Ayurvedic remedy for Rheumatism/Arthritis - Popular Asian herb, Ginger

[Guest guest]

Ayurvedic remedy for Rheumatism/Arthritis - Popular Asian herb,

Ginger

JoAnn Guest

Jun 26, 2006 14:23 PDT

 

 

 

Zingiber officinale

Other Names: Ginger; Ardrakam; Shunthi; Adrak; Sunth; black ginger;

race ginger; African ginger; sheng jiang;

 

Ginger is commonly used in the Ayurvedic and Tibb systems of

medicine for the treatment of inflammatory joint diseases, such as

arthritis. . It is also useful for:

 

Atherosclerosis, heart disease

Migraine headaches

Morning sickness ,Motion sickness

Laryngitis

Constipation

Incontinence

Colic

Spasms

Fever

Eye diseases

Asthma

Cough

 

 

Ginger may protect the stomach from the damaging effect of alcohol

and non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (such as ibuprofen) and

may help prevent ulcers.

Dried ginger root can help in the management of allergies and asthma

by offsetting the effect of the platelet-activating factor (PAP).

PAP initiates inflammatory processes in allergy and asthma.

Atherosclerosis and high cholesterol, Arthritis, bursitis,

fibrocystic breasts, lymphedema, and pain.

 

Ginger inhibits the production of immune-system components called

" cytokines " . These chemicals are believed to create a long-term

tendency toward inflammation. Ginger stimulates blood circulation.

The anti-inflammatoary effects of ginger are useful for treating a

number of disorders marked by swelling and pain, such as arthritis.

 

Numerous studies have indicated that ginger can relieve pain without

the side effects typically found when using nonsteroidal anti-

inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and steroids.

 

Ginger may act directly on the gastrointestinal system or it may

affect the part of the central nervous system that causes nausea. It

may be that ginger exerts a dual effect in reducing nausea and

vomiting.

 

Parasitic infection- Ginger contains a chemical called zingibain

that dissolves parasites and their eggs. In laboratory trials,

ginger extracts have been shown to kill the anisakid worm (a

parasite occasionally found in sushi (raw

fish) within sixteen hours.

Ginger tea is particularly useful as a supplement in treating

schistosomiasis, a parasitic disease.

 

.. Ginger protects the body from the hepatotoxic effects of valproic

acid (Depakene), a common treatment for seizure disorders.

 

Ginger, when used on a daily basis, was found to improve the

elevated levels of the liver enzymes alanine amino- transferase

(ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST).

 

Action and Uses in Ayurveda and Siddha-

 

Ginger is an important herb in Ayurveda. Ayurveda takes advantage of

the following medicinal properties for ginger:

Analgesic, anti-emetic, aromatic, aphrodisiac, carminative,

diaphorelic, digestive, expectorant, nervine, sialagogue, stimulant.

 

Ayurvedic practitioners consider ginger to be a truly a wonder drug,

having so many healing properties.

It was called the universal medicine. Taken with rock salt it

reduces vayu;with honey it reduces Kapha.

 

It can be used to influence all tridoshas.

 

Ginger is used in the following ayurvedic remedies:

katu rasam, ushna veeryam, vata-kapha-haram, katu- vipaka, lagu,

snigdam, pachanam, ruchyam, vrishyam, swaryam, vibhanda haram, in

grahani

agnimanthyam. amavatham, chardhi, swasam, soolam, arsas, anaham,

hrith-rogam, udhara rogam. It is used externally in kapha,

swellings, headache.

 

Action and Uses in Unani

 

The following actions of ginger is taken advantage of in Unani

Medicine:

 

Carminative, digestive, removes obstruction in the blood vessels,

removes viscid matter, and strengthens memory.

In addition,

ginger is used in nervous diseases, and for " incontinence " of urine.

 

How To Use Ginger:

For treating indigestion, flatulence, colic, vomiting, spasms,

stomach and bowel pains with fever, colds, cough, and asthma:

 

 

For indigestion with want of appetite:

Mix together equal parts of ginger juice, lemon juice and rock salt.

Mix well and take it before meals.

 

Alternately, combine equal parts of ginger and rock-salt. Mix well.

Take it just before meals.

This cleanses the tongue and throat, increases the appetite and

produces

a pleasant sensation.

 

For sciatica and other forms of rheumatism:

A compound oil named Saindha vadya Taila is traditionally used in

Ayurveda for this condition

 

For sore throats, hoarseness, and laryngitis:

Chew a piece of fresh ginger. This produces a copious flow of

saliva.

 

For diarrhea:

Rub ginger juice on navel.

 

For dyspepsia, loss of appetite and piles Use Samasarkara Churna.

Another remedy, Saubhagya Sunti is used as a

carminative tonic in dyspepsia and; in disorders of the alimentary

canal in females after confinement.

 

For nausea, and vomiting

Take a combination of ginger juice and onion juice.

 

For chronic rheumatism

Make an infusion of dry ginger (Sonth) (combining 1 part dry ginger

with 24 parts water ). Take this warm just before going to bed.

Cover

the body with blankets to induce perspiration.

 

For Dropsy and Cirrhosis of the Liver:

Ayurvedic doctors from India believes that drinking the juice

extracted

from fresh ginger in gradually increasing doses acts as a strong

diuretic that is useful in cases of general dropsy.

 

Traditional literature suggests that:

 

" This method was tried 'in three cases of ascites with dropsy

arising from cirrhosis of liver of recent origin and there was, when

the

juice was so administered, complete subsidence of ascites and

disappearance of the dropsy.'

 

The fresh juice of the drug acted as a strong " diuretic " .

The patients passed gradually increasing quantities of urine daily. "

 

For rheumatism

See Sunta Ghrita. It is an Ayurvedic herbal remedy for rheumatism

that incorporates ginger.

 

For headache

Make a ginger paste by mixing dry ginger powder with a little water

or aloe gel . Apply and rub this paste to the forehead before going

to

sleep

 

For tooth or face aches:

Make a paste of ginger powder and aloe gel or water. Apply the paste

to the face.

 

For Cholera

In the collapse stage of cholera, powdered ginger is rubbed to the

extremities, to check the cold perspiration, improve the local

circulation, and to relieve the agonizing cramps.

 

For vaginismus

Mix powdered dry ginger well with castor oil or with the paste of

castor-root. Apply this to the painful parts.

---

Miscellaneous Home Remedies Utilizing ginger:

---

Ginger Rhubarb Digestive Remedy - This is an Ayurvedic child's

digestive.

Dosage:

Most people take 2-4 grams of the dried rhizome powder two to three

times per day or a tincture of 1.5-3 ml three times daily.

For treatment of nausea, people try single doses of approximately

250 mg every two to three hours, for a total of 1 gram per day.

 

Perhaps the most versatile of all herbs, fresh ginger can be

topically applied as a warm fomentation to relieve spasms pain and

cramps.

 

Simply cut several slices of the fresh root and place them in a pan

of

boiling water. Saturate a flannel cloth with the tea and apply it

topically as warm as the body will bear. This is an ideal treatment

for

stiff neck and shoulders.

 

Fresh ginger tea is the most ideal herb to use for the

first signs of mucus, cold, cough, and so on. To make it taste

better, add raw honey. Drinking ginger tea with meals will greatly

aid

digestion and assimilation and is useful for those with weak, cold

digestion.

 

Safety:

Ginger is one of the most widely available and widely used herbal

remedy on the planet. Billions of people use ginger safely daily as

food

and medicine.

A few precautions should be followed, though. Side effects of ginger

are

rare when used as recommended. However,

some people may be sensitive to the pungent taste.

 

Ginger can prolong the sleeping time induced by barbiturates so

use ginger with extreme caution if you are taking any kind of

medication to induce sleep.

 

Because of its cholagogic effect, ginger should not be taken in the

presence of gallstone conditions except under the supervision of a

doctor. Avoid taking ginger for two weeks prior to undergoing

elective

surgery.

Short-term use of ginger for nausea and vomiting during pregnancy

appears to pose no safety problems; however, long-term use during

pregnancy is not recommended. Ginger can increase the potency of

prescription medications used to

prevent blood clots, such as aspirin, clopidogrel (Plavix),

ticlopidine (Ticlid), or warfarin (Coumadin).

Discuss with your physician before taking ginger to control

nausea after surgery. If bleeding is a major risk, ginger should be

avoided at this time.

 

http://holisticonline.com/Herbal-Med/_Herbs/h61.htm

--------------------------------

Ginger-

Uses and Benefits

---

 

The following material is taken from " The Green Pharmacy " , written

by

James A Duke Ph.D., former USDA botanist specializing in medicinal

plants and one of the " World's foremost authority on medicinal

herbs. "

 

" After my USDA colleague persuaded me to explore ginger's anti-

angina

benefits, I read that it was endorsed for heart attack prevention in

" Ginger: Common Spice and Wonder drug " , by New England herbalist

Paul

Schulick " .

He notes that an Israeli cardiology clinic now recommends a daily

half-teaspoon of powdered ginger.

 

It seems that ginger is an " antioxidant " that offers the blood

vessels

some 'protection' against the damage caused by cholesterol.

 

Ginger also boosts the strength of heart muscle tissue, similar to

the

medication *digitalis*. If I had angina, I would take ginger

regularly

and use it in all my cooking!

 

Ginger contains zingibain, a special kind of " proteolytic enzyme "

that

has the ability to chemically 'break down' protein. Adolph's meat

tenderizer works because it contains this kind of enzyme.

 

Proteolytic enzymes, of which there are several besides zingibain,

also play an additional role in controlling " autoimmune diseases " .

They help 'reduce' blood levels of compounds known as " immune

complexes " , high levels of which activate the immune system to

attack

the body itself, ultimately leading to tissue damage.

 

Paul Schulick suggests that zingibain, which comprises as much as 2

percent of fresh ginger root, is as powerful an " enzyme " as the

bromelain in pineapple or the papain in papaya.

 

He insists that ginger is one of nature's richest sources of

proteolytic enzymes, containing approximately 180 times more than

the

papaya plant itself.

--

 

Most of our ginger comes from Jamaica, followed by India, Africa and

China.Gingerroot's name comes from the Sanskrit word for " horn

root, "

undoubtedly referring to its knobby appearance. The flavor is

peppery

and slightly sweet, while the aroma is pungent and spicy. This

extremely

versatile root has long been a mainstay in Asian and

Indian cooking and found its way early on into European foods as

well.

The Chinese, Japanese and East Indians use fresh gingerroot in a

variety

of forms ­ grated, ground and slivered ­in many savory dishes.

--

Traditional uses

The yogi's of ancient India were one of the earliest recorded users

of

ginger as a seasoning, claiming it promoted mental " clarity " , and

because it left a sweet breath, (in comparison to garlic)

it did not offend the Gods. its use spread to China, and eastwards

to

Japan in the sixth century, where it remains a popular base for

sauces

and soups.

 

It is also prescribed in Japan for poor digestion and used topically

to

relieve aches and pains. Its introduction to Europe was through the

Moors when they colonized Spain, who in turn, introduced it to the

West

Indies and Jamaica.

 

Europeans and most Americans are more likely to use the dried ground

form of ginger, usually in baked goods. Fresh ginger is available in

two

forms, young and mature. Young ginger, sometimes called spring

ginger,

has a pale, thin skin that

requires no peeling. It's very tender and has a milder flavor than

its

mature form. Young ginger can be found in most Asian markets during

the

springtime.

Mature ginger has a tough skin that must be carefully peeled away to

preserve the delicate, most desirable flesh just under the surface.

 

Look for mature ginger with smooth skin (wrinkled skin indicates

that

the root is dry and past its prime). It should have a fresh, spicy

fragrance.

Fresh unpeeled gingerroot, tightly wrapped, can be refrigerated for

up

to 3 weeks and frozen for up to 6 months. To use frozen ginger,

slice

off a piece of the unthawed root and return the rest to the

freezer.

 

--------------------------------

Historically, ginger has a long tradition of being very effective in

alleviating symptoms of gastrointestinal distress.

 

In herbal medicine, ginger is regarded as an excellent carminative

(a

substance which promotes the elimination of intestinal gas) and

intestinal spasmolytic (a substance which relaxes and soothes the

intestinal tract).

 

Modern scientific research has revealed that ginger possesses

numerous

therapeutic properties including antioxidant effects, an ability to

inhibit the formation of inflammatory compounds, and direct

anti-inflammatory effects.

 

Gastrointestinal Relief

A clue to ginger's success in eliminating gastrointestinal distress

is

offered by recent double-blind studies, which have demonstrated that

ginger is very effective in preventing the symptoms of motion

sickness,

especially seasickness. In fact, in one study, ginger was shown to

be

far superior to Dramamine,

a commonly used over-the-counter and prescription drug for motion

sickness. Ginger reduces all symptoms associated with motion

sickness

including dizziness, nausea, vomiting, and cold sweating.

 

Ginger's anti-vomiting action has been shown to be very useful in

reducing the nausea and vomiting of pregnancy, even the most severe

form, hyperemesis gravidum, a condition which usually requires

hospitalization.

 

In a double-blind trial, ginger root brought about a significant

reduction in both the severity of nausea and number of attacks of

vomiting in 19 of 27 women in early pregnancy (less than 20 weeks).

Unlike antivomiting drugs, which can cause severe birth defects,

ginger

s extremely safe, and only a small dose is required.

---

Anti-Inflammatory Effects

---

Ginger contains very potent anti-inflammatory compounds called

gingerols. These substances are believed to explain why so many

people

with osteoarthritis or rheumatoid arthritis experience reductions in

their pain levels and improvements in their mobility when they

consume

ginger regularly.

 

In two clinical studies involving patients who responded to

conventional

 

drugs and those who didn't, physicians found that 75% of arthritis

patients and 100% of patients with muscular discomfort experienced

relief of pain and/or swelling.

 

-

Arthritis-related problems with your aging knees?

 

Regularly spicing up your meals with fresh ginger may help, suggests

a

study published in a recent issue of " Osteoarthritis Cartilage " .

 

In this twelve month study, 29 patients with painful arthritis in

the

knee (6 men and 23 women ranging in age from 42-85 years)

participated

in a placebo-controlled, double-blind, crossover study. Patients

switched from placebo to ginger or visa versa after 3 months. After

six

months, the double-blind code was broken and twenty of the patients

who

wished to continue were followed for an additional six months.

 

By the end of the first six month period, those given ginger were

experiencing significantly " less " pain on movement and handicap than

those given placebo.

 

Pain on movement decreased from a score of 76.14 at baseline to

41.00,

while handicap decreased from 73.47 to 46.08. In contrast, those who

were switched from ginger to placebo experienced an increase in pain

of

movement (up to 82.10) and handicap (up to 80.80) from baseline. In

the

final phase of the study when all patients were getting ginger, pain

remained low in those already taking ginger in phase 2, and

decreased

again in the group that had been on placebo.

 

Not only did participants' subjective experiences of pain lessen,

but

swelling in their knees, an objective measurement of lessened

inflammation, " dropped significantly " in those treated with ginger.

 

The mean target knee circumference in those taking ginger dropped

from

43.25cm when the study began to 39.36cm by the 12th week. When this

group was switched to placebo in the second phase of the study,

their

knee circumferences increased, while those who had been on placebo

but

were now switched to ginger experienced a decrease in knee

circumference.

 

In the final phase, when both groups were given ginger, mean knee

circumference continued to drop, reaching lows of 38.78 and 36.38 in

the

two groups.

---

How does ginger work its anti-inflammatory magic?

---

Two other recent studies provide possible reasons.

 

A study published in the November 2003 issue of Life Sciences

suggests

that at least one reason for ginger's beneficial effects is the free

radical protection afforded by one of its active phenolic

constituents,

6-gingerol.

 

In this in vitro (test tube) study, 6-gingerol was shown to

significantly inhibit the production of nitric oxide, a highly

reactive

nitrogen molecule that quickly forms a very damaging free radical

called

" peroxynitrite " .

 

Another study appearing in the November 2003 issue of Radiation

Research

 

found that in mice, five days treatment with ginger (10 mg per

kilogram

of body weight) prior to exposure to radiation not only " prevented "

an

increase in 'free radical damage' to lipids (fats found in numerous

bodily components from cell membranes to

cholesterol),

but also greatly lessened depletion of the animals' stores of

glutathione, one of the body's most important internally produced

antioxidants.(January 28, 2004)

 

---

 

Protection against Colorectal Cancer

 

Gingerols, the main active components in ginger and the ones

responsible

 

for its distinctive flavor, may also inhibit the growth of human

colorectal cancer cells, suggests research presented at the

Frontiers in

 

Cancer Prevention Research, a major meeting of cancer experts that

took

place in Phoenix, AZ, October 26-30, 2003.

 

In this study, researchers from the University of Minnesota's Hormel

Institute fed mice specially bred to lack an immune system a half

milligram of -gingerol three times a week before and after injecting

human colorectal cancer cells into their flanks. Control mice

received

no -gingerol.

 

Tumors first appeared 15 days after the mice were injected, but only

4

tumors were found in the group of -gingerol-treated mice compared to

13

in the control mice, plus the tumors in the -gingerol group were

smaller

on average.

 

Even by day 38, one mouse in the -gingerol group still had no

measurable

tumors. By day 49, all the control mice had been euthanized since

their

tumors had grown to one cubic centimeter (0.06 cubic inch), while

tumors

 

in 12 of the -gingerol treated mice still averaged 0.5 cubic

centimeter—half the maximum tumor size allowed before euthanization.

 

Research associate professor Ann Bode noted, " These results strongly

suggest that ginger compounds may be effective chemopreventive

and/or

chemotherapeutic agents for colorectal carcinomas. "

 

In this first round of experiments, mice were fed ginger before and

after tumor cells were injected. In the next round, researchers will

feed the mice ginger only after their tumors have grown to a certain

size.

 

This will enable them to look at the question of whether a patient

could

eat ginger to slow the metastasis of a nonoperable tumor. Are they

optimistic?

 

The actions of the University of Minnesota strongly suggest they

are.

The University has already applied for a patent on the use of -

gingerol

as an anti-cancer agent and has licensed the technology to Pediatric

Pharmaceuticals (Iselin, N.J.). (December 8, 2003)

--

Immune Boosting Action

--

Ginger can not only be warming on a cold day, but can help promote

healthy sweating, which is often helpful during colds and flus.

 

A good sweat may do a lot more than simply assist " detoxification " .

 

German researchers have recently found that sweat contains a potent

germ-fighting agent that may help fight off infections.

 

Investigators have isolated the gene responsible for the compound

and

the protein it produces, which they have named dermicidin.

Dermicidin is manufactured in the body's sweat glands, secreted into

the

 

sweat, and transported to the skin's surface where it provides

protection against invading microorganisms, including bacteria such

as

E. coli and Staphylococcus aureus (a common cause of skin

infections),

and fungi, including Candida albicans.

 

 

Ginger is so concentrated with active substances, you don't have to

use

very much to receive its beneficial effects.

 

For nausea, ginger tea made by steeping one or two 1/2-inch slices

(one

1/2-inch slice equals 2/3 of an ounce) of fresh ginger in a cup of

hot

water will likely be all you need to settle your stomach.

 

For arthritis, some people have found relief consuming as little as

a

1/4-inch slice of fresh ginger cooked in food, although in the

studies

noted above, patients who consumed more ginger reported quicker and

better relief.

 

Description

The spice ginger is the underground rhizome of the ginger plant,

known

botanically as Zingiber officinale. The plant's botanical name is

thought to be derived from its Sanskrit name " singabera " which means

" horn shaped, " a physical characteristic that ginger reflects.

 

 

Native to southeastern Asia, a region whose cuisines still feature

this

wonderfully spicy herb, ginger has been renowned for millennia in

many

areas throughout the world. Ginger is mentioned in ancient Chinese,

Indian and Middle Eastern writings, and has long been prized for its

aromatic, culinary and medicinal properties. After the ancient

Romans

imported ginger from China almost two thousand years ago, its

popularity

 

in Europe remained centered in the Mediterranean region until the

Middle

 

Ages when its use spread throughout other countries. Although it was

a

very expensive spice, owing to the fact that it had to be imported

from

Asia, it was still in great demand. In an attempt to make it more

available, Spanish explorers introduced ginger to the West Indies,

Mexico and South America, and in the 16th century, these areas began

exporting the precious herb back to Europe.

 

Today, the top commercial producers of ginger include Jamaica,

India,

Fiji, Indonesia and Australia.

 

How to Select and Store

Whenever possible, choose fresh ginger over the dried form of the

spice

since it is not only superior in flavor but contains higher levels

of

gingerol as well as ginger's active protease (it's anti-inflammatory

compound).

 

Fresh ginger root is sold in the produce section of markets. When

purchasing fresh ginger root, make sure it is firm, smooth and free

of

mold. Ginger is generally available in two forms, either young or

mature. Mature ginger, the more widely available type, has a tough

skin

that requires peeling while young ginger, usually only available in

Asian markets, does not need to be peeled.

 

Even through dried herbs and spices like ginger powder are widely

available in supermarkets, you may want to explore the local spice

stores in your area. Oftentimes, these stores feature an expansive

selection of dried herbs and spices that are of superior quality and

freshness than those offered in regular markets.

 

Just like with other dried spices, when purchasing dried ginger

powder

try to select organically grown ginger since this will give you more

assurance that it has not been irradiated.

 

Fresh ginger can be stored in the refrigerator for up to three weeks

if

it is left unpeeled. Stored unpeeled in the freezer, it will keep

for up

to six months.

Dried ginger powder should be kept in a tightly sealed glass

container

in a cool, dark and dry place. Alternatively, you can store it in

the

refrigerator where it will enjoy an extended shelf life of about one

year.

 

How to Enjoy

For some of our favorite recipes, click Recipes.

 

Tips for Preparing Ginger:

 

To remove the skin from fresh mature ginger, peel with a paring

knife.

The ginger can then be sliced, minced or julienned. The taste that

ginger imparts to a dish depends upon when it is added during the

cooking process.

Added at the beginning, it will lend a subtler flavor while added

near

the end, it will deliver a more pungent taste.

 

A Few Quick Serving Ideas:

Turn up the heat while cooling off by making ginger lemonade. Simply

combine freshly grated ginger, lemon juice, cane juice or honey and

water.

 

Add extra inspiration to your rice side dishes by sprinkling grated

ginger, sesame seeds and nori strips on top.

 

Combine ginger, tamari, olive oil and garlic to make a wonderful

salad

dressing.

 

Add ginger and orange juice to puréed sweet potatoes.

 

Add grated ginger to your favorite stuffing or baked apples.

 

Spice up your healthy sautéed vegetables by adding freshly minced

ginger.

 

 

Ginger is not a commonly allergenic food, is not included in the

list of

20 foods that most frequently contain pesticide residues, and is

also

not known to contain goitrogens, oxalates, or purines.

 

Ginger Root -1.00 oz-wt

19.56 calories

The dried rhizome of ginger contains approximately 1-4% volatile

oils.

These are the medically active constituents of ginger; they are also

responsible for ginger's characteristic odor and taste.

 

The aromatic principles include zingiberene and bisabolene, while

the

pungent principles are known as gingerols and shogaols.

 

Volatile Oil: Components can vary greatly, depending on the country

of

origiin

 

The main components of the volatile oil are:

 

( -)-zingiberene and arcurcumene

 

beta-bisabolene and arcurcumene

 

neral and geranial

 

D-camphor

 

beta-phellandrene

 

geranial

 

neral and linalool

 

(E)-alpha-farnesene, important as aroma carrier zingiberol (mixture

of cis- and trans-beta-eudesmol)

 

Arylalkane - Pungent Substances

 

Gingerols:

 

chief components [6]-gingerol, [8]-gingerol, [10]- gingerol

 

Shogaols:

 

chief components [6]-shogaol, [8]- shogaol, [10]- shogaol

 

Gingerdiols

 

Diarylheptanoids: including, among others, gingerenone A and B

 

 

References

 

Akoachere JF, Ndip RN, Chenwi EB et al. Antibacterial effect of

Zingiber

 

officinale and Garcinia kola on respiratory tract pathogens. East

Afr

Med J. 2002 Nov;79(11):588-92.

Bode A. Ginger is an effective inhibitor of HCT116 human colorectal

carcinoma in vivo. paper presented at the Frontiers in Cancer

Prevention

 

Research Conference, Phoenix, AZ, Ocbober 26-3-, 2003.

Ensminger AH, Ensminger, ME, Kondale JE, Robson JRK. Foods &

Nutriton

Encyclopedia. Pegus Press, Clovis, California.

Ensminger AH, Esminger M. K. J. e. al. Food for Health: A Nutrition

Encyclopedia. Clovis, California: Pegus Press; 1986.

Ficker CE, Arnason JT, Vindas PS et al. Inhibition of human

pathogenic

fungi by ethnobotanically selected plant extracts. Mycoses. 2003

Feb;46(1-2):29-37.

Fischer-Rasmussen W, Kjaer SK, Dahl C, et al. Ginger treatment of

hypereesis gravidarum. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 38(1990):19-

24.

Fortin, Francois, Editorial Director. The Visual Foods Encyclopedia.

Macmillan, New York.

Grieve M. A Modern Herbal. Dover Publications, New York.

Ippoushi K, Azuma K, Ito H, Horie H, Higashio H. [6]-Gingerol

inhibits

nitric oxide synthesis in activated J774.1 mouse macrophages and

prevents peroxynitrite-induced oxidation and nitration reactions.

Life

Sci. 2003 Nov 14;73(26):3427-37. .

Jagetia GC, Baliga MS, Venkatesh P, Ulloor JN. Influence of ginger

rhizome (Zingiber officinale Rosc) on survival, glutathione and

lipid

peroxidation in mice after whole-body exposure to gamma radiation.

Radiat Res. 2003 Nov;160(5):584-92.

Kiuchi F, et al. Inhibition of prostaglandin and leukotriene

biosynthesis by gingerols and diarylheptanoids. Chem Pharm Bull 40

(1992):387-91.

Nature Immunology Online. Nature Immunology Online.

2001;10.1038/ni732.

Srivastava KC, Mustafa T. Ginger (Zingiber officinale) in rheumatism

and

 

musculoskeletal disorders. Med Hypothesis 39(1992):342-8.

Srivastava KC, Mustafa T. Ginger (Zingiber officinale) and rheumatic

disorders. Med Hypothesis 29 (1989):25-28.

Wigler I, Grotto I, Caspi D, Yaron M. The effects of Zintona EC (a

ginger extract) on symptomatic gonarthritis. Osteoarthritis

Cartilage.

 

 

_________________

 

JoAnn Guest

mrsjo-

www.geocities.com/mrsjoguest/Diets