Long-copied from health and healing FLOURIDE

May 26, 2004

- http://www.apfn.org/apfn/sheeples.htm -

Why American's are SHEEPLES: FLUORIDE

American Patriot Friends Network apfn

http://www.freeyellow.com/members5/apfn/

Why American's are SHEEPLES: FLUORIDE

To Whom It May Concern:

I, Oliver Kenneth Goff was a member of the Communist Party and

the Young Communist League, from May 2, 1936 to October 9, 1939.

During

this period of time, I operated under the alias of John Keats and the

number 18-B-2. My testimony before the Government is incorporated in

Volume 9 of the Un-American Activities Report for the year 1939.

While a member of the Communist Party, I attended Communist

underground training schools outside the City of New York: In the

Bues Hall, and 113 East Wells Street, Milwaukee, Wisconsin. The East

Wells Street School operated under the name of the Eugene Debs

School.

Here, under the tutoring of Eugene Dennis, M. Sparks, Morris Childs,

Jack Kling and others, we were schooled in the art of revolutionary

overthrow of the established Government.

We were trained on how to dismantle and assemble mimeograph

machines, to use for propaganda purposes during the revolution; how

to work on guide wires and fuel lines of airplanes so that they would

either burst into flames or crash to the ground because of lack of

control; how to work on ties and rails to wreck trains; and also the

art of poisoning water supplies.

We discussed quite throughly the fluoridation of water supplies

and how we were using it in Russia as a tranquilizer in the prison

camps. The leaders of our school felt that if it could be induced

into

the American water supply, it would bring-about a spirit of lethargy

in the nation; where it would keep the general public docile during a

steady encroachment of Communism. We also discussed the fact that

keeping a store of deadly fluoride near the water reservoir would be

advantageous during the time of the revolution, as it would give us

opportunity to dump this poison into the water supply and either kill

off the populace or threaten them with liquidation, so that they

would

surrender to obtain fresh water.

We discussed in these schools, the complete art of revolution:

the seizure of the main utilities, such as light, power, gas, and

water;

but it was felt by the leadership, that if a program of fluoridating

of the water could be carried out in the nation, it would go a long

way

toward the advancement of the revolution.

The above statements are true.

/s/ Oliver Kenneth Goff

STATE OF COLORADO )

) S5

COUNTY OF ARAPAHOE )

OLIVER KENNETH GOFF, being first duly sworn upon his oath, deposes

and says that he has the above and foregoing instrument and knows the

contents thereof, and that the same are true of his own knowledge

except

as to those matters stated on the information and belief as to those

he

believes them to be true.

(SEAL)d and sworn to before me this 22rd day of June A.D.,

1957.

The above information was faxed to APFN on Aug. 6, 1993 from ULTRA

LIFE

From FAX: 618-594-7712. This FAX included the following page:

FLUORIDE UPDATE. AUGUST 1993

RECENT DISCLOSURES SHOW THE DANGER OF FLUORIDE AND THE SUPPRESSION

OF DAMAGING INFORMATION FROM THE PUBLIC.

FRIDAY MAY 15, 1992, WILLIAM MARCUS, Ph.D, CHIEF TOXICOLOGIST AND

SENIOR ADVISOR AT THE ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY, (EPA) WAS

FIRED FOR HIS DISCLOSURES OF HIP FRACTURE, CARCINOGENIC, AND OTHER

HEALTH AND LIFE THREATENING EFFECTS OF FLUORIDATION.

JUNE 3, 1993, NEW JERSEY ASSEMBLYMAN JOHN V. KELLY, 242 WASHINGTON

AVE. NUTLEY, NJ 07110, MADE A STATEMENT BEFORE THE STATE ASSEMBLY,

PARTS OF WHICH ARE HEREIN QUOTED. " WEBSTER'S DICTIONARY DEFINES

SODIUM FLUORIDE AS A COLORLESS CRYSTALLINE, WATER SOLUBLE, POISONOUS

SOLID, USED CHIEFLY IN THE FLUORIDATION OF WATER, AS AN INSECTICIDE,

AND AS A RODENTICIDE. THE NJ HEALTH DEPT RELEASED A STUDY LAST

NOVEMBER SHOWING AREAS WITH FLUORIDATED WATER SUPPLIES IN NJ HAD

FOUR TIMES MORE OSTEOSCAROMA, A RARE FORM OF BONE CANCER, THAN AREAS

NON-FLUORIDATED. "

" THE AMERICAN ACADEMY OF PEDIATRICS RECOMMENDED PRESCIPTION FLUORIDE

SUPPLEMENTS FOR CHILDREN--FLUORIDE DROPS FOR NEW BORNS AND TABLETS

FOR OLDER CHILDREN. "

" MY OFFICE CONTACTED AMERICAN ACADEMY OF PEDIATRIC DENTISTRY FOR

STUDIES OF SAFETY AND EFFECTIVINESS OF THESE SUPLEMENTS " " THEY WERE

NOT IN POSSESSION, ADVISED THESE COULD BE OBTAINED FROM NATIONAL

INSTITUTE OF

DENTAL RESEARCH IN WASHINGTON, THEY DID NOT HAVE THEM AND ADVISED

THESE STUDIES ARE IN DOMAIN OF U.S. FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION. "

FDA HAS HAD NO DRUG APPLICATION, NO STUDIES SHOWING SAFETY OR

EFFECTIVENESS OF FLUORIDE DROPS OR TABLETS, ACCORDING TO FRANK

FAZZARI, CHIEF OF FDA DRUG

COMPLIANCE BRANCH, THESE ARE UNAPPROVED NEW DRUGS.!!!

THESE POISONOUS DRUGS HAVE BEEN PRESCRIBED FOR OVER 30 YEARS TO

MILLIONS OF CHILDREN. IT IS IRRESPONSIBLE TO PERMIT THESE PRODUCTS

TO BE PRESCRIBED TO THE MOST VULNERABLE SEGMENT OF OUR POPULATION,

OUR CHILDREN.

THE UNION REPRESENTING EPA SCIENTISTS HAS BEEN VERY CRITICAL OF

FLUORIDE, CHARGING THAT MANY STUDIES LINKING FLUORIDE TO A WIDE

RANGE OF HEALTH PROBLEMS INCLUDING CANCER, HIP AND OTHER BONE

FRACTURES, ARE SUPPRESSED. ASSEMBLYMAN KELLY THEN REQUSTED DR. D.

KESSLER, COMMISSIONER,

FDA IMMEDIATELY REMOVE THESE FROM THE MARKET, LETTER DATED JUNE 3,

1993. AT THIS DATE NOTHING HAS BEEN DONE TO STOP THIS NATIONWIDE

POISONING.

FOR MORE INFO CONTACT: FRANK FAZZARI AT FDA 301-295-8073 - DR. WM.

MARCUS (301) 972-0707, DR. ROBT. CARTON, (301) 874-2948 OR (301) 619-

2004, FORMER PRESIDENT EPA SCIENTIST UNION.

COULD THERE BE A DEEPER, MORE SINISTER REASON FOR FORCING FLUORIDE

ON THE PUBLIC? READ THE NOTORIZED STATEMENT FROM OLIVER KENNETH

GOFF. YOU DECIDE IF FLUORIDATION IS ONE MAJOR REASON WHY WE ARE A

NATION OF " SHEEPLE " AND " COUCH POTATOES " .

http://www.peg.apc.org/~nexus/fluoridebomb.html

TOXIC SECRETS

Fluoride & the A-Bomb Program

During the ultra-secret Manhattan Project, a report was commissioned

to

assess the effect of fluoride on humans.

That report was classified " secret " for reasons of " national

security " .

---

------

Extracted from Nexus Magazine, Volume 5, #3 (April-May 1998).

PO Box 30, Mapleton Qld 4560 Australia. nexus

Telephone: +61 (0)7 5442 9280; Fax: +61 (0)7 5442 9381

From our web page at: http://www.peg.apc.org/~nexus/

_ Joel Griffiths and Chris Bryson 1997

4 West 104th Street

New York, NY 10025, USA

---

------

Some 50 years after United States authorities began adding fluoride

to

public water supplies to reduce cavities in children's teeth,

recently

discovered declassified government documents are shedding new light

on the

roots of that still-controversial public health measure, revealing a

surprising connection between the use of fluoride and the dawning of

the

nuclear age.

Today, two-thirds of US public drinking water is fluoridated. Many

municipalities still resist the practice, disbelieving the

government's

assurances of safety.

Since the days of World War II when the US prevailed by building the

world's first atomic bomb, the nation's public health leaders have

maintained that low doses of fluoride are safe for people and good

for

children's teeth.

That safety verdict should now be re-examined in the light of

hundreds of

once-secret WWII-era documents obtained by these reporters [authors

Griffiths and Bryson], including declassified papers of the Manhattan

Project-the ultra-secret US military program that produced the

atomic bomb.

Fluoride was the key chemical in atomic bomb production, according

to the

documents. Massive quantities-millions of tons-were essential for the

manufacture of bomb-grade uranium and plutonium for nuclear weapons

throughout the Cold War. One of the most toxic chemicals known,

fluoride

emerged as the leading chemical health hazard of the US atomic bomb

program, both for workers and for nearby communities, the documents

reveal.

Other revelations include:

Ñ Much of the original proof that fluoride is safe for humans in low

doses

was generated by A-bomb program scientists who had been secretly

ordered to

provide " evidence useful in litigation " against defence contractors

for

fluoride injury to citizens. The first lawsuits against the American

A-bomb

program were not over radiation, but over fluoride damage, the

documents

show.

Ñ Human studies were required. Bomb program researchers played a

leading

role in the design and implementation of the most extensive US study

of the

health effects of fluoridating public drinking water, conducted in

Newburgh, New York, from 1945 to 1955. Then, in a classified

operation

code-named " Program F " , they secretly gathered and analysed blood and

tissue samples from Newburgh citizens with the cooperation of New

York

State Health Department personnel.

Ñ The original, secret version (obtained by these reporters) of a

study

published by Program F scientists in the August 1948 Journal of the

American Dental Association1 shows that evidence of adverse health

effects

from fluoride was censored by the US Atomic Energy Commission

(AEC)-considered the most powerful of Cold War agencies-for reasons

of

" national security " .

Ñ The bomb program's fluoride safety studies were conducted at the

University of Rochester-site of one of the most notorious human

radiation

experiments of the Cold War, in which unsuspecting hospital patients

were

injected with toxic doses of radioactive plutonium. The fluoride

studies

were conducted with the same ethical mindset, in which " national

security "

was paramount.

EVIDENCE OF FLUORIDE'S ADVERSE HEALTH EFFECTS

The US Government's conflict of interest and its motive to prove

fluoride

safe in the furious debate over water fluoridation since the 1950s

has only

now been made clear to the general public, let alone to civilian

researchers, health professionals and journalists. The declassified

documents resonate with a growing body of scientific evidence and a

chorus

of questions about the health effects of fluoride in the environment.

Human exposure to fluoride has mushroomed since World War II, due

not only

to fluoridated water and toothpaste but to environmental pollution

by major

industries, from aluminium to pesticides, where fluoride is a

critical

industrial chemical as well as a waste by-product.

The impact can be seen literally in the smiles of our children. Large

numbers (up to 80 per cent in some cities) of young Americans now

have

dental fluorosis, the first visible sign of excessive fluoride

exposure

according to the US National Research Council. (The signs are whitish

flecks or spots, particularly on the front teeth, or dark spots or

stripes

in more severe cases.)

Less known to the public is that fluoride also accumulates in

bones. " The

teeth are windows to what's happening in the bones, " explained Paul

Connett, Professor of Chemistry at St Lawrence University, New York,

to

these reporters. In recent years, paediatric bone specialists have

expressed alarm about an increase in stress fractures among young

people in

the US. Connett and other scientists are concerned that fluoride-

linked to

bone damage in studies since the 1930s-may be a contributing factor.

The declassified documents add urgency: much of the

original 'proof ' that

low-dose fluoride is safe for children's bones came from US bomb

program

scientists, according to this investigation.

Now, researchers who have reviewed these declassified documents fear

that

Cold War national security considerations may have prevented

objective

scientific evaluation of vital public health questions concerning

fluoride.

" Information was buried, " concludes Dr Phyllis Mullenix, former head

of

toxicology at Forsyth Dental Center in Boston and now a critic of

fluoridation. Animal studies which Mullenix and co-workers conducted

at

Forsyth in the early 1990s indicated that fluoride was a powerful

central

nervous system (CNS) toxin and might adversely affect human brain

functioning even at low doses. (New epidemiological evidence from

China

adds support, showing a correlation between low-dose fluoride

exposure and

diminished IQ in children.) Mullenix's results were published in

1995 in a

reputable peer-reviewed scientific journal.2

During her investigation, Mullenix was astonished to discover there

had

been virtually no previous US studies of fluoride's effects on the

human

brain. Then, her application for a grant to continue her CNS

research was

turned down by the US National Institutes of Health (NIH), when an

NIH

panel flatly told her that " fluoride does not have central nervous

system

effects " .

Declassified documents of the US atomic bomb program indicate

otherwise. A

Manhattan Project memorandum of 29 April 1944 states: " Clinical

evidence

suggests that uranium hexafluoride may have a rather marked central

nervous

system effect... It seems most likely that the F [code for fluoride]

component rather than the T [code for uranium] is the causative

factor. "

The memo, from a captain in the medical corps, is stamped SECRET and

is

addressed to Colonel Stafford Warren, head of the Manhattan Project's

Medical Section. Colonel Warren is asked to approve a program of

animal

research on CNS effects. " Since work with these compounds is

essential, it

will be necessary to know in advance what mental effects may occur

after

exposure... This is important not only to protect a given

individual, but

also to prevent a confused workman from injuring others by improperly

performing his duties. "

On the same day, Colonel Warren approved the CNS research program.

This was

in 1944, at the height of World War II and the US nation's race to

build

the world's first atomic bomb.

For research on fluoride's CNS effects to be approved at such a

momentous

time, the supporting evidence set forth in the proposal forwarded

along

with the memo must have been persuasive. The proposal, however, is

missing

from the files at the US National Archives. " If you find the memos

but the

document they refer to is missing, it's probably still classified, "

said

Charles Reeves, chief librarian at the Atlanta branch of the US

National

Archives and Records Administration where the memos were found.

Similarly,

no results of the Manhattan Project's fluoride CNS research could be

found

in the files.

After reviewing the memos, Mullenix declared

herself " flabbergasted " . " How

could I be told by NIH that fluoride has no central nervous system

effects,

when these documents were sitting there all the time? " She reasons

that the

Manhattan Project did do fluoride CNS studies: " That kind of

warning, that

fluoride workers might be a danger to the bomb program by improperly

performing their duties-I can't imagine that would be ignored. " But

she

suggests that the results were buried because of the difficult legal

and

public relations problems they might create for the government.

The author of the 1944 CNS research proposal attached to the 29

April memo

was Dr Harold C. Hodge-at the time, chief of fluoride toxicology

studies

for the University of Rochester division of the Manhattan Project.

Nearly 50 years later at the Forsyth Dental Center in Boston, Dr

Mullenix

was introduced to a gently ambling elderly man, brought in to serve

as a

consultant on her CNS research. This man was Harold C. Hodge. By

then,

Hodge had achieved status emeritus as a world authority on fluoride

safety.

" But even though he was supposed to be helping me, " said

Mullenix, " he

never once mentioned the CNS work he had done for the Manhattan

Project. "

The " black hole " in fluoride CNS research since the days of the

Manhattan

Project is unacceptable to Mullenix who refuses to abandon the issue.

" There is so much fluoride exposure now, and we simply do not know

what it

is doing. You can't just walk away from this. "

Dr Antonio Noronha, an NIH scientific review advisor familiar with Dr

Mullenix's grant request, told us that her proposal was rejected by a

scientific peer-review group. He termed her claim of institutional

bias

against fluoride CNS research " far-fetched " . He then added: " We

strive very

hard at NIH to make sure politics does not enter the picture. " \

THE NEW JERSEY FLUORIDE POLLUTION INCIDENT

The documentary trail begins at the height of World War II, in 1944,

when a

severe pollution incident occurred downwind of the E.I. DuPont de

Nemours

Company chemical factory in Deepwater, New Jersey. The factory was

then

producing millions of pounds of fluoride for the Manhattan Project

whose

scientists were racing to produce the world's first atomic bomb.

The farms downwind in Gloucester and Salem counties were famous for

their

high-quality produce. Their peaches went directly to the Waldorf

Astoria

Hotel in New York City; their tomatoes were bought up by Campbell's

Soup.

But in the summer of 1944 the farmers began reporting that their

crops were

blighted: " Something is burning up the peach crops around here. "

They said

that poultry died after an all-night thunderstorm, and that farm

workers

who ate produce they'd picked would sometimes vomit all night and

into the

next day.

" I remember our horses looked sick and were too stiff to work, "

Mildred

Giordano, a teenager at the time, told these reporters. Some cows

were so

crippled that they could not stand up; they could only graze by

crawling on

their bellies.

The account was confirmed in taped interviews with Philip Sadtler

(shortly

before he died), of Sadtler Laboratories of Philadelphia, one of the

nation's oldest chemical consulting firms. Sadtler had personally

conducted

the initial investigation of the damage.

Although the farmers did not know it, the attention of the Manhattan

Project and the federal government was rivetted on the New Jersey

incident,

according to once-secret documents obtained by these reporters.

A memo, dated 27 August 1945, from Manhattan Project chief Major-

General

Leslie R. Groves to the Commanding General of Army Service Forces at

the

Pentagon, concerns the investigation of crop damage at Lower Penns

Neck,

New Jersey. It states: " At the request of the Secretary of War, the

Department of Agriculture has agreed to cooperate in investigating

complaints of crop damage attributed...to fumes from a plant

operated in

connection with the Manhattan Project. "

After the war's end, Dr Harold C. Hodge, the Manhattan Project's

chief of

fluoride toxicology studies, worriedly wrote in a secret memo (1

March

1946) to his boss, Colonel Stafford L. Warren, chief of the Medical

Section, about " problems associated with the question of fluoride

contamination of the atmosphere in a certain section of New Jersey " .

" There seem to be four distinct (though related) problems:

" 1. A question of injury of the peach crop in 1944.

" 2. A report of extraordinary fluoride content of vegetables grown

in this

area.

" 3. A report of abnormally high fluoride content in the blood of

human

individuals residing in this area.

" 4. A report raising the question of serious poisoning of horses and

cattle

in this area. "

FLUORIDE DAMAGE: THE FIRST LAWSUITS

The New Jersey farmers waited until the war was over before suing

DuPont

and the Manhattan Project for fluoride damage-reportedly the first

lawsuits

against the US atomic bomb program. Although seemingly trivial, the

lawsuits shook the government, the secret documents reveal.

Under the personal direction of Major-General Groves, secret

meetings were

convened in Washington, with compulsory attendance by scores of

scientists

and officials from the US War Department, the Manhattan Project, the

Food

and Drug Administration, the Agriculture and Justice departments,

the US

Army's Chemical Warfare Service and Edgewood Arsenal, the Bureau of

Standards, as well as lawyers from DuPont. Declassified memos of the

meetings reveal a secret mobilisation of the full forces of the

government

to defeat the New Jersey farmers.

In a memo (2 May 1946) copied to General Groves, Manhattan Project Lt

Colonel Cooper B. Rhodes notes that these agencies " are making

scientific

investigations to obtain evidence which may be used to protect the

interest

of the Government at the trial of the suits brought by owners of

peach

orchards in...New Jersey " .

Regarding these lawsuits, General Groves wrote to the Chairman of the

Senate Special Committee on Atomic Energy in a memo of 28 February

1946,

advising that " the Department of Justice is cooperating in the

defense of

these suits " .

Why the national security emergency over a few lawsuits by New Jersey

farmers? In 1946 the United States began full-scale production of

atomic

bombs. No other nation had yet tested a nuclear weapon, and the A-

bomb was

seen as crucial for US leadership of the postwar world. The New

Jersey

fluoride lawsuits were a serious roadblock to that strategy. " The

specter

of endless lawsuits haunted the military, " wrote Lansing Lamont in

Day of

Trinity, his acclaimed book about the first atomic bomb test.3

" If the farmers won, it would open the door to further suits which

might

impede the bomb program's ability to use fluoride, " commented

Jacqueline

Kittrell, a Tennessee public interest lawyer who examined the

declassified

fluoride documents. (Kittrell specialises in nuclear-related

litigation and

has represented plaintiffs in several human radiation experiment

cases.)

" The reports of human injury were especially threatening because of

the

potential for enormous settlements-not to mention the PR problem, "

she

added.

Indeed, DuPont was particularly concerned about the " possible

psychologic

reaction " to the New Jersey pollution incident, according to a secret

Manhattan Project memo of 1 March 1946. Facing a threat from the

Food and

Drug Administration (FDA) to embargo the region's produce because

of " high

fluoride content " , DuPont dispatched its lawyers to the FDA offices

in

Washington, DC, where an agitated meeting ensued. According to a

memo sent

next day to General Groves, DuPont's lawyer argued that " in view of

the

pending suits...any action by the Food and Drug

Administration...would have

a serious effect on the DuPont Company and would create a bad public

relations situation " . After the meeting adjourned, Manhattan Project

Captain John Davies approached the FDA's Food Division chief

and " impressed

upon Dr White the substantial interest which the Government had in

claims

which might arise as a result of action which might be taken by the

Food

and Drug Administration " .

There was no embargo. Instead, according to General Groves' memo of

27

August 1946, new tests for fluoride in the New Jersey area were to be

conducted not by the Department of Agriculture but by the US Army's

Chemical Warfare Service (CWS)-because " work done by the Chemical

Warfare

Service would carry the greatest weight as evidence if...lawsuits are

started by the complainants " .

Meanwhile, the public relations problem remained unresolved: local

citizens

were in a panic about fluoride. The farmers' spokesman, Willard B.

Kille,

was personally invited to dine with General Groves (then known

as " the man

who built the atomic bomb " ) at his office at the War Department on

26 March

1946. Although diagnosed by his doctor as having fluoride poisoning,

Kille

departed the luncheon convinced of the government's good faith. Next

day he

wrote to the general, expressing his wish that the other farmers

could have

been present so that " they too could come away with the feeling that

their

interests in this particular matter were being safeguarded by men of

the

very highest type whose integrity they could not question " .

A broader solution to the public relations problem was suggested by

Manhattan Project chief fluoride toxicologist Harold C. Hodge in a

second

secret memo (1 May 1946) to Medical Section chief Colonel

Warren: " Would

there be any use in making attempts to counteract the local fear of

fluoride on the part of residents of Salem and Gloucester counties

through

lectures on F toxicology and perhaps the usefulness of F in tooth

health? "

Such lectures were indeed given, not only to New Jersey citizens but

to the

rest of the nation throughout the Cold War.

The New Jersey farmers' lawsuits were ultimately stymied by the

government's refusal to reveal the key piece of information that

would have

settled the case: how much fluoride DuPont had vented into the

atmosphere

during the war. " Disclosure would be injurious to the military

security of

the United States, " Manhattan Project Major C. A. Taney, Jr, had

written in

a memo soon after the war's end (24 September 1945).

The farmers were pacified with token financial settlements,

according to

interviews with descendants still living in the area.

" All we knew is that DuPont released some chemical that burned up

all the

peach trees around here, " recalled Angelo Giordano whose father

James was

one of the original plaintiffs. " The trees were no good after that,

so we

had to give up on the peaches. " Their horses and cows acted and

walked

stiffly, recalled his sister Mildred. " Could any of that have been

the

fluoride? " she asked. (The symptoms she detailed are cardinal signs

of

fluoride toxicity, according to veterinary toxicologists.) The

Giordano

family has also been plagued by bone and joint problems, Mildred

added.

Recalling the settlement received by the family, Angelo Giordano

told these

reporters that his father said he " got about $200 " .

The farmers were stonewalled in their search for information about

fluoride's effects on their health, and their complaints have long

since

been forgotten. But they unknowingly left their imprint on history:

their

complaints of injury to their health reverberated through the

corridors of

power in Washington and triggered intensive, secret, bomb program

research

on the health effects of fluoride.

" PROGRAM F " : SECRET FLUORIDE RESEARCH

A secret memo (2 May 1946) to General Groves from Manhattan Project

Lt

Colonel Rhodes states: " Because of complaints that animals and

humans have

been injured by hydrogen fluoride fumes in [the New Jersey] area,

although

there are no pending suits involving such claims, the University of

Rochester is conducting experiments to determine the toxic effect of

fluoride. "

Much of the proof of fluoride's alleged safety in low doses rests on

the

postwar work done at the University of Rochester in anticipation of

lawsuits against the bomb program for human injury.

For the top-secret Manhattan Project to delegate fluoride safety

studies to

the University of Rochester was not surprising. During WWII the US

Federal

Government became involved for the first time in large-scale funding

of

scientific research at government-owned labs and private colleges.

Those

early spending priorities were shaped by the nation's often-secret

military

needs.

The prestigious upstate New York college in particular had housed a

key

wartime division of the Manhattan Project to study the health

effects of

the new " special materials " such as uranium, plutonium, beryllium and

fluoride which were being used in making the atomic bomb. That work

continued after the war, with millions of dollars flowing from the

Manhattan Project and its successor organisation, the Atomic Energy

Commission (AEC). (Indeed, the bomb left an indelible imprint on all

of US

science in the late 1940s and 1950s. Up to 90 per cent of all

federal funds

for university research came from either the Department of Defense

or the

AEC in this period, according to Noam Chomsky in his 1997 book, The

Cold

War and the University.4)

The University of Rochester Medical School became a revolving door

for

senior bomb-program scientists. The postwar faculty included Stafford

Warren, the top medical officer of the Manhattan Project, and Harold

C.

Hodge, chief of fluoride research for the bomb program.

But this marriage of military secrecy and medical science bore

deformed

offspring. The University of Rochester's classified fluoride studies,

code-named " Program F " , were started during the war and continued up

until

the early 1950s. They were conducted at its Atomic Energy Project

(AEP), a

top-secret facility funded by the AEC and housed at Strong Memorial

Hospital. It was there that one of the most notorious human radiation

experiments of the Cold War took place, in which unsuspecting

hospital

patients were injected with toxic doses of radioactive plutonium.

Revelation of this experiment-in a Pulitzer Prize & endash;winning

account by

Welsome-led to a 1995 US presidential investigation and a

multimillion-dollar cash settlement for victims.

Program F was not about children's teeth. It grew directly out of

litigation against the bomb program, and its main purpose was to

furnish

scientific ammunition which the government and its nuclear

contractors

could use to defeat lawsuits for human injury. Program F's director

was

none other than Dr Harold C. Hodge- who led the Manhattan Project

investigation of alleged human injury in the New Jersey fluoride

pollution

incident.

Program F's purpose is spelled out in a classified 1948 report. It

reads:

" To supply evidence useful in the litigation arising from an alleged

loss

of a fruit crop several years ago, a number of problems have been

opened.

Since excessive blood-fluoride levels were reported in human

residents of

the same area, our principal effort has been devoted to describing

the

relationship of blood fluorides to toxic effects. "

The litigation referred to and the claims of human injury were of

course

against the bomb program and its contractors. Thus the purpose of

Program F

was to obtain evidence useful in litigation against the bomb

program. The

research was being conducted by the defendants.

The potential conflict of interest is clear. If lower dose ranges

were

found hazardous by Program F, this might have opened the bomb

program and

its contractors to public outcry and lawsuits for injury to human

health.

Lawyer Jacqueline Kittrell commented further: " This and other

documents

indicate that the University of Rochester's fluoride research grew

out of

the New Jersey lawsuits and was performed in anticipation of lawsuits

against the bomb program for human injury. Studies undertaken for

litigation purposes by the defendants would not be considered

scientifically acceptable today because of their inherent bias to

prove the

chemical safe. "

Unfortunately, much of the proof of fluoride's safety rests on the

work

performed by Program F scientists at the University of Rochester.

During

the postwar period, that university emerged as the leading academic

centre

for establishing the safety of fluoride as well as its effectiveness

in

reducing tooth decay, according to Rochester Dental School

spokesperson

William H. Bowen, MD. The key figure in this research, Bowen said,

was Dr

Harold C. Hodge-who also became a leading national proponent of

fluoridating public drinking water.

THE A-BOMB AND WATER FLUORIDATION

Program F's interest in water fluoridation was not just " to

counteract the

local fear of fluoride on the part of residents " , as Hodge had

earlier

written to Colonel Warren. The bomb program required human studies of

fluoride's effects, just as it needed human studies of plutonium's

effects.

Adding fluoride to public water supplies provided one opportunity.

Bomb-program scientists played a prominent, if unpublicised, role in

the

nation's first-planned water fluoridation experiment in Newburgh,

New York.

The Newburgh Demonstration Project is considered the most extensive

study

of the health effects of fluoridation, supplying much of the

evidence that

low doses are allegedly safe for children's bones and good for their

teeth.

Planning began in 1943 with the appointment of a special New York

State

Health Department committee to study the advisability of adding

fluoride to

Newburgh's drinking water. The chairman of the committee was, again,

Dr

Harold C. Hodge, then chief of fluoride toxicity studies for the

Manhattan

Project. Subsequent members of the committee included Henry L.

Barnett, a

captain in the Project's Medical Section, and John W. Fertig, in

1944 with

the Office of Scientific Research and Development-the super-secret

Pentagon

group which sired the Manhattan Project. Their military affiliations

were

kept secret. Hodge was described as a pharmacologist, Barnett as a

paediatrician. Placed in charge of the Newburgh project was David B.

Ast,

chief dental officer of the New York State Health Department. Ast had

participated in a key secret wartime conference on fluoride, held by

the

Manhattan Project in January 1944, and later worked with Dr Hodge on

the

Project's investigation of human injury in the New Jersey incident,

according to once-secret memos.

The committee recommended that Newburgh be fluoridated. It selected

the

types of medical studies to be done, and it also " provided expert

guidance "

for the duration of the experiment.

The key question to be answered was: " Are there any cumulative

effects,

beneficial or otherwise, on tissues and organs other than the teeth,

of

long-continued ingestion of such small concentrations? " According to

the

declassified documents, this was also key information sought by the

bomb

program. In fact, the program would require " long-continued "

exposure of

workers and communities to fluoride throughout the Cold War.

In May 1945, Newburgh's water was fluoridated, and over the next 10

years

its residents were studied by the New York State Health Department.

In tandem, Program F conducted its own secret studies, focusing on

the

amounts of fluoride Newburgh citizens retained in their blood and

tissues-information called for by the bomb program in connection with

litigation. " Possible toxic effects of fluoride were in the

forefront of

consideration, " the advisory committee stated. Health department

personnel

cooperated, shipping blood and placenta samples to the Program F

team at

the University of Rochester. The samples were collected by Dr David

B.

Overton, the department's chief of paediatric studies at Newburgh.

The final report of the Newburgh Demonstration Project, published in

1956

in the Journal of the American Dental Association,5 concluded

that " small

concentrations " of fluoride were safe for US citizens. The biological

proof, " based on work performed...at the University of Rochester

Atomic

Energy Project " , was delivered by Dr Hodge.

Today, news that scientists from the A-bomb program secretly shaped

and

guided the Newburgh fluoridation experiment and studied the

citizens' blood

and tissue samples is greeted with incredulity.

" I'm shocked...beyond words, " said present-day Newburgh Mayor Audrey

Carey,

commenting on these reporters' findings. " It reminds me of the

Tuskegee

experiment that was done on syphilis patients down in Alabama. "

As a child in the early 1950s, Mayor Carey was taken to the old

Newburgh

firehouse on Broadway which housed the public health clinic. There,

doctors

from the Newburgh fluoridation project studied her teeth, and a

peculiar

fusion of two fingerbones on her left hand which she's had since

birth.

(Carey said that her granddaughter has white dental-fluorosis marks

on her

front teeth.)

Mayor Carey wants answers from the government about the secret

history of

fluoride and the Newburgh fluoridation experiment. " I absolutely

want to

pursue it, " she said. " It is appalling to do any kind of

experimentation

and study without people's knowledge and permission. "

When contacted by these reporters, the now 95-year-old David B. Ast,

former

director of the Newburgh experiment, said he was unaware that

Manhattan

Project scientists were involved. " If I had known, I would have been

certainly investigating why, and what the connection was, " he said.

Did he

know that blood and placenta samples from Newburgh were being sent to

bomb-program researchers at the University of Rochester? " I was not

aware

of it, " Ast replied. Did he recall participating in the Manhattan

Project's

secret wartime conference on fluoride in January 1944, or going to

New

Jersey with Dr Hodge to investigate human injury in the DuPont case,

as

secret memos state? He told these reporters he had no recollection

of any

such events.

Bob Loeb, a spokesperson for the University of Rochester Medical

Center,

confirmed that blood and tissue samples from Newburgh had been

tested by

the University's Dr Hodge. On the ethics of secretly studying US

citizens

to obtain information useful in litigation against the A-bomb

program, he

said: " That's a question we cannot answer. " He referred inquiries to

the US

Department of Energy (DOE), successor to the Atomic Energy

Commission.

Jayne Brady, a spokesperson for the Department of Energy in

Washington

confirmed that a review of DOE files indicated that a " significant

reason "

for fluoride experiments conducted at the University of Rochester

after the

war was " impending litigation between the DuPont company and

residents of

New Jersey areas " . However, she added: " DOE has found no documents to

indicate that fluoride research was done to protect the Manhattan

Project

or its contractors from lawsuits. "

On Manhattan Project involvement in Newburgh, Brady stated: " Nothing

that

we have suggests that the DOE or predecessor agencies-especially the

Manhattan Project-authorised fluoride experiments to be performed on

children in the 1940s. "

When told that these reporters have several documents that directly

tie the

AEP-the Manhattan Project's successor agency at the University of

Rochester-to the Newburgh experiment, DOE spokesperson Brady later

conceded

her study was confined to " the available universe " of documents.

Two days later, Brady faxed a statement for clarification. " My

search only

involved the documents that we collected as part of our human

radiation

experiments project; fluoride was not part of our research effort. "

" Most significantly, " the statement continued, " relevant documents

may be

in a classified collection at the DOE Oak Ridge National Laboratory,

known

as the Records Holding Task Group. This collection consists entirely

of

classified documents removed from other files for the purpose of

classified

document accountability many years ago [and was] a rich source of

documents

for the human radiation experiments projects. "

SUPPRESSION OF ADVERSE HEALTH FINDINGS

The crucial question arising from the investigation is whether

adverse

health findings from Newburgh and other bomb-program fluoride

studies were

suppressed. All AEC-funded studies had to be declassified before

publication in civilian medical and dental journals. Where are the

original

classified versions?

The transcript of one of the major secret scientific conferences of

World

War II-on " fluoride metabolism " -is missing from the files of the US

National Archives and is " probably still classified " , according to

the

librarian. Participants in the January 1944 conference included key

figures

who promoted the safety of fluoride and water fluoridation to the

public

after the war: Harold Hodge of the Manhattan Project, David B. Ast

of the

Newburgh Demonstration Project, and US Public Health Service dentist

H.

Trendley Dean, popularly known as " the father of fluoridation " .

A WWII Manhattan Project c lassified report (25 July 1944) on water

fluoridation is missing from the files of the University of Rochester

Atomic Energy Project, the US National Archives, and the Nuclear

Repository

at the University of Tennessee, Knoxville. The next four numerically

consecutive documents are also missing, while the remainder of

the " M-1500

series " is present.

" Either those documents are still classified, or they've

been 'disappeared'

by the government, " said Clifford Honicker, Executive Director of the

American Environmental Health Studies Project in Knoxville,

Tennessee,

which provided key evidence in the public exposure and prosecution

of US

human radiation experiments.

Seven pages have been cut out of a 1947 Rochester bomb project

notebook

entitled " DuPont Litigation " . " Most unusual, " commented the medical

school's chief archivist, Chris Hoolihan.

Similarly, Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) requests lodged by these

reporters over a year ago with the DOE for hundreds of classified

fluoride

reports have failed to dislodge any. " We're behind, " explained Amy

Rothrock, chief FOIA officer at Oak Ridge National Laboratories.

So, has information been suppressed? These reporters made what

appears to

be the first discovery of the original classified version of a

fluoride

safety study by bomb program scientists. A censored version of this

study

was later published in the August 1948 Journal of the American Dental

Association.6 Comparison of the secret version with the published

version

indicates that the US AEC did censor damaging information on

fluoride-to

the point of tragicomedy. This was a study of the dental and physical

health of workers in a factory producing fluoride for the A-bomb

program;

it was conducted by a team of dentists from the Manhattan Project.

Ñ The secret version reports that most of the men had no teeth left.

The

published version reports only that the men had fewer cavities.

Ñ The secret version says the men had to wear rubber boots because

the

fluoride fumes disintegrated the nails in their shoes. The published

version does not mention this.

Ñ The secret version says the fluoride may have acted similarly on

the

men's teeth, contributing to their toothlessness. The published

version

omits this statement and concludes that " the men were unusually

healthy,

judged from both a medical and dental point of view " .

After comparing the secret and published versions of the censored

study,

toxicologist Phyllis Mullenix commented: " This makes me ashamed to

be a

scientist. " Of other Cold War & endash;era fluoride safety studies, she

asked: " Were they all done like this? "

Asked for comment on the early links of the Manhattan Project to

water

fluoridation, Dr Harold Slavkin, Director of the National Institute

for

Dental Research-the US agency which today funds fluoride research-

said: " I

wasn't aware of any input from the Atomic Energy Commission. "

Nevertheless,

he insisted that fluoride's efficacy and safety in the prevention of

dental

cavities over the last 50 years is well proved. " The motivation of a

scientist is often different from the outcome, " he reflected. " I do

not

hold a prejudice about where the knowledge comes from. "

Endnotes:

1. Dale, Peter P., and McCauley, H. B, " Dental Conditions in Workers

Chronically Exposed to Dilute and Anhydrous Hydrofluoric Acid " ,

Journal of

the American Dental Association, vol. 37, no. 2, August 1948, pp.

131-140.

Note that Dale and McCauley were both Manhattan Project and, later,

Program

F personnel; they also authored the secret Manhattan Project paper.

2. Mullenix, Phyllis et al., " Neurotoxicity of Sodium Fluoride in

Rats " ,

Neurotoxicology and Teratology, vol. 17, no. 2, 1995, pp. 169-177.

3. Lamont, Lansing, Day of Trinity, Atheneum, New York City, 1965.

4. Chomsky, Noam, The Cold War and the University, New Press, New

York

City, 1997 (distributed by W.W. Norton & Co. Inc., NYC).

5. Hodge, H. C., " Fluoride metabolism: its significance in water

fluoridation " , in " Newburgh-Kingston caries-fluorine study: final

report " ,

Journal of the American Dental Association, vol. 52, March 1956.

6. Dale and McCauley, ibid.

About the Authors:

Joel Griffiths is a medical writer based in New York City. He is the

author

of a book on radiation hazards that included one of the first

revelations

of human radiation experiments, and has contributed numerous

articles to

medical journals and popular publications.

Chris Bryson, who holds a Master's degree in journalism, is an

independent

reporter for BBC Radio, ABC-TV and public television in New York

City, and

writes for a variety of publications.

The authors wish to thank Clifford Honicker, Executive Director of

the

American Environmental Health Studies Project, Knoxville, TN, for his

indispensable archival research.

Resources:

Copies of 155 pages of supporting documents, including all the

declassified

papers referred to in this article, can be obtained from the

following

contacts for a small fee to cover copying and postage:

Ñ Australia: Australian Fluoridation News, GPO Box 935G, Melbourne,

Victoria 3001, phone (03) 9592 5088, fax (03) 9592 4544.

Ñ New Zealand: New Zealand Pure Water Association, 278 Dickson Road,

Papamoa, Bay of Plenty, phone (07) 542 0499.

Ñ UK: National Pure Water Association of the UK, 12 Dennington Lane,

Crigglestone, Wakefield, WF4 3ET, phone 01924 254433, fax 01924

242380.

Ñ USA: Waste Not newsletter, 82 Judson Street, Canton, NY 13617,

phone

(315) 379 9200, fax (315) 379 0448, e-mail wastenot .

Forward via apfn

FLUORIDE: A PROTECTED POLLUTANT

Since 1937, the foreign medical literature has contained hundreds of

articles on the wide variety of troubles that can be caused by

fluorine.

The same is true of the veterinary literature in this country.

But none of this appears in our medical literature. The things that

fluorine can do to people are seen every day everywhere. The trouble

is to know which cases are actually caused by fluorine.

http://www.cadvision.com/fluoride/exner.htm

Fluoridation: The Overdosing of America - Fact or Fiction?

http://www.icnr.com/FluoridePres/Slide1.html

THE Water FAQ

http://www.siouxlan.com:80/water/faq.html

American Dental Association. Fluoridation Facts. Chicago

FLUORIDE TOXICITY

There are many reported cases of fluorosis, a mottling (dark

brown/gray

staining and spotting of teeth) and crumbling of teeth due to too

much

flouride placed in municipal water supplies. A warning to parents of

small

children: if children eat large globs of toothpaste while brushing

their

teeth, stop the habit immediately, and place small amounts of

toothpaste

on a child's toothbrush. Teach the child not to swallow the

toothpaste.

http://www.its.ilstu.edu/fcs106/fluoride.htm

Fluorides and Fluoridation

http://www.ada.org/consumer/fluoride/articles/fa-05.html

TIME-RELEASED FLUORIDE FOR OSTEOPOROSIS Report #6190 5/3/94

http://www.wdn.com/mirkin/6190.html

EPA - HYDROGEN FLUORIDE (AND RELATED COMPOUNDS) (1) 7664-39-3

Chronic (long-term) exposure to fluoride at low levels has a

beneficial

effect of dental cavity prevention and may also be useful for the

treatment

of osteoporosis. Exposure to higher levels of fluoride through

drinking

water may cause dental fluorosis or mottling, while very high

exposures

through drinking water or air can result in skeletal fluorosis.

http://www.epa.gov/ttn/uatw/hlthef/hydrogen.html

Fluoride the Aging Factor

Price information not available. You can still order this item, and

we

will request approval of the price via e-mail prior to shipment.

Paperback 2nd edition (June 1986) Health Action Pr; ISBN: 0913571008

http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0913571008/o/qid=902214011/sr=

2-3/002-9761417-6701215

[MC] About Scientific Information!

Mon, 3 Aug 1998 23:32:07 -0700

" Stephen A. Tueting " whimpy.com

Unbelievably fabulous expose on the history and technologies

involved.

The ability to transmit from one brain to another is there. See the

medical journal Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology,

1996,

Suppl. 45. " Continuous Wave-Form Analysis " . It's another piece of

deciphering the brains EEG and translating to a different persons EEG

and then writing it to that brain.

This is a brilliant piece of literature and extremely accurate.

apfn Email list send Subscribe or UN in Subject

line:

http://www.apfn.org/apfn/apfncont.htm

http://www.freeyellow.com/members5/apfn/

**COPYRIGHT NOTICE** In accordance with Title 17 U.S.C. Section 107,

any

copyrighted work in this message is distributed under fair use

without

profit or payment to those who have expressed a prior interest in

receiving the included information for non-profit research and

educational purposes only.

http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/17/107.shtml

AMERICA: OVERDOSED ON FLUORIDE

http://www.zerowasteamerica.org/Fluoride.htm

TOP FLUORIDE EXPERT APOLOGIZES FOR PUSHING POISON

http://www.apfn.org/apfn/fluoride_expert.htm

Fluoridation / Fluoride

Toxic Chemicals In Your Water

Fluoride compounds which are put in water (fluoridation), toothpaste

and supplement tablets (including some vitamins) were never tested

for safety before approval.

http://www.holisticmed.com/fluoride/

50 Reasons to Oppose Fluoridation

http://www.fluoridealert.org/50-reasons.htm

Don't Swallow Your Toothpaste

http://www.fluoridealert.org/DSYT.htm

Focus: Fluoride

http://www.hearstnp.com/san_antonio/bea/news/stories

/san/storypage.cfm?xlc=115955 & xla=saen

Shocking News About Fluoride

http://www.apfn.org/apfn/flouride.htm

Fluoride - The Lunatic Drug

http://www.apfn.org/apfn/water.htm

STOP FLUORIODEATION

http://rvi.net/~fluoride/index.htm

Fluoridation status of some countries

http://www.fluoridation.com/c-country.htm

FLUORIDE WEB SITES

http://www.npwa.freeserve.co.uk/links.html

Fluoride is a corrosive poison

http://www.apfn.org/apfn/poison.htm

FIGHT FLUORIDE!

http://www.fightfluoride.com/main.html

Population Control

http://www.apfn.org/apfn/population.htm

WATER

http://www.apfn.org/pdf/water.pdf

FLUORIDE REALITY

Fluoride ingestion has very little to do with dental health, it does

have a lot to do with disposing of industrial waste and making

people docile and subservient, it also has a lot to do with MONEY.

Clearly, the dental profession would not and HAS not put itself out

of business.

http://www.webaxs.net/~noel/fluoride.htm

Respected Medical Professionals and Scientists

are warning that water fluoridation

has dangerous long-term consequences to health.

http://www.nofluoride.com/

TOXIC SECRETS

Fluoride & the A-Bomb Program

During the ultra-secret Manhattan Project, a report was commissioned

to assess the effect of fluoride on humans. That report was

classified " secret " for reasons of " national security " .

http://www.nexusmagazine.com//fluoridebomb.html

Fluoride: An Invisible Killer

http://www.just-think-it.com/no-f.htm

Fluoride Toxicity

http://www.health-science.com/fluoride_toxicity.htm

" FLUORIDE DANGERS TO THE THYROID "

http://www.thyroid.about.com/health/thyroid/library/weekly/aa020700b.

htm

How Fluoride Kills Human Cells

http://www.mercola.com/2000/sept/24/fluoride_kills_cells.htm

Join The Nationwide Call for

Congressional Hearings on Fluoridation

2001

http://www.citizens.org/Food_Water_Safety/Fluoridation/fluoride.htm

May 26, 2004

Hmmmm.... why do they add fluoride to certain things then?

What exactly is fluoride? I'd never heard it was bad until I saw some one on

here say not to get baby toothpaste with fluoride in it.

Why?

Candace

-

" fyrespryte " <fyrespryte

Tuesday, May 25, 2004 10:30 PM

Herbal Remedies - Long-copied from health and healing FLOURIDE

May 26, 2004

Hi Candace, Here is some info on fluoridation and its effects:

http://www.all-natural.com/fleffect.html

Kelli

Candace Podratz [CandaceAndBrock] Tuesday, May 25, 2004 8:37 PMherbal remedies Subject: Re: Herbal Remedies - Long-copied from health and healing FLOURIDEHmmmm.... why do they add fluoride to certain things then?What exactly is fluoride?

May 26, 2004

WOW then why the * & %$ do they purposely expose us to it?

Nevermind.....nothing "they" do makes sense.

Candace

-

Kelli Bever

herbal remedies

Wednesday, May 26, 2004 12:36 PM

RE: Herbal Remedies - Long-copied from health and healing FLOURIDE

Hi Candace, Here is some info on fluoridation and its effects:

http://www.all-natural.com/fleffect.html

Kelli

Candace Podratz [CandaceAndBrock] Tuesday, May 25, 2004 8:37 PMherbal remedies Subject: Re: Herbal Remedies - Long-copied from health and healing FLOURIDEHmmmm.... why do they add fluoride to certain things then?What exactly is fluoride? Federal Law requires that we warn you of the following: 1. Natural methods can sometimes backfire. 2. If you are pregnant, consult your physician before using any natural remedy. 3. The Constitution guarantees you the right to be your own physician and toprescribe for your own health. We are not medical doctors although MDs are welcome to post here as long as they behave themselves. Any opinions put forth by the list members are exactly that, and any person following the advice of anyone posting here does so at their own risk. It is up to you to educate yourself. By accepting advice or products from list members, you are agreeing to be fully responsible for your own health, and hold the List Owner and members free of any liability. Dr. Ian ShillingtonDoctor of NaturopathyDr.IanShillington