Medline References on Terminalia arjuna (June 4, 2004)

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Medline References on Terminalia arjuna (June 4, 2004)

 

A least 24 Terminalia species are used medicinally. These include Terminalia

alata, arjuna, australis, avicennioides/avicennoides, belerica/bellerica,

catappa

(almond), chebula, citrine, complanata, glaucescens, horrida, ivorensis,

kaiserana, kilimandscharica, macroptera, myriocarpa, oblongata [toxic], pallida,

sambesiaca, sericea, spinosa, stuhlmannii, superba and triflora.

 

Below are Medline References on Terminalia arjuna (June 4, 2004). The data

suggest that T arjuna has the following medicinal uses:

 

Various parts of the Terminalia arjuna tree contain triterpene glycoside,

arjunetoside, arjunolic, oleanolic & arjunic acids, cardenolides 14,16

dianhydrogitoxigenin-3-beta-D-xylopyranosyl (1 -->2)- O-beta-D-

galactopyranoside and 16,17-dihydroneridienone 3-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1--

>6)-O-beta-D-galactopyranoside (1). The bark contains tannins and has a long

history of use as a cardiotonic in cardiovascular disease, & has been indicated

to treat coronary artery disease, heart failure, hypercholesterolemia & for

relief

of anginal pain. It is a potent hypolipidemic & partial antiatheromic agent. It

also

has antibacterial & antimutagenic properties, & is used to cure hepatic,

urogenital, venereal & viral diseases.

 

Hartone is a proprietary product containing primarily Terminalia arjuna. It is a

safe & effective anti-anginal agent in stable angina pectoris patients. 2 caps

bid

for 6 weeks & 1 cap bid for the next 6 weeks gave symptomatic relief of anginal

attacks 80% of patients with no evidence of hepatic/renal impairment.

 

A similar herbal formulation, Caps HT2 is antiatherogenic, indicated in vascular

intimal damage, atherogenesis leading to various types of cardiovascular

problems, and in hyperlipidaemia & obesity. It is antioxidant to scavenge

superoxide & hydroxyl radicals, anticoagulant, platelet antiaggregatory,

lipoprotein lipase releasing, anti-inflammatory & hypolipidaemic activity in

rats;

lipid peroxidation was inhibited 50%; significantly raised HDL cholesterol

levels;

inhibited ADP induced platelet aggregation in vitro, which was comparable to

commercial heparin

 

Terminalia arjuna extract is a component of Himax ointment & lotion, used as a

wound-healing agent; the tannins are the main active ingredient in its wound-

healing action. Terminalia arjuna extract also arrests growth of transformed

cells by p53-dependent & -independent pathways.

 

Lipistat is a proprietary drug with equal-proportions of extracts of Terminalia

arjuna, Inula racemosa, Commiphora mukul latex. It confers significant

cardioprotection.against ischemic heart disease.

 

[No authors listed]|Terminalia arjuna.|Altern Med Rev. 1999 Dec; 4(6): 436-

7.||Terminalia arjuna is a deciduous tree found throughout India growing to a

height of 60-90 feet. The thick, white-to-pinkish-gray bark has been used in

India's native Ayurvedic medicine for over 3 centuries, primarily as a cardiac

tonic. Clinical evaluation of this botanical medicine indicates it can be of

benefit

in the treatment of coronary artery disease, heart failure, & possibly

hypercholesterolemia. It has also been found to be antibacterial &

antimutagenic. Terminalia's active constituents include tannins, triterpenoid

saponins (arjunic acid, arjunolic acid, arjungenin, arjunglycosides), flavonoids

(arjunone, arjunolone, luteolin), gallic acid, ellagic acid, oligomeric

proanthocyanidins (OPCs), phytosterols, calcium, magnesium, zinc, &

copper.|PMID: 10608917 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

 

Ali A, Kaur G, Hamid H, Abdullah T, Ali M, Niwa M, Alam MS.|Terminoside A,

a new triterpene glycoside from the bark of Terminalia arjuna inhibits nitric

oxide

production in murine macrophages.|J Asian Nat Prod Res. 2003 Jun; 5(2): 137-

42.|Dept of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hamdard University, New Delhi 110

062, India.|Terminoside A (1), a new oleanane-type triterpene was isolated from

the acetone fraction of the ethanolic extract of stem bark of Terminalia arjuna.

The structure was established as olean-1alpha,3beta,22beta-triol-12-en-28-oic

acid-3beta-D-glucopyranoside. On the basis of spectral data & chemical

reactions, terminoside A, potently inhibited nitric oxide (NO) production &

decreased inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) levels in lipopolysaccharide-

stimulated macrophages.|PMID: 12765198 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

 

Ali A, Kaur G, Hayat K, Ali M, Ather M.|A novel naphthanol glycoside from

Terminalia arjuna with antioxidant & nitric oxide inhibitory

activities.|Pharmazie.

2003 Dec; 58(12): 932-4.|Faculty of Pharmacy, Hamdard University, Hamdard

Nagar, New Delhi, India.|A novel naphthanol glycoside, arjunaphthanoloside (1),

was isolated from the stem bark of Terminalia arjuna & its structure was

established as 2,3,6,7,8,9-hexahydroxynaphthalene-2-O-alpha-L(-)-rhamnoside

by means of spectroscopic & chemical methods. Compound 1 showed potent

antioxidant activity & inhibited nitric oxide (NO) production in

lipopolysaccharide

(LPS)-stimulated rat peritoneal macrophages.|PMID: 14703977 [PubMed -

indexed for MEDLINE]

 

Anand V.|Antianginal & cardiopretective effects of terminalia arjuna.|J Assoc

Physicians India. 1994 Sep; 42(9): 757. Comment on: J Assoc Physicians

India. 1994 Apr; 42(4): 287-9.|||Publication Types: Comment Letter PMID:

7883693 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

 

Bharani A, Ganguli A, Mathur LK, Jamra Y, Raman PG.|Efficacy of Terminalia

arjuna in chronic stable angina: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover

study comparing Terminalia arjuna with isosorbide mononitrate.|Indian Heart J.

2002 Mar-Apr; 54(2): 170-5. Comment in: Indian Heart J. 2002 Jul-Aug; 54(4):

441; author reply 441.|Dept of Medicine, MGM Medical College & MY Hospital,

Indore, MP. tanmaybharani|BACKGROUND: Terminalia arjuna, an

Indian medicinal plant, has been reported to have beneficial effects in patients

with ischemic heart disease in a number of small, open studies. The need for a

double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study with adequate sample size

has long been felt. The bark extract (IPC-53) contains acids (arjunic acid,

terminic acid), glycosides (arjunetin arjunosides I-IV), strong antioxidants

(flavones, tannins, oligomeric proanthocyanidins), minerals. etc. & exhibits

antifailure & anti-ischemic properties. METHODS AND RESULTS: 58 males

with chronic stable angina (NYHA class II-III) with evidence of provocable

ischemia on treadmill exercise test received Terminalia arjuna (500mg 8

hourly), isosorbide mononitrate (40mg/daily)/a matching placebo for one week

each, separated by a wash-out period of at least 3 days in a randomized,

double-blind, crossover design. They underwent clinical, biochemical &

treadmill exercise evaluation at the end of each therapy which were compared

during the 3 therapy periods. Terminalia arjuna therapy was associated with

significant decrease in the frequency of angina & need for isosorbide dinitrate

(5.69+/-6.91mg/week v. 18.22+/-9.29mg/week during placebo therapy,

p<0.005). The treadmill exercise test parameters improved significantly during

therapy with Terminalia arjuna compared to those with placebo. The total

duration of exercise increased (6.14+/-2.51 min v. 4.76+/-2.38 min, p<0.005),

maximal ST depression during the longest equivalent stages of submaximal

exercise decreased (1.41+/-0.55 mm v. 2.21+/-0.56 mm, p<0.005), time to

recovery decreased (6.49+/-2.37 min v. 9.27+/-3.39 min, p<0.005) & higher

double products were achieved (25.75+/-4.81x10(3) v. 23.11+/-4.83x10(3),

p<0.005) during Terminalia arjuna therapy. Similar improvements in clinical &

treadmill exercise test parameters were observed with isosorbide mononitrate

compared to placebo therapy. No significant differences were observed in

clinical/treadmill exercise test parameters when Terminalia arjuna & isosorbide

mononitrate therapies were compared. No significant untoward effects were

reported during Terminalia arjuna therapy. CONCLUSIONS: Terminalia arjuna

bark extract, 500mg 8 hourly, given to patients with stable angina with

provocable ischemia on treadmill exercise, led to improvement in clinical &

treadmill exercise parameters as compared to placebo therapy. These benefits

were similar to those observed with isosorbide mononitrate (40mg/day) therapy

& the extract was well tolerated. Limitations of this study include

applicability of

the results to only men with chronic stable angina but not necessarily to

women, as they were not studied.|Publication Types: Clinical Trial Randomized

Controlled Trial PMID: 12086380 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

 

Bharani A, Ganguly A, Bhargava KD.|Salutary effect of Terminalia Arjuna in

patients with severe refractory heart failure.|Int J Cardiol. 1995 May; 49(3):

191-

9.|Dept of Medicine, M.G.M. Medical College, Indore, India.|Twelve patients with

refractory chronic congestive heart failure (Class IV NYHA), related to

idiopathic

dilated cardiomyopathy (10 patients); previous myocardial infarction (one

patient) & peripartum cardiomyopathy (one patient), received Terminalia Arjuna,

an Indian medicinal plant, as bark extract (500mg 8-hourly)/matching placebo

for 2 weeks each, separated by 2 weeks washout period, in a double blind

cross over design as an adjuvent to maximally tolerable conventional therapy

(Phase I). The clinical, laboratory & echocardiographic evaluation was carried

out at baseline & at the end of Terminalia Arjuna & placebo therapy & results

were compared. Terminalia Arjuna, compared to placebo, was associated with

improvement in symptoms & signs of heart failure, improvement in NYHA Class

(Class III vs. Class IV), decrease in echo-left ventricular enddiastolic (125.28

+/-

27.91 vs. 134.56 +/-29.71 ml/m2; P<.005) & endsystolic volume (81.06 +/-

24.60 vs. 94.10 +/-26.42 ml/m2; P<.005) indices, increase in left ventricular

stroke volume index (44.21 +/-11.92 vs. 40.45 +/-11.56 ml/m2; P<.05) &

increase in left ventricular ejection fractions (35.33 +/-7.85 vs. 30.24

+/-7.13%;

P<.005). On long term evaluation in an open design (Phase II), wherein Phase I

participants continued Terminalia Arjuna in fixed dosage (500mg 8-hourly) in

addition to flexible diuretic, vasodilator & digitalis dosage for 20-28 months

(mean 24 months) on outpatient basis, patients showed continued improvement

in symptoms, signs, effort tolerance & NYHA Class, with improvement in

quality of life.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)|Publication Types:

Clinical Trial Randomized Controlled Trial PMID: 7649665 [PubMed - indexed

for MEDLINE]

 

Chauhan S, Agarwal S, Mathur R.|Vasal assault due to Terminalia arjuna W. &

A. bark in albino rats.|Andrologia. 1990 Sep-Oct; 22(5): 491-4.|School of

Studies in Zoology, Jiwaji University, Gwalior (M P)/India.||PMID: 2073059

[PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

 

Cheng HY, Lin CC, Lin TC.|Antiherpes simplex virus type 2 activity of

casuarinin from the bark of Terminalia arjuna Linn.|Antiviral Res. 2002 Sep;

55(3): 447-55.|Graduate Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, College of

Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, 100 Shih Chuan 1st Road, Taiwan,

ROC.|Casuarinin, a hydrolyzable tannin isolated from the bark of Terminalia

arjuna Linn. (Combretaceae), was investigated for its antiviral activity on

herpes

simplex type 2 (HSV-2) in vitro. Results showed that the IC(50) of casuarinin in

XTT & plaque reduction assays were 3.6+/-0.9 & 1.5+/-0.2 microM,

respectively. The 50% cytotoxic concentration for cell growth (CC(50)) was 89+/-

1 microM. Thus, the selectivity index (SI) (ratio of CC(50) to IC(50)) of

casuarinin was 25 & 59 for XTT & plaque reduction assays, respectively.

Casuarinin continued to exhibit antiviral activity even added 12 h after

infection.

During the attachment assay, casuarinin was shown to prevent the attachment

of HSV-2 to cells. Furthermore, casuarinin also exhibited an activity in

inhibiting

the viral penetration. Interestingly, casuarinin was virucidal at a

concentration of

25 microM, reducing viral titers up to 100,000-fold. This study concludes that

casuarinin possesses anti-herpesvirus activity in inhibiting viral attachment &

penetration, & also disturbing the late event(s) of infection.|PMID: 12206882

[PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

 

Chopra B.|Antianginal & cardiopretective effects of terminalia arjuna.|J Assoc

Physicians India. 1994 Sep; 42(9): 756. Comment on: J Assoc Physicians

India. 1994 Apr; 42(4): 287-9.|||Publication Types: Case Reports Comment

Letter ; PMID: 7883690 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

 

Dwivedi S, Agarwal MP.|Antianginal & cardioprotective effects of Terminalia

arjuna, an indigenous drug, in coronary artery disease.|J Assoc Physicians

India. 1994 Apr; 42(4): 287-9. Comment in: J Assoc Physicians India. 1994

Apr; 42(4): 281-2. J Assoc Physicians India. 1994 Sep; 42(9): 756. J Assoc

Physicians India. 1994 Sep; 42(9): 757.|Dept of Medicine, UCMS, Delhi.|The

effect of bark powder of Terminalia arjuna, an indigenous drug, on anginal

frequency, blood pressure, body mass index, blood sugar, cholesterol & HDL-

cholesterol was studied in 15 stable (Group A) & 5 unstable (Group B) angina

patients before & 3 months after T. arjuna therapy. Tread mill test (TMT) &

echocardiographic left ventricular ejection fraction was evaluated in some

cases. There was 50% reduction in anginal episodes in Group A cases

(P<.01). TMT performance improved from moderate to mild changes in 5

patients & one with mild changes became negative for ischemia. The time to

the onset of angina & appearance of ST-T changes on TMT after T. arjuna was

delayed significantly. However, in patients with unstable angina there was an

insignificant reduction in anginal frequency. These patients also needed

diltiazem, B-blockers & nitroglycerine in addition to T. arjuna. The drug

lowered

systolic blood pressure & body mass index to a significant level (p<.05) &

increased HDL-cholesterol only slightly along with marginal improvement in left

ventricular ejection fraction in stable angina patients. There were no

deleterious

effects on liver/kidney functions. Our results suggest that monotherapy with T.

arjuna is fairly effective in patients with symptoms of stable angina pectoris.

However, it has a limited role in unstable angina.|PMID: 7741874 [PubMed -

indexed for MEDLINE]

 

Dwivedi S, Gupta D.|Efficacy of Terminalia arjuna in chronic stable

angina.|Indian Heart J. 2002 Jul-Aug; 54(4): 441; author reply 441. Comment

on: Indian Heart J. 2002 Mar-Apr; 54(2): 170-5.|||Publication Types: Comment

Letter PMID: 12462680 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

 

Dwivedi S, Jauhari R.|Beneficial effects of Terminalia arjuna in coronary artery

disease.|Indian Heart J. 1997 Sep-Oct; 49(5): 507-10.|Dept of Medicine,

University College of Medical Sciences, Delhi.|Effect of Terminalia arjuna on

angina pectoris, congestive heart failure & left ventricular mass was studied in

patients of myocardial infarction with angina and/or ischaemic cardiomyopathy.

Bark stem powder of T. arjuna, 500mg 8 hourly was administered to 10 patients

of postmyocardial infarction angina & 2 patients of ischaemic cardiomyopathy,

in a dose of 500mg 8 hourly postoperatively, for a period of 3 months (Group A).

These patients were also on conventional treatment comprising of nitrates,

aspirin and/or calcium channel blockers. Twelve age-, sex-, body mass index-

& ECG-matched patients of postmyocardial infarction angina receiving only

conventional treatment served as controls (Group B). Significant reduction in

anginal frequency was noted in both groups (3.5 +/-1.98 to 1.08 + 1.08/d vs

3.10 + 0.72 to 1.17 + 0.84/d). However, only Group A patients showed

significant improvement in left ventricular ejection fraction (42.25 + 9.96 to

52.67

+ 12.32% vs 51.83 + 5.99 to 49.83 + 2.52%) & reduction in left ventricular

mass (159.18 + 51.11 to 127.47 + 52.40 gm/m2 vs 159.11 + 38.92 to 160.78 +

54.23 gm/m2) on echocardiography following 3 months of therapy. Both

patients with ischaemic cardiomyopathy showed significant symptomatic relief

in coronary heart failure from NYHA class III to NYHA class I. Prolonged

administration of T. arjuna did not show any adverse effects on renal, hepatic &

haematological parameters. The potential of T. arjuna to improve left

ventricular

ejection fraction & reduce left ventricular mass in coronary artery disease

needs

to be harnessed.|PMID: 9505018 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

 

Gauthaman K, Maulik M, Kumari R, Manchanda SC, Dinda AK, Maulik

SK.|Effect of chronic treatment with bark of Terminalia arjuna: a study on the

isolated ischemic-reperfused rat heart.|J Ethnopharmacol. 2001 May; 75(2-3):

197-201.|Dept of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, 110

029, New Delhi, India.|Dried pulverized bark of Terminalia arjuna Linn (TA) was

administered orally to Wistar albino rats (120-150 g) in 2 doses [500 &

750mg/kg in 2% carboxy methyl cellulose (CMC)], 6 days/week for 12 weeks.

Thereafter, rats were sacrificed either for determination of baseline changes in

cardiac endogenous antioxidant compounds [superoxide dismutase (SOD),

reduced glutathione (GSH) & catalase (CAT)] or the hearts were subjected to

oxidative stress associated with in vitro ischemic-reperfusion injury (IRI).

There

was significant increase in the baseline contents of thiobarbituric acid

reactive

substance (TBARS) (a measure of lipid peroxidation) with both doses of TA.

However, only in the 500mg/kg treated group, this was accompanied by a

simultaneous increase in SOD, GSH & CAT levels, but not in the 750mg/kg

treated group, where only CAT was raised. Significant rise in myocardial

TBARS & loss of SOD, CAT & GSH (suggestive of increased oxidative stress)

occurred in the vehicle-treated hearts subjected to in vitro IRI. Only hearts,

harvested from the 500mg/kg rats treated rats, were significantly protected from

oxidative stress, when subjected to in vitro IRI. The results suggest that crude

bark of TA augments endogenous antioxidant compounds of rat heart & also

prevents oxidative stress associated with IRI of the heart.|PMID: 11297851

[PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

 

Gupta R, Singhal S, Goyle A, Sharma VN.|Antioxidant & hypocholesterolaemic

effects of Terminalia arjuna tree-bark powder: a randomised placebo-controlled

trial.|J Assoc Physicians India. 2001 Feb; 49: 231-5.|Dept of Medicine, Monilek

Hospital & Research Centre, Jaipur.|OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the antioxidant &

hypocholesterolaemic effects of Terminalia arjuna tree bark (a popular

cardiotonic substance in Indian pharmacopoeia) & to compare it with a known

antioxidant, vitamin E, we performed a randomized controlled trial. METHODS:

One hundred & 5 successive patients with coronary heart disease (CHD)

presenting to our centre were recruited & using a Latin-square design divided

into 3 groups of 35 each. The groups were matched for age, lifestyle & dietary

variables, clinical diagnosis & drug treatment status. None of the patients was

on lipid-lowering drugs. Supplemental vitamins were stopped for one month

before study began & American Heart Association Step II dietary advice was

given to all. At baseline, total cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL & LDL

cholesterol

& lipid peroxide estimated as thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS)

were determined. Group I received placebo capsules; Group II vitamin E

capsules 400 units/day; & Group III received finely pulverized T. arjuna tree

bark-

powder (500mg) in capsules daily. Lipids & lipid peroxide levels were

determined at 30 days follow-up. RESULTS: Response rate in various groups

varied from 86% to 91%. No

significant changes in total, HDL, LDL cholesterol & triglycerides levels were

seen in Groups I & II (paired t-test p>.05). In Group III there was a

significant

decrease in total cholesterol (-9.7 +/-12.7%), & LDL cholesterol (-15.8 +/-

25.6%) (paired t-test p<.01). Lipid peroxide levels decreased significantly in

both the treatment groups (p<.01). This decrease was more in vitamin E group (-

36.4 +/-17.7%) as compared to the T. arjuna group (-29.3 +/-18.9%).

CONCLUSIONS: Terminalia arjuna tree bark powder has significant antioxidant

action that is comparable to vitamin E. In addition, it also has a significant

hypocholesterolaemic effect.|Publication Types: Clinical Trial Randomized

Controlled Trial PMID: 11225136 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

 

J Munasinghe TC, Seneviratne CK, Thabrew MI, Abeysekera AM.|Antiradical &

antilipoperoxidative effects of some plant extracts used by Sri Lankan

traditional medical practitioners for cardioprotection.|Phytother Res. 2001 Sep;

15(6): 519-23.|Dept of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of

Sri Jayawardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka.|Reactive oxygen species (ROS)

are implicated in many pathogenic processes including the cardiovascular

system. Detoxification of ROS by antioxidants (AO) therefore affords protection

against such diseases. There is a growing body of evidence suggesting that

antioxidants contribute to cardioprotection. Therefore, 9 plants that are

components of Ayurvedic formulations used for the therapy of cardiovascular

diseases were investigated to determine whether antioxidant activity is one of

the mechanisms by which these plants exert cardioprotection. Initially aqueous

freeze dried extracts of the plants were prepared & the antioxidant activity was

measured (a) in vitro, by DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) radical

scavenging & deoxyribose damage protection assays, & (b) in vivo, by effects

on lipid peroxidation. Terminalia arjuna showed significant DPPH radical

scavenging activity with EC(50) 8.3 +/-0.3ug/mL (similar to L-ascorbic acid).

The potency of this activity was much lower in Cassia fistula (EC(50)=59.0 +/-

2.7ug/mL). The other 7 extracts demonstrated no such activity in the

concentration range tested. In the deoxyribose damage protection assay, T.

arjuna> demonstrated no significant effect in the concentration range 0-

20ug/mL, but above -20ug/mL concentration (20-125ug/mL), a pro-oxidant

activity was observed (although markedly less than demonstrated by L-ascorbic

acid). A similar trend was observed with Vitex negundo. In contrast, C. fistula

afforded a 30% protection against such damage at 125ug/mL concentration.

Other plant extracts did not show any activity in this assay. At a dose of

90mg/kg (single dose) T. arjuna, cardiac lipid peroxidation in male Wistar rats

was reduced by 38.8% +/-2.6% (p<0.05) whereas the reduction was only

11.6% +/-3.5% in the case of C. fistula even at

a dose of 120mg/kg. Of all the plants tested, T. arjuna demonstrated the

highest antioxidant activity. Overall results show that only some plants used in

the therapy of cardiovascular disease exert their beneficial effects via

antioxidant activity. Copyright 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.|PMID: 11536382

[PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

 

Kandil FE, Nassar MI.|A tannin anti-cancer promotor from Terminalia

arjuna.|Phytochemistry. 1998 Apr; 47(8): 1567-8.|Proteins & Tanning Materials

Dept, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt.|A new ellagitannin

named; arjunin, 4 known tannins & 2 phenolic acids were isolated from

Terminalia arjuna. The structures were elucidated by spectroscopic

analyses.|PMID: 9612958 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

 

Karthikeyan K, Bai BR, Gauthaman K, Sathish KS, Devaraj

SN.|Cardioprotective effect of the alcoholic extract of Terminalia arjuna bark

in

an in vivo model of myocardial ischemic reperfusion injury.|Life Sci. 2003 Oct

10; 73(21): 2727-39.|Dept of Biochemistry, University of Madras, Guindy

Campus, Chennai 600025, India.|The present study was designed to investigate

the effects of chronic administration of the alcoholic extract of Terminalia

arjuna

(TAAE) bark on isoproterenol induced myocardial injury. The TAAE was

administered orally to Wistar albino rats (150-200 g) in 3 different doses, by

gastric gavage [3.4mg/kg: (T1), 6.75mg/kg: (T2) & 9.75mg/kg: (T3)] 6

days/week for 4 weeks. At the end of this period, all the animals, except the

normal untreated rats that served as the control group, were administered

isoproterenol (ISO) 85mg/kg, S.C., for 2 consecutive days to induce in vivo

myocardial injury. After 48 hours rats were anaesthetized with anaesthetic

ether, then sacrificed & the hearts were harvested for biochemical &

histological

studies. A significant rise in myocardial thiobarbituric acid reactive

substances

(TBARS) & loss of reduced glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD) &

catalase (suggestive of increased oxidative stress) occurred in the hearts

subjected to in vivo myocardial ischemic reperfusion injury. The 6.75mg/kg

TAAE treatment group (baseline) shows a significant increase in myocardial

TBARS as well as endogenous antioxidants (GSH, SOD, & catalase), but not

in the other treatment groups. In in vivo ischemic reperfusion injury of the

TAAE

treated rats there was a significant decrease in TBARS in all the groups. In

6.75mg/kg treatment group, a significant rise in the levels of GSH, SOD &

catalase were observed, & it shows better recovery profile than the other groups

subjected to in vivo ischemic reperfusion injury. In

histological studies, all the groups, except the isoproterenol treated group,

showed preserved myocardium. The present study demonstrates that the

6.75mg/kg TAAE augments endogenous antioxidant compounds of the rat

heart & also prevents the myocardium from isoproterenol induced myocardial

ischemic reperfusion injury.|PMID: 13679240 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

 

Kaur K, Arora S, Kumar S, Nagpal A.|Antimutagenic activities of acetone &

methanol fractions of Terminalia arjuna.|Food Chem Toxicol. 2002 Oct; 40(10):

1475-82.|Dept of Botanical Land Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev

University, Amritsar, India. kamal_rajjput|The antimutagenic

effect of benzene, chloroform, acetone & methanol fractions from Terminalia

arjuna, a well-known medicinal plant, was determined against Acid Black dye,

2-aminofluorene (2AF) & 4-nitro-o-phenylenediamine (NPD) in TA98 Frameshift

mutagen tester strain of Salmonella typhimurium. Among the different fractions,

the antimutagenic effect of acetone & methanol fractions was more than that

observed with other fractions. Co-incubation & pre-incubation modes of

experimentation did not show much difference in the antimutagenic activity of

the extracts. Moreover, these fractions inhibited the S9-dependent mutagens,

2AF & Acid Black dye more effectively than the direct-acting mutagens.

Studies are under way to isolate & elucidate the nature of the antimutagenic

factor in acetone & methanol fractions.|PMID: 12387312 [PubMed - indexed for

MEDLINE]

 

Kaur K, Arora S, Kumar S, Nagpal A.|Modulatory effect of phenolic fractions of

Terminalia arjuna on the mutagenicity in Ames assay.|J Environ Pathol Toxicol

Oncol. 2002; 21(1): 45-56.|Dept of Botanical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev

University, Amritsar, India. kamal_rajput|We determined the

antimutagenicity of phenolic fractions of Terminalia arjuna (soluble & insoluble

in chloroform) against 2 direct-acting mutagens, 4-nitro-o-phenylenediamine

(NPD) & sodium azide, & against the S9-dependent mutagen 2-aminofluorene

(2AF), in TA98 & TA100 tester strains of Salmonella typhimurium. We found

that the phenolic fractions of T. arjuna inhibited revertants induced by the S9-

dependent mutagen more remarkably than the direct-acting mutagens.

Furthermore, the phenolic fractions showed maximum inhibition of 98% &

101.55%, respectively, in the pre-incubation mode of treatment against the

mutations induced by 2AF. Overall, the fractions inhibited the revertants

induced by S9-dependent mutagens more effectively than those induced by

direct-acting mutagens. Percentage inhibition was higher in the pre-incubation

than with direct acting mutagens. The fraction insoluble in chloroform showed

more inhibition than the soluble one, which corresponds to a higher polyphenol

content in the insoluble fraction than in the soluble extract.|PMID: 11934012

[PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

 

Kaur S, Grover IS, Kumar S.|Antimutagenic potential of ellagic acid isolated

from Terminalia arjuna.|Indian J Exp Biol. 1997 May; 35(5): 478-82.|Dept of

Botanical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, India.|Antimutagenic

potential of a fraction isolated from Terminalia arjuna has been evaluated in

TA98 & TA100 strains of Salmonella typhimurium against direct & indirect-

acting mutagens. The fraction was quite effective against S9-dependent 2AF

while it showed moderate effect against NPD. The fraction was analyzed to be

ellagic acid.|PMID: 9378517 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

 

Kaur S, Grover IS, Kumar S.|Antimutagenic potential of extracts isolated from

Terminalia arjuna.|J Environ Pathol Toxicol Oncol. 2001; 20(1): 9-14.|Dept of

Botanical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, India.|Terminalia

arjuna is an important medicinal plants widely used in the preparation of

Ayurvedic formulations used against several ailments. The present investigation

was aimed at the fractionation of crude extracts from the bark of T. arjuna in

order to isolate & purify the antimutagenic factors present. The

antimutagenicity

assay was performed to check the modulatory effect of these fractions against

NPD, sodium azide, & 2AF, using the Ames Salmonella his+ reversion assay.

Most of the phenolic fractions exhibited mutagen specificity against direct-

acting mutagens, being effective in suppressing the frameshift mutagen NPD

but failing to inhibit sodium azide (base pair substitution)-induced his+

revertants. ET-1 fraction triterpenoid diglycoside showed a marked effect

against sodium azide but was ineffective against NPD. In the case of the

indirect-acting mutagen 2AF, all the fractions were found to be quite potent in

modulating its mutagenicity in both TA98 & TA100 tester strains of Salmonella

typhimurium. The results indicate that the bark of T. arjuna harbors

constituents

with promising antimutagenic/anticarcinogenic potential that should be

investigated further.|PMID: 11215710 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

 

Kaur SJ, Grover IS, Kumar S.|Modulatory effects of a tannin fraction isolated

from Terminalia arjuna on the genotoxicity of mutagens in Salmonella

typhimurium.|Food Chem Toxicol. 2000 Dec; 38(12): 1113-9.|Dept of Botanical

Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, 143 005, Amritsar, India.

sjkaur|A fraction isolated from Terminalia arjuna was studied for

its antimutagenic effect against 4-nitro-o-phenylenediamine (NPD) in TA98,

sodium azide in TA100 & 2-aminofluorene (2AF, S9-dependent), a promutagen,

in both TA98 & TA 100 tester strains of Salmonella typhimurium using the

Ames assay. The fraction inhibited the mutagenicity of 2AF very significantly in

both strains while the revertant colonies induced by NPD & sodium azide were

reduced moderately. 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, IR & UV-spectroscopic data of the

fraction revealed it to be tannin in nature.|PMID: 11033200 [PubMed - indexed

for MEDLINE]

 

Khan MT, Lampronti I, Martello D, Bianchi N, Jabbar S, Choudhuri MS, Datta

BK, Gambari R.|Identification of pyrogallol as an antiproliferative compound

present in extracts from the medicinal plant Emblica officinalis: effects on in

vitro cell growth of human tumor cell lines.|Int J Oncol. 2002 Jul; 21(1): 187-

92.|Pharmacology Research Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences,

University Science & Technology Chittagong, Bangladesh.|In this study we

compared the in vitro antiproliferative activity of extracts from medicinal

plants

toward human tumor cell lines, including human erythromyeloid K562, B-

lymphoid Raji, T-lymphoid Jurkat, erythroleukemic HEL cell lines. Extracts from

Emblica officinalis were the most active in inhibiting in vitro cell

proliferation,

after comparison to those from Terminalia arjuna, Aphanamixis polystachya,

Oroxylum indicum, Cuscuta reflexa, Aegle marmelos, Saraca asoka, Rumex

maritimus, Lagerstroemia speciosa, Red Sandalwood. Emblica officinalis

extracts have been studied previously, due to their hepatoprotective,

antioxidant, antifungal, antimicrobial &

anti-inflammatory medicinal activities. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry

analyses allowed to identify pyrogallol as the common compound present both

in unfractionated & n-butanol fraction of Emblica officinalis extracts.

Antiproliferative effects of pyrogallol were therefore determined on human tumor

cell lines thus identifying pyrogallol as an active component of Emblica

officinalis extracts.|PMID: 12063567 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

 

Kumar DS, Prabhakar YS.|On the ethnomedical significance of the Arjun tree,

Terminalia arjuna (Roxb.) Wight & Arnot.|J Ethnopharmacol. 1987 Jul; 20(2):

173-90.|Dept of Physiology, International Institute of Ayurveda,

Ramanathapuram, Coimbatore, India.|Terminalia arjuna is an important

cardiotonic plant described in the Ayurveda, the ancient Indian medical

science. It is also believed to have the ability to cure hepatic, urogenital,

venereal & viral diseases. An attempt is made here to analyse the available

drug recipes using this plant from Sanskrit literature in the light of modern

scientific knowledge. The chemistry & pharmacology of T. arjuna are also

discussed, & areas of future investigations are identified.|PMID: 3657247

[PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

 

Kumar PU, Adhikari P, Pereira P, Bhat P.|Safety & efficacy of Hartone in stable

angina pectoris--an open comparative trial.|J Assoc Physicians India. 1999 Jul;

47(7): 685-9.|Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore.|OBJECTIVES: To evaluate

the safety & efficacy of 'Hartone'--a proprietary herbal product primarily

containing Terminalia arjuna in stable angina pectoris patients. PATIENTS AND

METHODS: Ten patients with stable angina pectoris were given Hartone 2 caps

twice daily for 6 weeks & 1 cap twice daily for the next 6 weeks.

Haematological & biochemical investigations to assess safety were carried out

on day 0, day 42 & day 84. Serum lipid profile was done before & after therapy.

Efficacy was assessed by considering the reduction in the number of anginal

episodes & improvement in stress test. The results were compared with 10

patients of stable angina pectoris on isosorbide mononitrate (ISMN) 20mg twice

daily. RESULTS: Hartone afforded symptomatic relief in 80% of patients &

ISMN in 70%. The number of anginal attacks were reduced from 79/wk to 24/wk

by Hartone & from 26/wk to 7/wk by ISMN. Although patients of both groups

showed improvement in several stress test parameters compared to base line,

the difference was not statistically significant. Hartone improved BP response

to stress test in 2 patients & ejection fraction in one. Hartone was better

tolerated than ISMN & showed no evidence of hepatic/renal impairment. Its

effects on lipid profile was not

consistent. CONCLUSION: Hartone is a safe & effective anti-anginal agent

comparable to ISMN & is better tolerated. Large scale, randomised, double

blind trials are needed to prove its efficacy.|Publication Types: Clinical Trial

PMID: 10778587 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

 

Mary NK, Babu BH, Padikkala J.|Antiatherogenic effect of Caps HT2, a herbal

Ayurvedic medicine formulation.|Phytomedicine. 2003; 10(6-7): 474-82.|Amala

Cancer Research Centre, Thrissur, Kerala, India.|The antiatherogenic effect of a

herbal formulation, Caps HT2, was evaluated as antioxidant, anticoagulant,

platelet antiaggregatory, lipoprotein lipase releasing, anti-inflammatory &

hypolipidaemic activity in rats. The formulation contained the methanolic

extracts of selected parts of plants, Commiphora mukul, Allium sativum,

Plumbago indica, Semecarpus anacardium, Hemidesmus indicus, Terminalia

arjuna, Tinospora cordifolia, Withania somnifera & Ocimum sanctum. The

formulation, Caps HT2 was found to scavenge superoxide & hydroxyl radicals;

the IC50 required being 55 & 610ug/ml respectively. The lipid peroxidation was

found inhibited (50%) by 48.5ug/ml of Caps HT2. The intravenous administration

of the formulation (5mg/kg) delayed the plasma recalcification time in rabbits &

enhanced the release of lipoprotein lipase enzyme significantly (p<.001). The

formulation also inhibited ADP induced platelet aggregation in vitro, which was

comparable to

commercial heparin. The anti-inflammatory action of the formulation was

significant (p<.001) with acute & chronic inflammations induced by carrageenan

& formalin respectively in rats. The hypolipidaemic effect of Caps HT2 was

significant (p<.001) with the administration of the formulation, in diet-induced

hyperlipidaemia of rats for a period of 30 days. Oral administration of the

formulation, Caps HT2 (100, 200, 300 & 400mg/kg) significantly raised HDL

cholesterol levels. The atherogenic index & the reduction in body weight were

significant indicating the effectiveness against hyperlipidaemia & obesity. All

these results revealed the therapeutic potential of Caps HT2 against vascular

intimal damage & atherogenesis leading to various types of cardiovascular

problems.|PMID: 13678230 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

 

Miller AL.|Botanical influences on cardiovascular disease.|Altern Med Rev. 1998

Dec; 3(6): 422-31.|Alternative Medicine Review. P.O. Box 25, Dover, ID 83825,

USA. alan|Several botanicals, including Crataegus oxycantha,

Terminalia arjuna, Inula racemosa, & Astragalus membranaceus, have been

found to have therapeutic benefit for the treatment of cardiovascular disease.

Crataegus oxycantha has been used traditionally as a cardiac tonic & current

uses include treatment for angina, hypertension, arrhythmias, & congestive

heart failure. Animal studies have also indicated that Crataegus extracts may

also have potential use as anti-ischemic & lipid-lowering agents. The bark of

the

Terminalia arjuna tree has a long history of use as a cardiac tonic as well, &

has been indicated in the treatment of coronary artery disease, heart failure,

hypercholesterolemia & for relief of anginal pain. Additionally, it has been

found

to have antibacterial & antimutagenic properties. Inula racemosa, also known

as Pushkarmoola, is another traditional Ayurvedic botanical that has potential

cardioprotective benefit. In human trials, a combination of Inula racemosa &

Commiphora mukul was shown to be superior to nitroglycerin in reducing the

chest pain & dyspnea associated with angina. Astragalus membranaceus, a

Chinese herb, is often used as a " Qi tonifier " & has been studied for its

therapeutic benefit in treatment of ischemic heart disease, myocardial

infarction, heart failure, & relief of anginal pain. Clinical studies have

indicated

that its in vitro antioxidant activity is the mechanism by which it affords its

cardioprotective benefit.|Publication Types: Review Review, Tutorial PMID:

9855567 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

 

Mukherjee PK, Mukherjee K, Rajesh Kumar M, Pal M, Saha BP.|Evaluation of

wound healing activity of some herbal formulations.|Phytother Res. 2003 Mar;

17(3): 265-8.|Dept of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Calcutta

700032, India.|The wound healing activity of 2 herbal formulations (Himax

ointment & lotion) containing Indradaru extract, i.e. Arjuna bark (Terminalia

arjuna, Family-Combretaceae), extract was evaluated for its wound healing

potential in 2 types of wound models in rats (i) excision wound model & (ii)

incision wound model. Both the formulations responded significantly in both the

wound models tested. The results were also comparable to that of the standard

drug nitrofurazone used as a standard drug for comparison in this present

investigation. The results were also comparable in terms of wound contracting

ability, epithelization period, tensile strength & regeneration of tissues at

the

wound area. Thus, this investigation con fi rms the use of the Himax ointment &

lotion containing Terminalia arjuna extract as a wound-healing agent as known

from folklore medicine. Copyright 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.|PMID:

12672158 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

 

Nagpal A, Meena LS, Kaur S, Grover IS, Wadhwa R, Kaul SC.|Growth

suppression of human transformed cells by treatment with bark extracts from a

medicinal plant, Terminalia arjuna.|In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim. 2000 Sep;

36(8):

544-7.|National Institute of Bioscience & Human Technology, Tsukuba, Ibaraki,

Japan.|We have investigated the effects of acetone & methanol extracts of a

medicinal plant, Terminalia arjuna, on the growth of human normal fibroblasts

(WI-38), osteosarcoma (U2OS), & glioblastoma (U251) cells in vitro. We found

that both extracts at 30ug & 60ug/ml concentrations inhibit the growth of

transformed cells; the growth of normal cells was least affected. Although the

transformed cells appeared to have fragmented nucleus by Hoechst staining, no

deoxy-ribonucleic acid laddering effect was observed. In response to the extract

treatment, the tumor suppressor protein, p53, was induced in U2OS but not in

U251 & WI-38 cells. A cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, p21WAF1, was

induced in transformed cells only. The study suggests that the bark extract of

medicinal plant, T. arjuna, has components that can induce growth arrest of

transformed cells by p53-dependent & -independent pathways.|PMID: 11149755

[PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

 

Nammi S, Gudavalli R, Babu BS, Lodagala DS, Boini KM.|Possible

mechanisms of hypotension produced 70% alcoholic extract of Terminalia

arjuna (L.) in anaesthetized dogs.|BMC Complement Altern Med. 2003 Oct 16;

3(1): 5.|Pharmacology Division, Dept of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Andhra

University, Visakhapatnam-530 003, Andhra Pradesh, INDIA.

nammi|BACKGROUND: The bark of Terminalia arjuna L.

(Combretaceae) is used in Ayurveda since ancient times for the treatment of

cardiac disorders. Previous laboratory investigations have demonstrated the use

of the bark in cardiovascular complications. The present study was aimed to

find the effect of 70% alcoholic extract of Terminalia arjuna on anaesthetized

dog blood pressure & probable site of action. METHODS: 6 dogs were

anaesthetized with intraperitoneal injection of thiopental sodium & the blood

pressure of each dog (n=6) was measured from the left common carotid artery

connected to a mercury manometer on kymograph. The femoral vein was

cannulated for administration of drug solutions. The extract of T. arjuna

(dissolved in propylene glycol) in the dose range of 5 to 15mg/kg were

administered intravenously in a pilot study & the dose (6mg/kg) which produced

appreciable hypotension was selected for further studies. RESULTS:

Intravenous administration of T. arjuna produced dose-dependent hypotension in

anaesthetized dogs. The hypotension produced by 6mg/kg dose of the extract

was blocked by propranolol but not by atropine/mepyramine maleate. This

indicates that muscarinic/histaminergic mechanisms are not likely to be

involved in the hypotension produced by the

extract. The blockade by propranolol of the hypotension produced by T. arjuna

indicates that the extract might contain active compound(s) possessing

adrenergic beta2-receptor agonist action and/or that act directly on the heart

muscle. CONCLUSION: The results indicated the likely involvement of

peripheral mechanism for hypotension produced by the 70% alcoholic extract of

Terminalia arjuna & lends support for the claims of its traditional usage in

cardiovascular disorders.|PMID: 14561229 [PubMed - in process]

 

Pandey S, Jaiswal VS.|Micropropagation of Terminalia arjuna Roxb. from

cotyledonary nodes.|Indian J Exp Biol. 2002 Aug; 40(8): 950-3.|Dept of Botany,

Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India.|Cotyledonary node explants

excised from 21 day old seedlings of T. arjuna produced multiple shoots when

cultured on full strength MS/modified MS (1/2 strength major salts & Fe-EDTA)

medium supplemented with different concentrations (0.1-1.0mg/l) of BAP.

Maximum 8.9 shoots/explant could be recorded after 30 days of inoculation on

modified MS medium supplemented with BAP (0.5mg/l). A proliferating shoot

culture was established by reculturing the original cotyledonary nodes (2-3

times) on shoot multiplication medium after each harvest of the newly formed

shoots. Shoots (each having 2-3 nodes/shoot) thus obtained were also used as

a source of nodal explant that gave rise to 1-2 shoots when cultured on

modified MS+BAP (0.5mg/l) medium. Thus, 45-55 shoots could be obtained

after 60 days of culture initiation from a single cotyledonary node. About 88%

shoots rooted well after 15 hr pulse treatment with IBA (1mg/l) in liquid MS

medium followed by transfer to modified MS medium without IBA. About 80% of

these plantlets were successfully acclimatized in plastic pots containing sand

& soil mixture & 70% plantlets transferred in the field those survived even

after 6

months of transplantation.|PMID: 12597029 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

 

Pasquini R, Scassellati-Sforzolini G, Villarini M, Moretti M, Marcarelli M,

Fatigoni C, Kaur S, Kumar S, Grover IS.|In vitro protective effects of

Terminalia

arjuna bark extracts against the 4-nitroquinoline-N-oxide genotoxicity.|J

Environ

Pathol Toxicol Oncol. 2002; 21(1): 33-44.|Dept of Hygiene, University of

Perugia, Italy. pasquini|We determined the antimutagenic potential of

chloroform, acetone, methanol, methanol+HCl, diethyl ether, & ethyl acetate

extracts of Terminalia arjuna bark against the model mutagen 4-nitroquinoline-N-

oxide (4-NQO) using the Salmonella/microsome, comet, & micronucleus (MN)

tests. Salmonella typhimurium TA100 strain & human peripheral white blood

cells were coincubated with various concentrations (from 5 to 500ug) of the 6

extracts & 4-NQO (from 0.05 to 2ug). We found that the 4-NQO mutagenicity

was inhibited by more than 70% in the Salmonella/microsome test at the

highest nontoxic extract dose of ethyl acetate (50ug/plate), chloroform

(100ug/plate), acetone, (100ug/plate), & methanol (500ug/plate). A less marked

antimutagenicity activity (inhibition of about 40-45%) was observed for the

acidic methanol & diethyl ether extracts. The comet assay showed that

acetone extract (100ug/mL) was more effective in reducing the DNA damage

caused by 4-NQO (ca. 90%), whereas the chloroform, ethyl acetate, & diethyl

ether extracts were cytotoxic. In the MN test, the decrease in 4-NQO

clastogenicity was observed by testing the mutagen especially with chloroform

& ethyl acetate extracts (inhibition about 40-45%). The acetone & methanol

extracts showed a less marked activity (33% & 37%, respectively). The results

of the present study suggest that T. arjuna bark contains some nonpolar as

well as polar compounds with antimutagenic activity against 4-NQO. Several

explanations can be suggested, but further investigations are necessary to

definitely identify the active compounds.|PMID: 11934011 [PubMed - indexed

for MEDLINE]

 

Perumal Samy R, Ignacimuthu S, Sen A.|Screening of 34 Indian medicinal

plants for antibacterial properties.|J Ethnopharmacol. 1998 Sep; 62(2): 173-

82.|Entomology Research Institute, Loyola College, Chennai, India.|A total of 34

plant species belonging to 18 different families, selected on the basis of

folklore

medicinal reports practised by the tribal people of Western Ghats, India, were

assayed for antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli, Klebsiella

aerogenes,

Proteus vulgaris, & Pseudomonas aerogenes (gram-negative bacteria) at 1000-

5000 ppm using the disc diffusion method. Of these 16 plants showed activity;

among them Cassia fistula, Terminalia arjuna & Vitex negundo showed

significant antibacterial activity against the tested bacteria. Our findings

confirm

the traditional therapeutic claims for these herbs.|PMID: 9741889 [PubMed -

indexed for MEDLINE]

 

Pettit GR, Hoard MS, Doubek DL, Schmidt JM, Pettit RK, Tackett LP, Chapuis

JC.|Antineoplastic agents 338. The cancer cell growth inhibitory. Constituents

of Terminalia arjuna (Combretaceae).|J Ethnopharmacol. 1996 Aug; 53(2): 57-

63.|Cancer Research Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe 85287-1604,

USA.|By means of bioassay-guided separation methods, the cancer cell growth

inhibitory constituents residing in the bark, stem & leaves of the Mauritius

medicinal plant Terminalia arjuna (Combretaceae) were examined. The cancer

cell line active components were found to be gallic acid, ethyl gallate, & the

flavone luteolin. Only gallic acid was previously known to occur in this plant.

Luteolin has a well established record of inhibiting various cancer cell lines &

may account for most of the rationale underlying the use of T. arjuna in

traditional cancer treatments. Luteolin was also found to exhibit specific

activity

against the pathogenic bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae.|PMID: 8844460

[PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

 

Ram A, Lauria P, Gupta R, Kumar P, Sharma VN.|Hypocholesterolaemic

effects of Terminalia arjuna tree bark.|J Ethnopharmacol. 1997 Feb; 55(3): 165-

9.|Dept of Pharmacology, S.M.S. Medical College, Jaipur, India.|Diet-induced

hyperlipidaemic rabbits were given 50% ethanolic extract of Terminalia arjuna

tree bark in doses of 100mg/kg (Group B, n=6) & 500mg/kg (Group C, n=6) &

compared with controls (Group A). At 60 days of intervention in Groups A, B &

C mean +/-S.E.M. total cholesterol was 574 +/-61, 320 +/-29 & 217 +/-44mg/dl,

respectively (P<.01); LDL cholesterol was 493 +/-57, 271 +/-30 & 162 +/-

44mg/dl (P<.01); HDL cholesterol was 59 +/-7, 36 +/-3 & 35 +/-4mg/dl (P=n.s.);

triglyceride was 108 +/-13, 67 +/-6 & 101 +/-26mg/dl (P=n.s.); cholesterol/HDL

ratio was 10.1 +/-1.3, 9.2 +/-1.1 & 6.1 +/-1.0 (P=n.s.); & LDL/HDL ratio was 8.7

+/-1.3, 7.8 +/-1.1 & 4.5 +/-1.0 (P<.01). The extract did not adversely affect

biochemical tests of liver & renal function & haematological parameters.|PMID:

9080336 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

 

Rane MM, Mengi SA.|Comparative effect of oral administration & topical

application of alcoholic extract of Terminalia arjuna bark on incision &

excision

wounds in rats.|Fitoterapia. 2003 Sep; 74(6): 553-8.|CU Shah College of

Pharmacy, SNDT Women's University, Santacruz-west, Mumbai, Maharashtra

400 049, India.|The effects of 50% ethanolic extract of the bark Terminalia

arjuna & tannins isolated from the bark were studied for wound healing activity

in incision & excision wound models, after oral/topical application in form of a

hydrogel. There was a statistically significant increase in the tensile strength

of

the incision wounds & increase in the percent reduction in wound size of

excision wounds as compared to control. However, the topical treatment with

tannins was found to be superior in both incision & excision wound studies. The

estimated increase in hydroxyproline content of the granulation tissue of the

excision wounds indicated rapid collagen turnover thus, leading to rapid healing

of the wounds.|PMID: 12946717 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

 

Seth SD, Maulik M, Katiyar CK, Maulik SK.|Role of Lipistat in protection

against isoproterenol induced myocardial necrosis in rats: a biochemical &

histopathological study.|Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 1998 Jan; 42(1): 101-

6.|Dept of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi.|A

test drug (Lipistat) comprising of equal-proportions of extracts of Terminalia

arjuna, Inula racemosa Hook, latex of Commiphora mukul, in 3 different doses

(225mg/kg; 350mg/kg; 450mg/kg) were administered orally daily for 6 days a

week for 60 days in rats. Thereafter, the rats were subjected to isoproterenol

(ISO) induced (85mg/kg, s.c. for 2 days) myocardial necrosis. Gross &

microscopic examinations (histopathology) were done along with estimations of

myocardial tissue high energy phosphates (HEP) stores & lactate content.

Gross examination showed significant (P<.05) cardioprotection in Lipistat

treated animals. On microscopic examination no statistically significant

reduction in myocardial damage by 350 & 450mg/kg of Lipistat were observed

although loss of myocardial HEP stores & accumulation of lactate were

significantly prevented. The results of the present study suggest the potential

usefulness of Lipistat in the prevention of ischemic heart disease.|PMID:

9513800 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

 

Shaila HP, Udupa SL, Udupa AL.|Hypolipidemic activity of three indigenous

drugs in experimentally induced atherosclerosis.|Int J Cardiol. 1998 Dec 1;

67(2): 119-24.|Dept. of Biochemistry, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal,

India.|The effect of orally administered indigenous drugs Terminalia arjuna, T.

belerica & T. chebula were investigated on experimental atherosclerosis.

Rabbits were fed a cholesterol-rich diet to induce atherosclerosis. The 3 drugs

were fed along with cholesterol. At the end of the experimental period the

animals were killed & their plasma & tissue lipid components estimated.

Atherosclerotic lesions of the aorta were examined histologically. T. arjuna was

found to be the most potent hypolipidemic agent & induced partial inhibition of

rabbit atheroma. The results indicate that T. arjuna may play an anti-

atherogenic role.|PMID: 9891944 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

 

Singh DV, Gupta MM, Tripathi AK, Prajapati V, Kumar S.|Arjunetin from

Terminalia arjuna as an insect feeding-deterrent & growth inhibitor.|Phytother

Res. 2004 Feb; 18(2): 131-4.|Analytical Testing Laboratory, Central Institute of

Medicinal & Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, India.|Crude ethanolic extract of the

stem bark of Terminalia arjuna (Combretaceae) & its 3 compounds namely

arjunic acid, arjungenin & arjunetin were evaluated for antifeedant, growth

inhibitory & oviposition-deterrent activities against a lepidopterous insect

Spilarctia obliqua. The compound arjunetin showed highest growth inhibitory &

feeding-deterrent properties with a growth inhibition (GI(50)) &

feeding-inhibition

(FD(50)) of 188.5 & 287.1ug/g diet respectively. Oviposition bioassays indicated

no oviposition-deterrence in any of the compounds tested. The structure-activity

relationship study indicated the importance of a glycosidation linkage in

arjunetin. Copyright 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.|PMID: 15022165 [PubMed -

indexed for MEDLINE]

 

Singh DV, Verma RK, Gupta MM, Kumar S.|Quantitative determination of

oleane derivatives in Terminalia arjuna by high performance thin layer

chromatography.|Phytochem Anal. 2002 Jul-Aug; 13(4): 207-10.|Central

Institute of Medicinal & Aromatic Plants, Lucknow 226 015, India.|A simple,

precise & rapid high performance thin layer chromatographic method has been

developed for the simultaneous quantitative determination of 5 oleane

derivatives, namely, arjunic acid, arjunolic acid, arjungenin, arjunetin &

arjunglucoside I from stem bark extract of Terminalia arjuna. The isolation &

separation of these compounds was carried out on 60F254 layers eluted with

chloroform: methanol (90: 10), & the analytes were visualised through colour

development with vanillin in concentrated sulphuric acid: ethanol. Scanning &

quantification of the spots at 640 nm showed good recoveries in the range

96.40-101.7%.|PMID: 12184173 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

 

Singh DV, Verma RK, Singh SC, Gupta MM.|RP-LC determination of oleane

derivatives in Terminalia arjuna.|J Pharm Biomed Anal. 2002 May 15; 28(3-4):

447-52.|Analytical Biophysical Chemistry Division, Central Institute of

Medicinal

& Aromatic Plants, P.O.-CIMAP, Lucknow 226 015, India.|A rapid sensitive &

reproductive reversed phase high performance liquid chromatographic method

with photo diode arrray detection is described for the simultaneous

quantification of major oleane derivatives: arjunic acid (4), arjunolic acid

(3),

arjungenin (2) & arjunetin (1) in Terminalia arjuna extract. The method involves

the use of a Waters Spherisorb S10 ODS2 column (250 x 4.6 mm, I.D., 10

microm) & binary gradient mobile phase profile. The various other aspects of

analysis viz. Extraction efficiency, peak purity & similarity were validated

using

a photo diode array detector.|PMID: 12008123 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

 

Singh N, Kapur KK, Singh SP, Shanker K, Sinha JN, Kohli RP.|Mechanism of

cardiovascular action of Terminalia arjuna.|Planta Med. 1982 Jun; 45(2): 102-

4.|||PMID: 7111479 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

 

Srivastava N, Prakash D, Behl HM.|Biochemical contents, their variation &

changes in free amino acids during seed germination in Terminalia arjuna.|Int J

Food Sci Nutr. 1997 May; 48(3): 215-9.|National Botanical Research Institute,

Lucknow, India.|The leaves, twigs, stem & bark of T. arjuna were analysed for

their protein, phenol, tannin, nitrate, oxalate in addition to vitamin C,

anthocyanin & chlorophyll in the leaves. The variation of some of these

parameters in the leaves with season & leaf position was also studied. The time

course changes in amino acids & protein during seed germination in T. arjuna,

showed initial decrease in protein followed by increase at subsequent stages.

The seeds contain high level of serine (21.7%) & glutamic acid (22.6%) the later

decreased as the germination progressed. After 30 days seeds showed higher

amounts of serine (26.0%), valine (2.8%), proline (10.6%), methionine (3.4%),

histidine (5.6%) & lysine (7.4%) while threonine, glutamic acid, tyrosine &

arginine were in lower amounts than that of initial stage at 0 day.|PMID:

9205597 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

 

Sumitra M, Manikandan P, Kumar DA, Arutselvan N, Balakrishna K, Manohar

BM, Puvanakrishnan R.|Experimental myocardial necrosis in rats: role of

arjunolic acid on platelet aggregation, coagulation & antioxidant status.|Mol

Cell

Biochem. 2001 Aug; 224(1-2): 135-42.|Dept of Biotechnology, Central Leather

Research Institute, Adyar, Chennai, India.|Arjunolic acid, a new triterpene & a

potent principle from the bark of Terminalia arjuna, has been shown to provide

significant cardiac protection in isoproterenol induced myocardial necrosis in

rats. To further explore the mechanism of action of arjunolic acid, antiplatelet

activity, anticoagulant assays, electrocardiographic changes, serum marker

enzymes, antioxidant status, lipid peroxide & myeloperoxidase (MPO) have

been measured & the results are compared with a potent cardioprotective drug,

acetyl salicylic acid (ASA). Administration of isoproterenol produces

electrocardiographic changes such as decreased R amplitude & increased ST

segment elevation & has resulted in an increase in serum marker enzyme

levels as well as a decrease in enzymatic & nonenzymatic antioxidant levels.

Arjunolic acid at an effective dosage of 15mg/kg body wt. (pre & post

treatment), when administered intraperitoneally (i.p.), effects a decrease in

serum enzyme levels & the electrocardiographic changes get restored towards

normalcy. Arjunolic acid treatment is also shown to prevent the decrease in the

levels of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase,

ceruloplasmin, alpha-tocopherol, reduced glutathione (GSH), ascorbic acid,

lipid peroxide, MPO & the cardioprotection is confirmed by the

histopathological studies. This study shows that the cardioprotection of

arjunolic acid pre & post treatment could possibly be due to the protective

effect against the damage caused by myocardial necrosis.|PMID: 11693190

[PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

 

Upadhyay RK, Pandey MB, Jha RN, Singh VP, Pandey VB.|Triterpene

glycoside from Terminalia arjuna.|J Asian Nat Prod Res. 2001; 3(3): 207-

12.|Dept of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu

University, Varanasi, India.|A new triterpene glycoside, arjunetoside, together

with oleanolic & arjunic acids has been isolated from the root bark of

Terminalia

arjuna. The structure of arjunetoside has been established as 3-O-beta-D-

glucopyranosyl-2alpha,3beta, 19alpha-trihydroxyolean-12-en-28-oic acid, 28-O-

beta-D-glucopyranoside by chemical & spectral data.|PMID: 11491396

[PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

 

Vaidya AB.|Terminalia arjuna in cardiovascular therapy.|J Assoc Physicians

India. 1994 Apr; 42(4): 281-2. Comment on: J Assoc Physicians India. 1994

Apr; 42(4): 287-9.|||Publication Types: Comment Editorial PMID: 7860542

[PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

 

Yadav RN, Rathore K.|A new cardenolide from the roots of Terminalia

arjuna.|Fitoterapia. 2001 May; 72(4): 459-61.|Natural Products Laboratory, Dept

of Chemistry, Dr H.S. Gour University, 470 003 (M.P.), Sagar, India.

computerplaza|A new cardenolide, 16,17-dihydroneridienone 3-O-

beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-->6)-O-beta-D-galactopyranoside (1), was isolated

from the roots of Terminalia arjuna.|PMID: 11395280 [PubMed - indexed for

MEDLINE]

 

Yadava RN, Rathore K.|A new cardenolide from the seeds of Terminalia arjuna

(W & A).|J Asian Nat Prod Res. 2000; 2(2): 97-101.|Dept of Chemistry, Dr. H.S.

Gour University, Sagar, India. LalitpatelSagar|A new cardenolide

14,16 dianhydrogitoxigenin-3-beta-D-xylopyranosyl (1 -->2)- O-beta-D-

galactopyranoside was isolated from the ethylacetate soluble fraction of the

alcoholic extract of the seeds of Terminalia arjuna by various colour reactions,

chemical degradations & spectral analysis.|PMID: 11252684 [PubMed -

indexed for MEDLINE]

 

 

Best regards,

 

Email: <

 

WORK : Teagasc Research Management, Sandymount Ave., Dublin 4, Ireland

Mobile: 353-; [in the Republic: 0]

 

HOME : 1 Esker Lawns, Lucan, Dublin, Ireland

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Chinese Proverb: " Man who says it can't be done, should not interrupt man doing

it "

[Guest guest]

Hi Phil,

 

Do you suppose this any relation to Terminalia chebule Fructus or just Chebulae

Fructus Pericarpium, also He Zi? This is presented in Jiao Shu-De's Medicinals

p. 186 to 188. Though as your literature notes there are at least 24

Terminalia species used as medicine. He Zi is common to traditional Chinese

medical herbs.

 

Respectfully,

Emmanuel Segmen

-

Chinese Medicine

Sunday, July 04, 2004 3:50 PM

Medline References on Terminalia arjuna (June 4, 2004)

 

 

Hi All, & Pete,

 

Medline References on Terminalia arjuna (June 4, 2004)

[Guest guest]

Hi Phil!

 

Interesting that you found all that, and the promoter confined himself to

generalizations. Perhaps the public doesn't want to know . . .

 

At 06:50 PM 7/4/2004, you wrote:

>Hi All, & Pete,

>

>Medline References on Terminalia arjuna (June 4, 2004)

>

>A least 24 Terminalia species are used medicinally. These include Terminalia

>alata, arjuna, <snip, 56k worth>

 

Regards,

 

Pete

[Guest guest]

Hi Emmanuel & All,

 

> Hi Phil, Do you suppose this any relation to Terminalia chebule

> Fructus or just Chebulae Fructus Pericarpium, also He Zi? This is

> presented in Jiao Shu-De's Medicinals p. 186 to 188. Though as

> your literature notes there are at least 24 Terminalia species

> used as medicine. He Zi is common to traditional Chinese medical

> herbs. Emmanuel

 

1. T chebulae and T. arjunae are two different fruits, with differing

actions. See:

www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/CropFactSheets/terminalia.html and

http://www.herbmed.org/Herbs/Herb126.htm and

http://www.himalayahealthcare.com/aboutayurveda/caht.htm

 

2. My notes, and Google searches, say that Hezi = FRUCTUS

Terminaliae Chebulae (NOT pericarpium):

 

Name: Hezi; Kezi; Terminaliae Chebulae / Tomentellae Fr,

Myrobalantree Fr; Harada (Ayurvedic); Medicine Terminalia Fr

Chebula Fr

 

Nature: Bitter-Sweet-Sour / Dry~Mildly; Astringe; Not Salty; Light;

Warm~Very; Terminaliae chebulae Fr (Harada) is small round

brownish Fr; most potent Myrobalan Fr in Triphala (see Triphala)

 

Channels entered: LU; LI; ST

 

Main Hb Class: Astringe Surface~Stop Sweat; Astringe; Astringe,

esp SJM-SP-ST

 

Main Actions: Antioxidant/Antiageing; (1) Digestive; Astringe, esp

SJM-SP-ST; Purge LI EPFs; Build SI-LI; Astringe SI-

LI/Antidiarrhoea, esp chronic; Clear Toxin; Cleanse Interior;

Antidysentery, esp shigellosis; (2) Build LU; Astringe LU; Astringe

Phlegm; Clear Phlegm + Ease Cough; Antipharyngitic; (3) Also:

Adaptogen/Antistress; Rejuvenator*; Aid Eyes; Sharpen Senses;

Strengthen/Clear Mind; Aid concentration; Warm Interior*; Move

Xue Stag; Haemostat~Astringe; Astringe KI; Astringe Jing;

Spasmolytic~smooth muscle like papaverine

 

Dose: As Soup: 3-9g; roasted Hb in diarrhoea~chronic & diarrhoea

of Xu Cold type, otherwise fresh sample is used; fresh / young Fr

kept in mouth for sucking for dysphonia of voice & throat disorder

 

Uses: Damp, esp SJM-SP-ST; LU DysFx; Phlegm; Xue Stag;

Toxicities; diarrhoea & dysentery, esp chronic; leukorrhoea;

spermatorrhoea, emission; urinary incontinence; Bleeding;

menorrhagia; wound bleeding / sepsis / discharge;

Ageing~premature; mental distraction; concentration~poor;

memory loss; memory loss; inattentiveness; LI / rectum~prolapse;

asthma; cough~persistent & gasping; aphonia / dysphonia;

leprosy; face~discolored; body~discolored; Eye / Eyesight DysFx;

senses~dull; skin DysFx; obesity; dysuria; urodynia

 

Combinations: (1) Xu Cold + diarrhoea~chronic; Damp Heat +

diarrhoea, dysentery~acute bacillary, esp shigellosis; SI-

LI~ulcer/enteritis; (2) Hezi + Jiegeng & Gancao in cough~chronic +

dysphonia; pharyngitis; Hezi + Wuweizi & Dangshen in LU Xu +

dyspnoea & cough; Hezi + Gualou & Huangqin in LU Heat + cough

 

Triphala [“3 Fruits”, Longevity Elixir] has 3 Myrobalan Fr (Fr

Terminaliae chebulae (Harada; Hezi), Fr Emblicae

officinalis/Phyllanthi emblicae (Amla); Fr Terminaliae belericae

(Behada)). All 3 Fr are Longevity Elixirs; they Aid/Sharpen Eye;

treat wound bleeding/sepsis/discharge skin; adipose DysFx,

dysuria, urodynia; Clear Phlegm; Move Xue Stag

 

Main Actions: Antioxidant/Antiageing; Aid Eyes; treat wound

bleeding/sepsis/discharge; Aid Skin; adipose tissue; Clear

Phlegm; Move Xue Stag; Also see individual fruits

 

Uses: Phlegm Stas; Xue Stag; Hypopsia / Eyesight~poor; eye

DysFx; wound bleeding / sepsis / discharge; skin; adipose DysFx;

dysuria; urodynia; Also see individual fruits

 

 

Best regards,

 

Email: <

 

WORK : Teagasc Research Management, Sandymount Ave., Dublin 4, Ireland

Mobile: 353-; [in the Republic: 0]

 

HOME : 1 Esker Lawns, Lucan, Dublin, Ireland

Tel : 353-; [in the Republic: 0]

WWW : http://homepage.eircom.net/~progers/searchap.htm

 

Chinese Proverb: " Man who says it can't be done, should not interrupt man doing

it "