " fireworks panic " in dogs. A Google search yielded little. One article said that acupuncture was NOT much good in that condition: http://petcare.umn.edu/Dogs/Articles/NoisePhobia.htm<http://petca re.umn.edu/Dogs/Articles/NoisePhobia.htm> Herbal medicine also is used to reduce panic attacks, but I am not skilled enough to advise expertly in that area either. Best regards, Phil Hi John, Pending better acupuncture/herbal options from the discussion lists, you might try Homeopathic Aconite & Nux-vom for panic attacks. The potency/dilution usually recommended is C30 Try 1 tab of each 2-3 times/day and report back. I have heard of phenomenal results in human agaraphobia with Acon+Nux. >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> Barbara Fougere <petdoc | Some herbs to explore include kava, Bacopa, Scutellaria, passionflower, hops and the general " nervine group " . Also TCM formulas that include oyster shell and dragon bone, the group to research would be the herbal formulas for shen disturbance. However its important to note that they are not necessarily going to work, one dose prior to the fireworks. Also combinations seem to work better than a single herb, and it also reduces toxicity. I have used kava on its own though, but in larger dogs mainly. There is some good discussion on this on the CAVM list archives if I recall correctly. But lets have some more thoughts and ideas on this! Anyone have any cases to describe. Kind regards Barbara >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> Bella O'Connell <zebzola | I have a dog with thunderstorm phobia. She is now 13yrs old. In the past 6 months she has become almost completely deaf and now shows no anxiety in thunderstorms or to loud noises whatsoever. This makes me wonder if it may have been useful to have some very loud music or television sound on at the time in as sound-proofed an area as possible. Some people I know have had success with the thunderstorm and fireworks sound-effects recordings with which they desensitise their dogs. Good luck. Bella O'Connell Sydney, Australia >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> Bianca Shaw <bwsdvm | I can't verify reliability from dog to dog but I tried peppermint oil on the bottom of my dogs four paws this past summer and was pretty satisfied with the results. My dog's level of anxiety is to bark and become hyperresponsive to noise. I have generally used Ace or diazepam to sedate for fireworks in the past. Bianca Shaw, DVM Back On Track Vet Rehab Center, LLC Portland, OR www.backontrackvetrehab.com<http://www.backontrackvetrehab.co m/> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> Elaine Cebuliak <anwell | Cam Day has a tape that can be used with behaviour modification for loud noises / fireworks [ http://tinyurl.com/6ffmo ]. I have used Bach Flower remedies and Hypericum (St John's Wort) with cave/cage (bathroom-sit stay) behaviour raining/food rewards. Valium is anxiolytic. Elaine Cebuliak BVSc MACVSc Dip Ed >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> Ihor Basko | There is no such thing as a reliable one herb to quell this problem. Every dog will respond differently. What we need to do is to classify the type of conditions physiologically, psychologically & " constitutionally " with TCM that exist in dogs that become fearful, panic, tremble & shake with fireworks or thunder. For example, little old dogs that are not deaf with Heart Blood deficiency vs young dog with no heart issues..........will need a different formula in general. Also, what are we trying to achieve with the herbs? 1.) Increase serotonin and improve the feeling of well being? 2.) depress the CNS? 3.) relax muscles? 4.) Calm the Shen? 5.) lower blood pressure? I have formulated a combination a synergistic blend in lowered dosages of a little of everything that addresses all 5 areas with nutrients to improve brain function and health (gingko, B vitamins) Anxiety & Stress Calming Support (Genesis/Resources)..........works well if given 3 days prior and continued through the fireworks and thundershowers. Does not work right away..........like acepromazine or phenobarb. But works great for long term anxiety disorders. Every dog and every herb will have a different action. In general, herbs act slower and need to be used a few days prior to fireworks. In high doses Kava stimulates the CNS while causing muscle relaxtion, but in low doses produces euphoria without muscle relaxation Magnesium (a muscle relaxant) can be used with other herbs or substances synergistically. Valerian can depress the CNS but may cause agitation One other " shotgun method " I have used in combination are: melatonin + 5-HTP + Magnesium this works for many dogs but not all. Once we understand our patients specific needs and deficiencies, and understand how each herb or substance functions, and learn to enhance the needed actions synergistically using a combination approach: ie....Emperor herb + Minister herb = main actions / + synergistic & nutritive herbs..... we can create a formula specific for the individual.......not just hope we have a formula for the " masses " . There is no one magic bullet! Ihor Ihor Basko, DVM Kauai, Hawaii >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> Kim Schnepf <kschnepf | I would like to know the answer to that also because the only thing I have used that actually works without sedating them is Xanax. Any more natural solutions would be most welcome. Kim Dr. Kimber Schnepf Dakota Pet Hospital Minneapolis, MN >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> Michelle Schraeder <mtnvet | Heavenly Emperor from Golden Flowers in New Mexico works great. Most of my clients have switched to it during the 4th of July and stopped asking for tranquilizers so it helps. Not sure if it would help for the ones who have flown through a window in the past though. I have them start several days before and they do it for about 2 weeks total (when finally everyone seems to run out of those illegal fireworks). I also dispense it for those flying with their pets that are not totally nuts (especially nice option for those older guys). Michelle Schraeder Bellingham, WA mtnvet >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> Patricia Baley <nyanga | I've had fairly reliable success with Health concerns “Calm Spirit”, which is a modified Ding Xin Wan (a tonic for Heart Yin) with a lot of magnesium and some taurine in it. They need to be on it months sometimes though before the response is reliable. In general they tend to have their anxiety dampened progressively. It does not remove all anxiety, just makes the symptoms bearable for them often. Some have responded with almost complete success though. >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> Patricia Jordan <coastalcatclinic | Dr Xie's “Shen Calmer” is a very good TCM herbal formula to use in conjunction with calming the mind AC points, Ht 7 and after the case is worked up, appropiate Ac for Heart yin defeciency or whatever diagnosis you derive. I am in China right now with Dr. Xie at our TCVM Conference.SIncerely,P. Jordan,DVM >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> Patty Ungar <drkenvet | Hi Phil- We have had animals improve with a combination of Standard Process Minchex or Orchex, Rx Pets Nutri-Calm, and sometimes adding melatonin as well. Good Luck! Patty Ungar DVM, CVA San Diego, CA >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> Rachael Jones <drjdrk3 | I like using The Anxiety Wrap, along with Bach Flower remedy (based on both constitutional and situational considerations--ie, tailored to the patient's temperament and history), and two nutraceuticals, Min- Trans by Standard Process ( 2 to 4 tabs twice daily with meals) and L-Theanine Calmplex (which has GABA and 5-HTP in it). For really tough cases, I also will add Melatonin 1 to 5 mgs (usually 3 mgs for ave. sized dogs). Have had pretty impressive responses w/ Anxiety Wrap (hysterical dogs that were then able to at least retire to their crates without fussing)...I think the combo above helps to lessen the panic/fear/anxiety so that the animal is slowly desensitized. Most do not seem to have the hysteria as before, but don't really like the storms or fireworks , either.... Anxiety Wrap is loosely based on body wrap technique borne of Tellington Touch method.... See www.anxietywrap.com The L-Theanine Calmplex is available thru the online store at www.ImmuneSupport.com, they also sell a subingual melatonin tablet (2.5 mgs) but I sometimes use the Thorne Research Inc. encapsulated melatonin too (1 , 3 and 5 mgs)....Min-Trans is ordered direct from Standard Process www.standardprocess.com. I use a text that has good descriptions /charts for the indications/useages of the Bach Flower essences and blends. I can't recall the author(s) but can find that out and report back! Hope this is useful ! Rachael Jones DVM Valparaiso, IN >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> Rhea Dodd < RheaDoc | There is a CD by Terry Ryan and Sound Sensibilities, available at hanaleipets.com, that contains a variety of firework sounds. You play it at a low volume while the pet relaxes, then over many days, increase the volume as long as it doesn't provoke anxiety. Another avenue is just to block external stimuli by having the pet indoors in a quiet area (basement) with a white noise machine or other loud sound such as a bathroom fan, and perhaps earplugs to further block unwanted noises. Medication-wise, some dogs with noise phobia respond to melatonin (3 mg/large dog), xanax (0.05-0.1 mg/kg, q12h or PRN; 4 mg/dog max per day) or a combination of clomipramine at 2- 4mg/kg BID +/- low dose of xanax. I would love to hear about other peoples experience with herbal meds or tryptophan. Has anyone tried VetriScience's new " Composure " made from milk peptides? Best, RD Rhea Dodd, DVM, MA Gentle Vet Pain Management & Behavior Solutions for Pets 8420 West Ken Caryl Avenue Littleton, CO 80123 (303) 919-1504 >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> Richard.Bleckman <richard.bleckman | Many of the nervine herbs act to calm and pacify the spirit for example scullcap, valerian, passion flower and hops; aslo the Chinese dragon bone and oyster shell have sedative and muscle relaxing properties, similarly the antispasmodic herb lobelia can be very helpful. Each of these herbs has particular qualities and so I would select a herb or group of herbs that balances the animals constitution; so as an example an animal that has a strong Yang constitution would generally be made worse by valerian but benefit from scullcap whilst an animal with a Yin constitution would benefit from valerian but not scullcap. Whilst this is a simple example I feel strongly that we need to respect the principles of herbalism and understand the nature and properties of a herb so we can accurately prescribe them. The idea of a herb for firework related anxiety comes from our love of simple answers to complex problems, it has a kind of elegance, but it is contrary to the how herbs have been traditionally used. Generally the treatment is specific to the individual and not the condition where as in what is commonly called conventional medicine we treat the condition and not the individual (though now I would say that with the vast leaps in knowledge that has come from molecular biology and the understanding of biochemical individuality that the practice of medicine is a little behind the science of medicine). Heavenly empress is generally a modification of the classical formula Heavenly Emperor Tonifying the Heart Pill. One of it's uses is to treat anxiety, panic, palpitations and insomnia arising from Heart and Kidney Yin deficiency with Heart Heat so where this pattern is present in an animal it would be appropriate to use this. However as it contains many Yin tonics it would be quite inappropriate for an patient with for example Spleen deficiency or Spleen Damp. These comments are not made as criticisms but purely out of my love of herbal medicine and my respect of my teachers. In my experience the subtleties of pattern diagnosis is of great importance in herbal medicine. The question then is how do we manage this in the context of a busy clinic where a good client asks us " by the way have you got something good for fireworks " . Yes, we all know we should say that I would not be giving you or your pet proper service if I was to ignore doing a proper history and physical examination supported by pulse, tongue and urine diagnosis and prescribing according to this. Especially as " good practitioners " of complimentary medicine where our view is that the excessive reaction to fireworks is a symptom of an internal imbalance rather than the conventional view that this is a normal animal reacting to a specific abnormal condition. (Please don't take this as endorsement of excessive use of fireworks as I feel this is a symptom of individuals and society out of balance). So finally to get to the point in this rather long winded response we all are going to want to have something at hand, and yes we have conventional treatments, but as a herbalist we can select a neutral herb with a balance of sweet and sour tastes so as to do no harm. I have used Zizyphus seeds with great success for this, also known as Suan Zao Ren. This is classed as a nutritive sedative tonic in TCM but is used in Ayurvedic medicine as to stabilise vata which is what we are mostly dealing with - a vata type constitution provoked by fireworks. So I have a mixture made up of Jujube seed, Hawthorn berry, Cat nip, Chamomile with Zizyphus, Gotu Kola Leaf and Amala fruit of which I give 1 ml /10kg twice a day. It is the best I have been able to manage so far. Yours Richard Bleckman BVSC MURHP MRCVS >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> Michelle Schraeder <mtnvet replied: You are right, Richard. I was being simplistic in my reply. The patients I am generally putting on Heavenly Emperor are tending to Yin Deficiency. They are geriatrics with renal disease or other indications of HT/KI Yin Deficiency that I hadn't been doing TCM yet on when they first come in for that acepromazine that I wouldn't want to use on them for any reason. I'm familar with them already with having seen them for conventional medicine. My clients that I see for TCM already don't seem to have firework issues (balanced pet already?). After they see their animal calmer, those clients are then ready for TCM options for other issues vs conventional (Acupuncture). Some are just happy to see an alternative to drugs. We are treating the individual as a whole vs. just the problem. We have a bad time here with illegal fireworks (they get them from the indian reservation stands) that goes on loudly at night for 2 weeks in the countryside. Michelle Schraeder mtnvet >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> Stefanie Schwartz | My monumental project (“Psychoactive Herbs in Veterinary Behavior Medicine” (Blackwell Publishing), by Stefanie Schwartz, DVM,MSc,DACVB) has been completed and is scheduled for release June 2005. There are many useful herbs to control anxiety from all ethnobotanical practices. Please watch out for the book. Peace, SS >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> Thomas I. Leininger <vetonwheels | I use Rescue Remedy for thunderstorms and other causes of anxiety: 4 drops in the mouth on the gums every 5 minutes as needed. Most folks don't have to give more than 3 treatments and about 90% only use one. If a thunderstorm is anticipated, I also recommend 4 drops of Rescue in the water dish as soon as it is forecast Thomas I. Leininger, VMD, CVCP www.vetonwheels.net Fountain Hills, AZ 85268 480-695-3027 >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> Walt McCall <waltmc | I have had good luck with a homeopathic combination that I make to help my patients during noisy times. These include thunder storms, fireworks displays such as New Years Eve and the 4th of July. The combo is as follows: Asarum Hypersensitivity in hearing. Can't tolerate the slightest noise. Borax Hypersensitive to sudden loud noise. Sensitive to noise in general. Kali carb Starts violently with slightest noise. Theridiom Hyper intolerance to slightest noise. Using a four card Rae instrument I combine these 4 with potencies of 6C, 30C, 100C and 1M for each. This combination is dispensed in 1/2 ounce dropper bottles. I begin each session with what I call the " set up " . This consists of a drop on the gums every 5 minutes for 4 times. This is done only once at the beginning of the anticipated time of need. To maintain we give 1 drop 3 or 4 times daily during the time of need. Walt McCall, DVM >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> Best regards, Email: < WORK : Teagasc, c/o 1 Esker Lawns, Lucan, Dublin, Ireland Mobile: 353-; [in the Republic: 0] HOME : 1 Esker Lawns, Lucan, Dublin, Ireland Tel : 353-; [in the Republic: 0] WWW : http://homepage.eircom.net/~progers/searchap.htm Chinese Proverb: " Man who says it can't be done, should not interrupt man doing it " Quote Link to comment Share on other sites More sharing options...
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