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Integrating the Traditional Chinese Understanding of the Kidneys

into Western Herbalism

JoAnn Guest

Oct 18, 2005 17:59 PDT

---

Integrating the Traditional Chinese

Understanding of the Kidneys into Western Herbalism

 

 

Dr. Michael Tierra L.AC., O.M.D.

 

http://www.planetherbs.com/

--------------------------------

(Moderator's Note: Dr. Tierra's supplements may be purchased at this website:

www.planetaryformulas.com

 

Introduction

That Traditional (TCM) is a complete system of

primary

health care is obvious to those who have devoted years in its study.

However, for many who might appreciate a deeper understanding of its

theories and principles, especially as it applies to the maintenance

of

health and the cure of disease, it would be useful to correlate as

best

as possible the relationship between the profound concepts of TCM

with

what is known and can be corroborated from Western physiology. From

this

we may be able to arrive at a better understanding of how certain

herbs

and and even Western drug medicines exert their therapeutic effects.

 

The Chinese, famed for their pragmatic outlook, historically tended

to

assume the presence of an organ by a process of induction.

Perceiving a

physiological function, they then attempted to describe or even

invent,

as in the case of such ubiquitous organ functions as the so called

Triple Warmer (i.e. the overall regulation of fluid and heat

throughout

the entire body), appropriate organs and corresponding meridians.

Further, since most herbs tend to have broader, more nutritive

actions

than chemical drugs, there was generally little need for

specificity.

 

As to the kidney, for instance, the TCM KIDNEY INVOLVES ALL

PHYSIOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS THAT INCLUDE THE KIDNEY-URINARY SYSTEM PLUS

THE

ENDOCRINE SYSTEMS and especially the adrenal glands. TCM Kidney Yin

and

Kidney Yang involves the regulation of electrolyte balance of sodium

and

potassium, necessary for the circulation of bioelectrical energy

throughout the body. Further, the TCM concept of kidney yin very

prominently involves the secretion of glucocorticoid hormone,

cortisol,

from the adrenal cortex. Kidney yang in addition to involving

adrenaline

secretions of the adrenal medula, also involve other endocrine

functions

including the pituitary and thyroid glands.

 

What TCM offers is a more holistic view of the dynamic interplay of

complex physiological phenomena. This is especially useful for

clinical

practice. What it does not offer are specific physiological

processes

which are the well earned domain of Western scientific medicine.

Given

the difference between the two in point of view, it seems that

learning

to view health and disease from both perspectives will ultimately

offer

a broader, more comprehensive approach to health care in the future.

 

******

 

The concept of `kidney' has been pivotal in Chinese medical theory

at

least since the time of the writing of the Nan Ching (Classic of

Medical

Difficulties) around 403-221 B.C. The other great medical classic,

the

Nei Ching (The Yellow Emperor's Classic) written somewhere around

2800

B.C., established the prior dominance of the stomach and spleen

school.

With these two, we have the so called division what some regard as

the

`spleen' and `kidney' doctors. The former views disease as being

caused

by weak digestion and elimination with a resultant deficiency of

acquired chi from air, food and water, while the latter considers

the

primary cause of disease to be from a weak inherited constitution,

lowered resistance and lack of essence.

 

Western physiology and anatomy limits its description of the kidney

to

the actual organ itself, TCM assigns such profound, broad

significance

that it is obvious that the Chinese concept of `kidney', as the home

of

the `ancestral chi' (inherent constitution) and the root of yin and

yang

for the entire body refers to a much vaster terrain. After studying

the

functions and pathologies involved with the TCM kidney, it is

obvious

that at least part of the TCM kidney encompasses the urinary system,

balance of mineral electrolytes as well as the entire endocrine

system

including prostaglandins and the various neuro-transmitters.

 

The Chinese had no need to extend their understanding beyond the

identification of the kidneys as both urinary organs as well as the

endocrine system. Perhaps this is because of the prominent hormone

regulating role played by the adrenals which are two endocrine

glands

attached to the superior surface of the kidneys and important in the

regulation of the autonomic nervous system.

 

The fundamental principle of health and healing in TCM is the

concept of

balance. In TCM, balance is expressed in broad strokes of hot-cold,

dry-wet, strong-weak, excess-deficient, chronic-acute, etc., these

concepts are applied both to the method of diagnosis as well as to

the

classification of food, medicine and treatment. These concepts are

all

broadly encompassed in the concept of yin and yang which,

physiologically, is controlled by the kidneys.

 

In understanding the Traditional Chinese description of TCM Kidney

function we must come to the same realization that occurs with each

of

the other 12 TCM organ-meridian influences, that what is implied may

in

fact, represent a synthesis of dynamic life processes that extend

beyond

what can be effectively grasped by current Western physiological

models.

This is especially true in terms of their being the origin of yin

and

yang throughout the body which involves a complex integration of the

kidneys plus all endocrine functions.

 

Because the emphasis of Chinese physiological theory is more in

terms of

function rather than form, we are able to achieve a more holistic

perspective in terms of the TCM Kidneys and their effect on the

body-mind. Besides, by discovering how the TCM Kidneys are described

in

terms of TCM theory we can also arrive at a deeper understanding of

how

herbs, foods and lifestyle can be employed therapeutically.

 

Kidney Yin and Yang deficiency represents a distinct category of

treatment within TCM that is not so clearly recognized or

differentiated

in Western herbalism. It is useful to understand these concepts

because

they involve conditions that are fundamental to health and the

Chinese

have described specific treatment protocols with herbs and other

therapeutic substances emanating from the mineral and animals

kingdoms

that can be used to treat these conditions.

 

HOMEOSTASIS AND YIN YANG THEORY

According to TCM philosophy, " chi " or vital energy is a part of yang

while " blood " is a part of yin. The characteristics of yin therefore

are

substantial, cool and moist, while the characteristics of yang are

ephemeral warm, mobile and dry. In terms of homeostasis, Yin belongs

to

all those physiological aspects which are cooling, hypo-metabolic,

receptive, anabolic and maintaining, while yang is warming,

hypermetabolic, aggressive, catabolic, transforming and protective.

 

Yin relates to the chalice which receives and yang relates to the

life

energy with which it is filled. A deficiency of yin suggests that

the

maintaining and repairing function of the body is depleted or

lacking.

This is indicated by an overflowing or spilling out of yang chi as

perceived by a variety of hypermetabolic signs such as flushed

complexion, heat, nervousness, anxiety, insomnia, dryness and

chronic

signs of inflammation and wasting. A deficiency of yang is

hypometabolic, with signs of coldness, paleness, tiredness,

weakness,

lack of vitality, low libido, edema and puffiness.

 

In TCM, the kidneys are described as housing the essence and being

the

root of yin and yang for the entire body-mind. This means that all

the

inherited constitutional potential of the individual is contained

within

the kidneys as well as the most essential aspects for maintaining

homeostasis.

 

One way by which the regulation of yin and yang is governed by the

kidneys is the regulation of electrolytes. Electrolytes consist of

acids, bases and salts, especially sodium, chlorine and potassium

which

carry a positive and negative electrical charge as it regulates

fluid

metabolism in the body's three fluid compartments, inside the cells,

in

the interstitial spaces and within the blood vessels.

 

Besides the regulation of electrolytes within the kidneys, the

endocrine

system as described above plays a pivotal role in regulating

homeostasis

which is described as yin and yang by the Chinese.

 

It is through these complex physiological processes that the Chinese

assign the following spheres of influence to the TCM Kidneys:

 

Kidneys contain the Gate of Vitality ( " Ming men " ).

Kidneys are the Root of Yin and Yang for the Whole Body

Kidneys govern growth and maturation

Kidneys produce skill and house the will

Kidneys hold the essence (inherited constitution)

Kidneys govern the bones and teeth

Kidneys open into the ears

Kidneys manifest on the head hair

From the above, we arrive at the basic symptoms of TCM kidney

imbalance

of which at least three prominent symptoms are required to make a

diagnosis regardless of any further specific conformations:

 

Basic signs of TCM Kidney imbalance

According to TCM differential diagnosis, one must have at least

three

prominent symptoms from the following:

 

low back pain joint and knee pains

 

stiffness impotence or frigidity

 

libido hearing

 

head hair urinary problems

 

growth and maturation bone and marrow problems

 

Kidney Yang becomes the reactive, sympathetic nervous system

relating to

the secretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine from the adrenal

medulla

as well as other yang-izing hormones from the pituitary, thyroid and

other endocrine glands. In contrast, Kidney Yin is the

parasympathetic

nervous system relating to the secretion of corticosteroids from the

adrenal cortex as well as other yin-izing hormones secreted by the

anterior pituitary and other endocrine glands.

 

1. The Gate of Vitality (Ming Men)

The TCM kidneys are closely associated with the " the gate of

vitality "

or " Ming Men " as it is called in TCM. Zhang Jie Bin (1563-1640)

said: "

there are two kidneys ... (i.e. kidney yin and yang)... the Gate of

Vitality is in between them. ... it is the organ of water and fire,

the

abode of yin and yang, the sea of essence, and it determines life

and

death. "

 

Energy is produced as a result of both catabolic and anabolic

reactions.

The release of energy is associated with catabolism while its use is

associated with anabolism. Ming Men is essentially concerned with

the

catabolic release of energy through heat. Heat is available in two

forms, one is biologically useless since it can destroy living

cells,

the other is chemical and is available in the body as adenosine

triphosphate (ATP).

 

ATP is one of the most important compounds in the world because it

supplies energy directly to all kinds of living organisms from

one-celled plants to billion-celled humans. The energy released from

nutrients is used to form ATP. When ATP releases its energy, a

phosphoric acid radical is split away forming ADP (adenosine

diphosphate). The energy then derived from the cellular nutrients

recombine to form new ATP in a continuous

 

cycle. As a result ATP is called the currency of the cells, since it

can

be spent and remade continuously.

 

Ming Men represents the fiery reaction which produces essential

catabolic energy or " fire " for all the internal organs. As part of

the

root, Ming Men is part of the TCM Kidneys in much the same way that

the

TCM Kidneys are the root of Yin and Yang for the entire body.

 

Through the use of warming, acrid herbs such as aconitum carmichaeli

praeparatum (fu zi), cinnamomum cassia (rou gui) and other warm

spicy

stimulants, the catabolic process associated with Ming Men can be

stimulated. By so doing, TCM Kidney Yang is generated.

 

2. KIDNEYS: ROOT OF YIN AND YANG THROUGHOUT THE BODY

 

KIDNEY YIN

According to TCM, " The vital essence or kidney yin function is the

material basis for reproduction, growth and development, formation

of

the bone marrow, nourishment of the brain and bones. " (1) Deficient

kidney yin is manifested with symptoms of aching, soreness of the

lumbar

region of the back, weakness of the legs and knees, tinnitus,

feverish

sensation in the soles and palms, nocturnal emission, and in women,

scanty menstrual flow and amenorrhea. Deficient liver yin has

dizziness,

tinnitus, dryness of the eyes, blurred vision, irritability and

irascibility. The tongue is reddish with little or no coat. The

pulse is

wiry, rapid or thready.

 

The nature of all these symptoms are chronic and wasting and

reflects a

tendency which we in the West commonly understand as " burnout "

neuresthenia or adrenal fatigue. There is also a difference between

the

ongoing condition of " yin deficiency " which many chronically have

and

what I call the occasional `exhausted yin' caused by the stresses

and

ordeals of normal living.

 

Kidney Yin and the Glucocorticoids

Glucocorticoids, secreted by the adrenal cortex, are used

metabolically

to aid in the utilization of proteins, carbohydrates, and fats. This

partially corroborates the concept of the TCM kidney being the root

not

only of constitutional or inherited chi but acquired chi which comes

from the digestion of food. Perhaps of even greater significance,

however, is that the glucocorticoids are used by the body to counter

and

resist all forms of major and minor stress be it physical or mental.

 

Chinese Five Phase Theory describes the TCM kidneys as part of the

water

element with water being the mother or engendering aspect of the

wood-liver. The Five Phase Doctrine, is the second natural

philosophy of

TCM (after yin-yang), and sometimes referred to as the " system of

correspondences. " Said to originate in the 3rd century B.C., it is

marvelous in its depiction of the relationship of the individual to

all

physiological and psychological processes, outer environment, food,

and

in fact all other natural phenomena. The Five Phase description of

the

engendering relationship between the TCM kidneys and the liver is

represented at least partially through the metabolic use of

proteins,

carbohydrates and fats called gluconeogenesis.

 

Effects of cortisol on carbohydrate metabolism

 

Gluconeogenesis is a process where the liver secretes enzymes

necessary

to convert amino acids from proteins into glucose. The employment of

cortisol and other glucocorticoids is used to help stimulate this

process of gluconeogenesis as much as 6 to 10 times, corroborating

the

Chinese five phase principle of water as the " mother of wood, " i.e.

the

TCM kidneys engendering or nurturing the liver.

 

How is this done? First, one of the metabolic effects of cortisol is

to

increase the transport of amino acids from the extracellular fluids

into

the liver cells. From this, gluconeogenesis is better facilitated.

 

Secondly, cortisol helps all the enzymes convert these amino acids

into

blood glucose. Thirdly, cortisol causes the mobilization of amino

acids

from muscles and other extrahepatic tissue. The result of this is

that

more amino acids become available to enter into the liver's process

of

gluconeogenesis. Finally, one of the effects of increased

gluconeogenesis is a decided increase in liver glycogen stores.

 

Effects of Cortisol on Fat Metabolism

Similarly to the way it fosters amino acid mobilization from the

muscles, cortisol promotes the mobilization of fatty acids from

adipose

tissue. This, despite the fact that individuals with excess cortisol

develop a type of obesity which manifests as a fatty accumulation or

edemic appearance of the chest and head regions of the body giving a

kind of bullalo-like torso.

 

In this condition, as above, we see the results of a weakening of

yang

and consequent increase of fluid stagnation and yin. In addition to

treating the TCM kidneys and yang chi, Chinese medicine may add

spleen

dampness removing herbs such as Poria cocos (fu ling), spleen yang

warming herbs such as Aconitum carmichaeli praeparatum and

Cinnamomum

cassia, and spleen chi tonics with the use of Atractylodes alba and

Astragalus membranicus.

 

The effects of cortisol on stress and inflammation

 

One of the most beneficial effect of cortisol is in the relief of

stress. Besides the major physical and neurogenic stresses, there

are

various minor stresses that continually occur as part of normal

living.

Among many that may be cited are the movements of the joints and

especially the knees (which take the greatest structural stress) and

the

initial reaction to food, especially stimulants such as coffee and

simple carbohydrates such as sugar. In addition, there is

psychological

stress such as fear, paranoia and anger, and physiological stress

caused

by blows and injuries and exposure to severe cold or heat. All are

buffered to some extent with the secretion of cortisol.

 

Just as the body requires some degree of yang adrenaline hormone to

generate motivation to react both to normal as well as life

threatening

stimulus, it also has a nearly continual need for cortisol to buffer

the

effects of stress. In one sense, cortisol acts like oil in a heated

engine. Without it, the gears grind down in much the same manner as

for

instance, in rheumatoid arthritis, where the joints become painful,

dry

and twisted or in yin deficient hypertension associated with

anxiety,

nervousness and irascibility.

 

In this we see that cortisol is necessary for trauma, infections,

intense heat or cold, psychological and neurological stress, and

recovery from any debilitating disease. As a result, there is a

relationship between lack of cortisol and what is diagnosed

as " kidney

yin deficiency. "

 

Cortisol is clinically used in the form of hydrocortisone or

prednisone

to help control acute inflammation, rheumatoid arthritis, allergies

and

many eruptic skin diseases, to name a few. Because cortisol

mobilizes

amino acids, it is effective in helping to repair damaged tissue.

Since

it can suppress the immune system by reducing leukocytes and

phagocytosis, it is used to suppress dangerously high fever,

inflammation, certain poisonous reactions, arthritic conditions and

allergies. With the administration of cortisol or other

glucocorticoids,

inflammation subsides within 24 to 48 hours.

 

Herbs have healing, anti-inflammatory actions like cortisol.

Oftentimes,

it is not the cortisol stimulating properties which are cited for

their

healing properties but some other biochemical agent such as

allantoin in

comfrey. The effects are the same with the exception that herbs such

as

unprocessed Rehmannia glutinosa and Licorice (Glycyrrhiza sp.), tend

to

be milder and more indirect, having the advantage, however, of not

only

suppressing but more often enhancing the immune system.

 

Despite its obvious life saving advantages, cortisol type drugs do

not

correct the basic disease condition. With prolonged use over weeks

and

months it will also cause many of the above described side effects

such

as muscle weakness, weakness of the immune system and edemic

swelling of

the tissues.

 

Licorice

Licorice root (Glycyrrhiza sp.) is noted for having cortisone-like

action. Glycyrrhizin, a derivative of glycyrrhetinic acid, is

chemically

very similar to certain adrenalcortical hormones, especially

desoxycorticosterone (DOCA) and cortisone. It is not uncommon for

plants

to contain hormone-like substances similar to those found in humans

and

animals.

 

The anti-inflammatory properties of licorice were first recognized

quite

by accident when a Dutch pharmacist, observing the use of licorice

juice

by the people of Southern Italy as a cough loosening remedy,

discovered,

by chance its effectiveness in the treatment of gastric ulcers.

People

using licorice for their stomach symptoms found that the effect of

licorice was more reliable and enduring than any other medication.

 

Licorice, like cortisone, though not as strong, can relieve symptoms

of

peptic ulcers by inhibiting the inflammatory reactions. The problem,

according to Weiss, is that cortisone is so strong that it can mask

the

symptoms of perforation and there is a danger of peritonitis

occurring,

which is very dangerous. Licorice, which is far less powerful offers

no

risk of perforation at normal concentrations.

 

Also like cortisone, the regular and excess use of licorice will

produce

the edemic, moon face appearance of Cushing's syndrome, a condition

which can be described as `deficient kidney yang.' As with corticoid

therapy, licorice in regular and high dosage can cause, elevated

potassium levels, resulting in edema and hypertension. It is,

therefore,

contraindicated for patients past the age of 65 with a tendency

towards

renal hypertension. (2)

 

The Traditional Chinese herbal combination that has been used for

abdominal pains, presumably ulcers, is Peony and Licorice Decoction

(shao yao gan cao tang) which combines 12 to 30 grams of paeonia

alba

root and 9-20 grams of honey fried licorice root.

 

According to Bensky, it " softens the liver, relieves painful spasms

and

alleviates pain. " It is indicated for " irritability, slight chills,

spasms of the calf muscles with associated lack of tongue coating.

It is

also useful for cramps in the hands and abdominal pain. "

 

Bensky further describes this formula as being given for injury to

the

yin. Thus, there is a lack of tongue coating (a sign of yin

deficiency),

pain in the calves with blood deficiency (treated with the paeonia)

or

injury to the fluids (treated with licorice). The slight chills are

caused by weakness of the yang which follows injury to the yin.

 

Bensky further describes this formula: " spasms, cramps, and

abdominal

pain are typical spasmodic, wind-like manifestations of Liver-blood

deficiency, " and that " it is very popular for a wide variety of pain

syndromes, especially spasmodic and cramping pain, " finally " it is

used

for treating intercostal neuralgia, sciatica, trigeminal neuralgia,

chronic pelvic inflammatory disease and primary dysmenorrhea. " ((3))

 

Licorice, which is classified as a chi tonic in TCM is also

recognized

as moistening and therefore recognized by TCM practitioners as

having

yin tonic properties. It is used by itself to treat most metabolic

poisons (including poisoning by aconite and overuse of ephedrine and

other stimulants). It is also used for coughs, irritations, pains,

allergies, colds and flus.

 

Licorice is often used to harmonize an herbal formula. This means

that

it ameliorates any undesirable reaction one may have to either a

single

herb or combination. In most instances this means that it improves

the

flavor of the tea but since it has a soothing cortisol action it

diminishes the sympathetic stimulus and thereby softens its

therapeutic

effects.

 

Licorice is contraindicated for symptoms of excess of yin,

especially

with abdominal stagnation, bloating, edema and renal hypertension.

Because of the yin nature of females, there is an even stronger

propensity towards fluid retention so that licorice is used even

more

conservatively in women's formulas, sometimes adding no more than a

single slice for flavoring.

 

In high doses of up 12 grams or more, it has pseudoalderosterone

activity caused by the glycerrhetinic acid content.(4)(5) This can

cause

symptoms of hypertension, hypokalemia, sodium and water retention.

Licorice, has also been found to be effective in the management of

Addison's disease or adrenal failure.(6)

 

We note that while herbs like licorice and rehmannia glutinosa have

compounds similar to cortisol, other herbs and substances that have

demulcent, emollient properties seem to have analogous, though not

identical, reactions. These are also classified as yin tonics and

include oils and fats, pork meat, marshmallow (althea off.) and

slippery

elm (ulmus fulvus). Lacking the strong concentrated effects of

cortisone, these tend to be milder, with broader nutritive actions

and

much less potential of harmful side effects in normal dosage.

 

Rehmannia Glutinosa

 

Rehmannia glutinosa called `Di huang' is a member of the foxglove

family

and in fact so resembles foxglove in appearance that it is sometimes

called Chinese Foxglove. The root is used raw as a detoxifying herb

that

`cools blood' for the treatment of wasting fevers and is known as

`sheng

di huang.' It is cured by soaking and drying the compressed roots

nine

times in rice wine. By so doing, it has a slightly warmer energy and

is

used as a nourishing blood and yin tonic known as `shu di huang.'

 

It is in this latter category that prepared rehmannia is a primary

herb

especially in formulas that nourish the blood and kidney yin but

also

with other kidney yang herbs and in kidney yang formulas such as

" Rehmannia Eight. "

 

Rehmannia contains beta sitosterol, mannitol, stigmasterol,

campesterol,

rehmannin, catalpol, arginine and glucose. TCM classifies it as

entering

the liver, kidney and heart.

 

Prepared rehmannia, which is the form used as a blood and kidney yin

tonic, is used in the treatment of anemia usually with Dang gui and

for

" yin " asthenia, dizziness, tinnitus, weakness and pain of the lower

back

and legs, thirst, spermatorrhea, amenorrhea and metrorrhagia.

 

Phamacologically, Rehmannia Six was found in mice to " antagonize the

inhibitory action of dexamethasone on the pituitary-adrenal system,

thereby increasing plasma cortisol. " (7)

 

Rehmannia helps the immune system by stimulating the formation of

red

blood cells and other immune potentiating substances in the bone

marrow.

The fact that rehmannia is classified in TCM as a blood tonic while

it

is commonly used as a kidney yin tonic suggests that there may be a

proclivity for this herb to stimulate the secretion of another

important

kidney hormone, erythropoietin. This hormone acts on the bone marrow

to

stimulate the proliferation of precursor cells and their maturation

into

erythrocytes.

 

Rehmannia may also help in the excretion of discarded red blood

cells

from the liver. This is at least partially accomplished by the

continuous excretion of discarded red blood cells from the liver

which

are transformed and excreted in the kidneys as urobilirubin.

 

It is the presence of this substance that gives the yellowish color

to

urine. As a result of this process, chronic kidney deficiency can

cause

a weakened immune system and anemia. In one study, the protective

effects of Rehmannia where found to mitigate platelet damage caused

by

irradiation from an intraperitoneal injection 1 ml daily for 6 days.

It

could mitigate platelet damage caused by irradiation with 600 rad

and

hasten the normalization of platelet count. (8)

 

In TCM, licorice is not customarily used for treating kidney yin or

essence deficiency. The primary formula and the root formula for

most

yin tonics is Rehmannia Six, called `Liu Wei Di Wan.' It consists of

the

following:

 

1. Processed Rehmannia glutinosa (shu dihuang) 20-25gms

 

Nutritive herb which tonifies kidney yin and blood

 

2. Dioscorea Orientalis (shan yao) 10-15gms

 

used because it is a chi tonic that enters the lung, spleen and

kidney

organ meridians, thus it strengthens both acquired chi as well as

nourishing both yin and essence

 

3. Alisma orientalis (Zie xie) 9-12 gms

 

diuretic, activating urinary function

 

4. Poria cocos (fu ling) 9-12 gms

 

diuretic, high in potassium and other mineral salts

 

5. Cornus Off. berries (shan zhu yu) 10-15 gms

 

astringent diuretic with warm properties, tonifies liver and kidney

essence

 

6. Moutan peony (p. suffruticosa) (mu dan pi) 6-9 gms

 

enters the kidney, liver and heart, eliminates deficient heat,

treating

subclinical inflammatory conditions

 

The specific indications of this important classic formula is to

reinforce the Yin (vital essence) of the liver and kidney. It is

indicated for symptoms of dizziness, tinnitus, sore throat, tidal

fever,

nocturnal emission, night sweats, heat sensation in the palm and

soles,

toothache, dry mouth. It is given to children for retarded growth,

also

for lower back pain, optic neuritis, central retinitis, tuberculosis

and

all wasting diseases, diabetes, hyperthyroidism, Addison's disease,

hypertension, neuresthenia, functional anovular bleeding, chronic

urinary tract infections and deafness, the tongue is red with a

thin,

dry coating and the pulse is thready and rapid.

 

While it is contraindicated for a person with deficient yang with

accompanying weak digestion, coldness and sexual impotence, the same

formula with the addition of two yang stimulating herbs, prepared

aconite and cinnamon, is given for yang deficiency. Both Rehmannia

six

and Rehmannia eight, the latter with the addition of cinnamon bark

and

prepared aconite are the two most frequently prescribed formulas

used

for tonifying kidney yin and yang respectively

 

Rehmannia Six is used for all symptoms of aging, burnout, and

wasting.

It is specifically useful for joint pains, aching lower back,

diabetes,

thirst, chronic urinary disorders. Rehmannia Eight is used for the

same

conditions except with a decided tendency towards weakness,

impotence

and coldness. In practice, it is generally better to first give

Rehmannia Six and if needed, especially for impotence and cold

symptoms,

prescribe Rehmannia Eight.

 

KIDNEY YANG

Kidney Yang relates especially to the adrenaline-like secretions of

the

adrenal medulla as well as some androgenic hormones secreted by the

adrenal cortex, thyroid hormone, and growth hormone from the

anterior

pituitary gland. Kidney yang is also effected by the secretion of

erythropoietin by cells in the kidneys and to a lesser extent, the

liver, which which stimulates the bone marrow to create erthrocytes.

 

Before discussing the physiology of kidney yang deficiency, let's

outline the TCM characteristics which are used diagnostically.

Besides

having three of the basic TCM kidney symptoms mentioned above,

kidney

yang deficiency has three or more prominent indications from the

following:

 

coldness lack of libido

 

impotence, sterility frequent, clear urine

 

dribbling urine night urination

 

spermatorrhea premature ejaculation lack of spirit general

debilitation

edema of the lower limbs thin, slow, weak pulse

 

thin, whitish, moist tongue fur

 

Coldness refers not only to the atmospheric sensation but also to

general hypometabolic function throughout the body. Lack of

sympathetic

stimulation from the adrenal medulla is one cause of coldness and

hypometabolic function. The adrenal medulla secretes two stimulating

catecholamines --- about 80% epinephrine and the rest

norepinephrine.

The importance of the these secretions is in their relationship to

the

sympathetic nervous system and the ability thereby to rally visceral

response to appropriate stimuli throughout the body including most

of

the internal organs and glands of the body.

 

One of the underlying causes of certain kinds of anemia is Kidney

Yang

deficiency. Kidney Yang deficient anemia has the characteristic lack

of

red blood cells which in this case is caused by a lack of

erythopoietin

in the kidneys which in turn will give rise to many of the

previously

described conditions and symptoms associated with kidney yang

deficiency. Testosterone, being a quintessential kidney yang

hormone,

also stimulates the secretion of erythropoietin. It is believed that

this may account, at least in part, for higher hemoglobin count in

men

(16 g/dL) than in women (14 g/dL).

 

Deficient kidney chi and yang and hypothyroid

 

A diminished secretion of thyroid hormone will also account for

patterns

of deficient yang associated with coldness. Other symptoms

associated

with hypothyroid and TCM deficient kidney yang symptoms include

retarded

growth and sexual development, hypoglycemia, and a particular

disease

syndrome called myxedema which is characterized by a lack of mental

and

physical vigor, gain in weight, loss of hair and a thickening of the

skin from an accumulation of subcutaneous fluid. One characteristic

of

this condition is that there is firmness to the skin and therefore

it

does not pit when pressed as in other forms of edema. Dark fluidic

bags

under they eyes is one symptom associated with low thyroid as well

as

deficient kidney chi and yang.

 

Many of these symptoms involve a deficiency of yang with coldness,

edema

and lowered metabolism being general symptoms. Specifically,

however,

kidney yang deficiency is associated with retarded growth and sexual

development, loss of hair along with coldness and fluid retention.

 

Seaweed in various forms, especially kelp because it is high in

trace

minerals, especially iodine necessary for thyroid malfunction, is

useful

to regulate both hypo and hyperactive thyroids caused by a lack of

iodine. It is, off course, especially indicated for goitre and

swollen

glands of the neck. Interestingly, Panax ginseng is also prescribed

for

low thyroid conditions. However, two of the most important TCM

formulas

that are used to warm and tonify kidney yang are as follows:

 

Rehmannia Eight (Ba wei wan or Jin gui shen qi wan)

 

1. Prepared Rhemannia Glutinosa 24 grams

 

(sheng di huang)

 

2. Fructus Corni Officinalis 12 grams

 

(shan zhu yu)

 

3. Radix Dioscoreae Oppositae 12 grams

 

(shan yao)

 

4. Sclerotium Poriae Cocos (fu ling) 9 grams

 

5. Rhizoma Alismatis Orientalis (ze xie) 9 grams

 

6. Cortex Moutan Radicis (mu dan pi) 9 grams

 

(all of the above is the Rehmannia Six formula for yin tonification)

 

Adding the following warm and help tonify yang:

 

7. Ramulus Cinnamomi Cassiae (gui zhi) 3 grams

 

8. Radix Aconiti Praeparata (fu zi) 3 grams

 

Indications: lower back pain, weakness of the lower extremities,

cold

sensation in the lower half of the body, either frequent or

excessive

urination, possibly with incontinence, edema, impotence, weak, frail

pulse and pale, swollen tongue with thin, white and moist coat.

 

As one can see, this formula differs from Rehmannia Six with the

addition of cinnamon bark and prepared aconite. Both of these are

strong

sympathetic stimulants which in turn may increase warmth by

stimulating

the secretion of adrenergic hormones such as testosterone, and

consequently, erythropoietin by cells in the kidney.

 

Restore the Right kidney pill (you gui wan)

 

So named because the right kidney is considered the seat of vitality

or

of kidney yang.

 

Rehmannia glutinosa (shu di huang) 240 grams

Radix aconiti praeparata (fu zi) 60-180 grams

Cinnamon cassia (rou gui) 60-120 grams

Cornus officinalis (shan zhu yu) 90 grams

Dioscorea oppositae (shan yao) 120 grams

Lycium chinensis (gou gi zi) 120 grams

Eucommia ulmoides (du zhong) 120 grams

Angelica sinensis (dang gui) 90 grams

Cuscuta chinensis (tu si zi) 120 grams

Colloid of cervus nippon (lu jiao jiao) 120 grams

(deer antler)

 

Preparation: Grind all the ingredients to a fine powder. For this

some

of the moist herbs such as Rehmannia and Lycii may have to be baked

in

an open oven until dried enough to grind. Form into pills by mixing

with

honey. Take 9-15 grams, 2-3 times daily with warm water. It can also

be

made into a decoction with the appropriate dose reduction of the

ingredients.

 

Indications: Warms and tonifies kidney yang, replenishes essence and

blood. It is clinically used for spermatorrhea, impotence, premature

ejaculation, intolerance of cold with cold extremities, pale

complexion,

weakness of the knees and aching soreness of the lower back,

dizziness,

diabetes, chronic nephritis, frequent urination, pulse is deep, slow

and

weak.

 

The primary difference between this formula and Rehmannia Six is

that it

does not have such a strong diuretic effect as the former. It is

therefore more useful as a pure kidney yang tonic.

 

KIDNEY YANG AND ALDOSTERONE

That yin and yang are relative rather than absolute, applies to all

physiological and biochemical polarities including the relation of

potassium and sodium chloride to each other. From one perspective,

both

are mineral salts and have a cool, yin energy. However, in terms of

their effects on the body, salt is more yang than potassium in that

it

tends to attract and hold fluids in the cells while potassium is

generally excreted with the extracellular fluid and urine. Potassium

is

more yin because of its discharging and eliminative effects on

extracellular fluid. (This idea of salt holding fluid while

potassium

releases it may be at least part of the rationale that George Ohsawa

was

considering when he reversed some aspects of the meaning of yin and

yang

in Macrobiotics.)

 

The osmotic process by which salt and potassium exchange ions

between

the intra and extracellular fluid also facilitates the passage of

other

nutrients necessary for cellular metabolism. There is an associated

electrical charge which gives rise to the term, `electrolyte'

balance.

This provides still another method wereby the kidneys function as

the

`root' of chi and yin and yang for the whole body.

 

Aldosterone, the most important mineralocorticoid is mainly

controled by

the renin-angiotensin mechanism and by the concentration of

potassium in

the extracellular fluid. In the first instance a decrease of blood

pressure in the glomeruli of the kidneys triggers the secretion of

an

enzyme, renin into the interstitial fluid which in turn ultimately

results in the secretion of aldosterone from the adrenal cortex.

 

In the second instance, aldosterone is triggered by high

concentrations

of potassium in the extracellular fluid causing a concommitant

decrease

of concentrations of sodium and chloride. With the decrease of

sodium

chloride, there is a reciprocal decrease of total extracellular

fluid

and blood volume. In TCM this reduction of fluid and blood is one of

the

conditions of wasting or yin deficiency and is often associated with

kidney hypertension.

 

An excessive loss of potassium from the extracellular fluid as a

result

of aldosterone causes a serious deficiency of plasma potassium

concentration called hypokalemia. This manifests symptomatically

with

episodes of severe muscular weakness or paralysis, tetany and

postural

hypotension. Because this condition is associated with greatly

reduced

fluid and blood volume, this condition in TCM would be considered a

condition of `Yin and Blood deficiency' and treated with appropriate

tonics.

 

A deficiency of aldosterone, on the other hand causes an abnormal

rise

in extracellular fluid potassium. The result is impaired circulatory

function with associated coldness and in extreme cases, shock. There

will also be serious effects on heart function with weakness of

contraction, arrhythhmia and in extreme cases, cardiac death.

 

This latter condition is well described in TCM as `Kidney, Spleen

and

Heart Yang Deficiency.' The kidneys being the root of the body's

yang

chi are unable to support the generative and transformative

functions of

the other organs. With a degeneration of the " true yang " of the

kidney,

both the kidney and the spleen are unable to transform water which

accumulates as edema, associated urinary difficulty, abdominal pains

and

aggravation by cold. Essentially, one might say that such a

condition of

kidney yang-aldosterone deficiency results in a " dampening of

spirits "

on both the physical as well as the psychological levels.

 

For this condition, one might use warm, yang stimulating herbs and

formulas such as the use of cinnamon bark (Cinnamonum cassia),

prepared

aconite (Aconitum napellus praeparatus) and ginger (Zingiberis

off.).

One of the most important Chinese herbal formulas for activating the

yang is called True Warrior Decoction or Vitality Combination (zhen

wu

tang) and consists of the following:

 

Prepared aconite (Fu Zi) 9grams

Atractylodes alba (Bai Zhu) 6grams

Poria cocos (Fu Ling) 9grams

Fresh Ginger (Zingiberis off.) 9grams

Paeonia lateriflora (Bai Shao) 9grams

The indications for this formula are deficient kidney and spleen

yang

with symptoms of tiredness, weakness, edema, and cold. It is used

for

edema, chronic nephritis, hypothyroidism, chronic diarrhea,

rheumatic

valvular heart disease, congestive heart failure, liver cirrhosis

and

other chronic hepatic disorders together with other conditions that

cause edema and ascites, chronic enteritis, rheumatoid arthritis,

frequent urination and weakness of the lungs caused by lymphatic

congestion.

 

This formula, unlike the previous, does not focus so much on actual

tonification but a restoring of yang function through the use of one

of

the strongest metabolic herbal stimulants, prepared aconite

(Aconitum

praeparatum), together with other herbs that have diuretic and

warming

properties and increase the yang fluid transforming function.

Rehmannia

would be counterproductive in this formula because it would

contribute

to the condition of damp stagnation. The mushroom, Poria cocos (fu

ling), however, is amphoteric in its ability to regulate either high

or

low, potassium and sodium balance.

 

When any extracellular fluid is discharged whether its from the

urine,

skin pores, saliva or intestines, aldosterone is secreted to help

the

body conserve sodium chloride. This is especially true, of course,

when

the body tends to sweat more profusely as in hot environments. That

is

why it is often recommended that one take a little more salt in hot

weather.

 

There seems good reason to believe that TCM Kidney Yang herbs are

involved with the secretion of the enzyme, renin from the kidney

which

in turn stimulates aldosterone from the adrenals. Many herbs, such

as

Cistanches salsa, Cynomorii songaricum, Epimedium grandiflorum (yin

yang

huo), Morinda officinalis, Psoralea coryfolia, Eucommia ulmoiodes

(du

zhong) and possibly North American Gravel root (Purpureum

perfoliatum)

to name a few, are effective for treating edema and frequent

urination

possibly caused by a lack of aldosterone.

 

This is also associated with either constipation of diarrhea where

aldosterone being generally low, manifests with poor sodium

absorption

from the intestines and consequent irregular bowel movements. This

type

of constipation caused by deficiency, usually does not respond to

harsh

purgatives such as rhubarb root, cascara, senna and sodium sulphite

which tend to eliminate excess. Nevertheless, treatment to restore

bowel

movement with tonifying kidney yang herbs is usually a slow process.

 

One TCM formula used for TCM Kidney Yang deficiency constipation is

called Benefit the River Decoction (ji chuan jian). It consists of

the

following:

 

1. Cistanche salsa (rou cong rong) 6-9 grams

 

primary kidney yang herb which moistens the intestines

 

2. Angelica sinensis (dang gui) 9-15 grams

 

tonifies blood and lubricates the intestines

 

3. Achryanthes bidentatae (niu xi) 6 grams

 

regulates blood circulation downward

 

4. Alisma plantago (ze xie) 4.5 grams

 

drains, puifies and circulates fluid downward

 

5. Citri seu ponciri ( green citrus or zhi ke) 3 grams

 

relaxes the intestines and directs the chi downward

 

6. Cimicifuga foetida (sheng ma) 1.5 to 3 grams has an ascending chi

action, in combination with green citrus, which is descending, it

helps

regulate kidney chi mechanism.

 

This formula is used for kidney yang, chi, yin as well as blood

deficiency. Centered around the chief herb, Cistanches, a kidney

yang

herb, it focuses on warming the the kidneys as well as moistening

the

intestines to facilitate the passage of stool. It is useful for

atonic

constipation, degenerative joint disease and chronic arthritis.

Appropriate modifications can be made as follows:

 

for deficient vital energy add Panax ginseng

for kidney yin deficiency add prepared Rehmannia glutinosa.

for internal fire add scutellaria baicalensis

for chronic constipation with dryness add crushed cannabis seed (9-

30

grams) and cynomorium songaricum (9-15 grams).

From the above, the importance of assigning salt to the TCM Five

Element

designation for the water element is definitely underscored because

of

its descending action and direct effect on kidney function.

Therefore

salt is used as a conductor in TCM Kidney tonic formulas by Chinese

herbalists who recommend that a pinch of salt be taken either with

the

tea or the pills taken with warm, slightly saline, water (miso or

soya

sauce can be used for this). The Glucocorticoids and Yin Deficiency,

the

effects of Cortisol on Protein metabolism. Some of the functions of

cortisol such as its gluconeogenesis effects on carbohydrates and

fats

and the ability to counteract stress, inflammation and promote

healing

relate to Kidney Yin functions. Other aspects, however, actually

create

a wasting or yin deficiency which manifests as a hypermetabolic

condition. A prolonged, high concentration of cortisol seems to

reduce

protein stores in all body cells with the exception of those of the

liver. This is caused both by decreased protein synthesis and

increased

catabolism or breakdown of protein in the cells. One of the many

negative effects of excess cortisol is that the muscles can become

severely weakened and immunity of the lymphoid tissue is decreased

to a

fraction of normal.

 

With the increase of liver protein synthesis, the liver has a

tendency

to enlarge causing ascites (abdominal swelling). There is a tendency

for

cortisol to mobilize amino acids from the tissues, increasing plasma

amino acid concentration.

 

For this condition we use Rehmannia Six or Rehmannia Eight if there

is

associated coldness and sexual weakness. Rehmania six formula is

selected because of its ability to drain fluid excess while at the

same

time nourishing TCM kidney and liver yin. This demonstrates that

Rehmannia is amphoteric in regulating both TCM kidney yin and yang.

 

Ma Huang (Ephedra sinensis)

 

Ma huang is classified as a warming exterior releasing herb usually

indicated for the treatment of cold fevers, allergies and

respiratory

problems. While not a tonic because it disperses rather than

supplements, it can be used as a kidney yang stimulating herb to

`get

things moving.' It helps the yang by dispersing cold, promoting

urination and reducing edema.

 

It contains a variety of well known adrenaline-like compounds

including

ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, norephedrine and norepinephrine. As such

it

is a powerful sympathetic nervous stimulant which if overused can

raise

blood pressure, aggravate deficiencies, heart palpitations,

restlessness

and tremors.

 

Interestingly, like yohimbine which contains a number of similar

alkaloids, Ma huang was combined with poria cocos (fu ling) and was

used

by the Mongols as an aphrodisiac.

 

Siberian Ginseng

 

Siberian ginseng (Eleutherococcus senticosus) has been widely

acclaimed

as an adenal tonic and adaptogen. Being in the araliaceae family, it

is

related to Panax ginseng, North American Devil's Club (Oplopanax

horridum) and Spikenard (Aralia racemosa and A. californica). All

these

have so called tonic adaptogen properties meaning that they increase

the

body's resistance to stress.

 

Siberian ginseng is also closely related to a Chinese herb called

`Wu

jia pi' or `Ci wu jia,' traditionally used for rheumatic conditions.

It

has various Latin binomials including Acanthopanax gracilistylus, A.

sessiloflorus, A. senticosus and according to Chang and But, the

name

given by Harms, Eleutherococcus senticosus.

 

The major chemical components of Siberian ginseng are eleuthrosides

A-G

(phenylpropanoid, sterol, lignans, isofraxin, carotenoids and

coumarins)

(9)

 

Both herbs have an acrid and warm energy making them contraindicated

for

Yin Deficient and inflammatory or heat signs. This fact alone

suggests

that Siberian ginseng is more of a warming TCM Kidney yang tonic

with

some anti-inflammatory effects associated with cortisol.

 

Nevertheless it does have anti-inflammatory effects as demonstrated

on

experimentally induced arthritis in rats. The fact that

adrenalectomized

rats showed no effect demonstrates that these herbs seem to possess

adrenalcortical stimulating properties.(10) What we have is another

instance of an herb amphoterically responding appropriately to the

needs

of the body, warming and stimulating or cooling and sedating as

necessary.

 

Siberian ginseng has been extensively researched by the Russians and

as

a result is popular among workers and athletes in that country to

improve performance, endurance and competitive abilities as well as

preventing sickness in the workplace. All of this demonstrates the

herb's so called adaptogenic properties which is characterized by

herbalist, Steve Blake as neither stimulating the yang-sympathetic

nor

the yin-parasympathetic but improving the body's ability to

appropriately switch back and forth more efficiently and at a faster

rate.

 

" Wu Jia Pi " is used for conditions of cold, damp and painful

rheumatic

obstruction with liver and kidney deficiency and with weak and soft

bones. It nevertheless is especially useful for smoothing the flow

of

chi and blood which tends to agree with Steve Blake's

description. " Wu

Jia Pi " is made into a wine by the Chinese and is very suitable for

treating the elderly. The recommended dose of " Wu Jia Pi " is 3 to 15

grams once or twice daily. There is no comparison with the

relatively

miniscule dose, usually in tincture or alcoholic extract recommended

for

Siberian Ginseng.

 

3. Kidneys govern growth, maturation and procreation

 

The TCM Kidneys are also described as being in charge of storing

essence

and dominating reproduction, growth and development. The essence of

the

TCM Kidney refers to two parts: Congenital chi, which is the

inherited

constitutional strength and Acquired chi, which is the body's

ability to

receive transformed energy from food, air and water.

 

From a Western physiological perspective at least part of the above

TCM

functions refer to the relationship between the pituitary and the

adrenals. One of the most important functions of the anterior

pituitary

is the secretion of growth hormone (GH) or somatotropin. Since the

TCM

Kidneys include most endocrine functions, the secretion of growth

hormone is definitely included.

 

Unlike other hormones, growth hormone does not function through a

target

gland such as the ovaries, testes, thyroid, etc., but instead exerts

an

effect on all or most tissues of the body. Just as TCM designates

the

kidneys as governing normal growth and maturation, growth hormone is

responsible for normal growth and development of the body down to

the

regulation of the size and number of individual cells.

 

Besides the specific effects of stimulating growth, growth hormone

has

many other generalized metabolic effects which relate to the TCM

description of the kidney. These include the following:

 

Increased rate of protein synthesis in all cells of the body --- An

increased rate of growth may be the result of an increase of protein

synthesis. One of the TCM designations of kidney deficiency is a

patient

who is either excessively malformed or presents a thin emaciated

appearance, this may be caused by a deficiency of congenital TCM

Kidney

chi.

Increased mobilization of fatty acids from adipose tissue, and

increased

use of the fatty acids for energy --- With a loss of kidney chi,

spleen

chi also becomes depleted and there may be a tendency to gain weight

more easily with difficulty reducing. This is a common problem with

aging. It is well known that fat tissue tends to be hydrophilic, and

edemic, fluid stagnation in TCM indicates a deficiency of the yang

fluid

transforming powers of both the TCM kidney and spleen. Specifically,

mushrooms such as Poria cocos (fuling), along with other chi and

yang

tonics are used as special diuretics to regulate both fluid and fat

metabolism.

Decreased rate of glucose utilization throughout the body --- TCM

Kidney

chi deficiency can effect our energy levels dramatically with poor

utilization of carbohydrate which can cause hypo or hyper glycemic

tendencies. Diabetes is considered a disease of internal wasting or

kidney and liver yin deficiency. As such, one of the most important

formulas used in TCM is Rehmannia six.

This formula is also given to children who exhibit abnormal problems

of

growth and developement. In adults, there may be various causes for

abnormal growth

 

patterns and one may have to consider associated conformational

tendencies such as dietary and assimilative malfunction associated

with

the TCM spleen, stagnation associated with a tumour or other excess

type

causes.

 

4. Kidneys produce skill and house the will

 

When there is abundant TCM kidney chi or essence, there will be a

strong

physical constitution as well as a strong innate sense of purpose

and

will. Such strength of will is often associated with the necessary

self

discipline to be able to succeed in any endeavour. As stated in the

Nei

Ching (11) , " the kidneys hold essence, and the essence holds the

will. "

 

 

Fear, paranoia and insecurity are the negative emotions of the TCM

Kidneys. One who inappropriately exhibits these tendencies is

considered

to have deficient kidney chi.

 

Here we see how the TCM Kidney, which includes the adrenals and in

fact

the entire endocrine system, goes beyond its Western physiological

description as a urinary organ. The difference, as with all

the " xang

fu " or TCM organ systems, lies in what Unschuld , describes as " a

system

of relations and functions derived from conclusions by analogy " . The

wide scope of influence of the kidneys encompassing the entire range

of

psychological as well sympathetic and parasympathetic reactions and

functions further bears out Unschuld's conclusion that " these

analogies,

cannot have originated from within the human body. " (12)

 

Chinese medicine, taking a more functional rather than mechanical

view

of the body, were able to generate psychological changes through the

treatment of diet, herbs, acupuncture and other physiotherapies. By

tonifying the kidneys, through the use of Rehmannia Six or Rehmannia

Eight formulas as well as offering certain dietary suggestions such

as

the elimination of cold foods and drinks as well as cold natured

foods

such as citrus for instance, many of the physical and emotional

symptoms

of yang deficiency are able to be controled and eventually

eliminated.

The use of sugar, which is classified as a spleen yang, when taken

in

concentrated form in white sugar and fruit juice, can, through

overstimulation of the sympathetic reflex, injure and deplete kidney

yang.

 

5. Kidneys hold the essence

As stated, the kidneys are the location where the essence is stored.

Essence refers to the genetic potential bestowed from birth. This

forms

`congenital chi' which determines the constitution of the individual

throughout life. Since this potential is also transferred through

reproduction, essence also refers to the sperm and ovum.

 

A strong essence manifests as abundance of spirit and energy. A

lack,

corresponds to a dearth of vitality.

 

This same essence or congenital chi of the TCM kidneys

 

is imparted to all the internal organs and determines their form and

function. Malformed organs with impaired function, being congenital,

are

attributed to TCM kidney essence deficiency. The best one can hope

to

achieve in treatment is an amelioration of associated malfunctions

and

to hold back further degeneration.

 

More recent scientific discoveries are revealing a plethora of

neuro-transmiting hormones that effect certain moods and attitudes.

In a

sense, these powerful minute secretions are also a kind of TCM

kidney

essence, the absence of which can leave us feeling depressed and

drained. This feeling can occur occasionally from an over indulgence

in

sex.

 

Kidney yin and blood tonics can be used both to replenish at least

certain aspects of TCM kidney essence as well as prevent the loss

and

depletion of energy. Two important herbs that might be discussed in

this

context are Dendrobium nobile and Schizandra chinensis.

 

Dendrobium nobile (shi hu)

 

Dendrobium nobile, is the root of an orchid classified as a yin

tonic.

It nourishes the yin, clears heat and refreshes the chi, generates

fluids, treats severe thirst, intractable fevers caused by injury to

fluids. It also nourishes stomach yin and is used for stomach aches.

Dendrobium is indicated for all wasting and thirsting conditions.

 

It contains a number of alkaloids including dendrobine, dendranime,

nobilonine, dendroxine, dendrin, 5-hydroxydendroxine. The average

dose

is from 6 to 9 grams in decoction or powder. Experimentally, on

animals,

large doses have had an inhibitory effect on the heart and lungs and

caused convulsion.

 

Dendrobium has been indicated for feelings of being drained and

depleted

generally and after sexual intercourse. The average dose is between

9 to

20 grams and it can be either taken in decoction or powder. It is

contraindicated for individuals with an acute febrile or

inflammatory

condition with no symptoms of dryness or dehydration.

 

Schizandra chinensis (Wu wei zi)

 

An astringent tonic with some yin tonic properties, Schizandra

chinensis

is used as an astringent protective herb against leaking and loosing

one's energy and essence.

 

Besides restraining diarrhea, nocturnal emissions, spermatorrhea,

premature ejaculation, leukorrhea and frequent urination, Schizandra

berries are also used to stop excessive sweating, control coughing

and

wheezing. It is tonic to the nervous system, helping to calm the

spirit,

treat insomnia and forgetfulness.

 

Schizandra is called " Wu wei zi " or " five flavor herb, " because it

possesses all five flavors considered therapeutically important in

TCM.

It seems to specifically exert an effect on the central nervous

system,

improving intellectual activity, concentration, fine coordination,

sensitivity and endurance as demonstrated in healthy young males in

various experiments including long distance marathon races. The

average

dose given was 5 to 10 mg once or twice daily. (13)

 

In this sense, Schizandra while classified as an astringent in the

Chinese materia medica has definite mild adaptogenic properties

which,

like ginseng, help to regulate various body functions and counteract

the

effects of stress. Besides supplementing, to some extent, what has

been

lost, Schizandra's greatest role as stated, is in preventing loss of

energy and essence. The average dose is 3 to 9 grams. It is

contraindicated for individuals with true heat, constipation, acute

inflammatory and febrile conditions.

 

An important concept related to inherited constitutional strength,

is

the belief in TCM that the inherent potential or original chi

( " yuan " or

" ancestral chi " ) inherited from one's parents and which resides in

the

kidneys as the primal spark of life, cannot actually be supplemented

or

restored by either food (including herbs), water, air, the usual

methods

of supplementation. It is believed that the only way it can be

supplemented is through internal Taoist practices using breath and

meditation. This being very difficult for most (due to a lack of

will

and self discipline), we are left with the prospect of a finite

amount

of kidney essence which, when it is consumed in the course of a

lifetime, results in the eventual process of aging, decline and

death.

 

6. Kidneys govern the bones and the marrow

 

The Nei Ching says, " As regards the kidneys .... their fullness is

in

the bones. " One of the signs of kidney deficiency is weakness of the

bones and teeth.

 

The formation and maintenance of the bones and the teeth is a

complex

process which is involved with many aspects of the endocrine system.

Other more basic considerations need to be taken into account such

as

nutritional factors including the presence of sufficient protein,

calcium, magnesium, vitamin C and vitamin D to name a few. Finally,

since vitamin D is at least partially absorbed from the sun, lack of

sufficient outdoor exercise and activity can have a detrimental

effect

leading to osteoporosis or weakening of the bones.

 

All of these have a complex interraction with the function of the

kidneys and adrenals. There are at least three predominant

physiological

methods where the TCM kidneys have an effect on bone growth: 1.

through

the parathyroids, 2. through the previously discussed presence of

growth

hormone from the pituitary gland and, 3. the secretion of various

sexual

hormones including estrogen and testerone.

 

the parathyroids in relation to bones

There are usually four to five parathyroids attached to the lateral

lobes of the thyroid gland.

 

They are mainly concerned with the regulation of the calcium-

phosphorus

balance on which the bones depend for strength. A lack of

parathyroid

hormone increases the excretion of phosphorus and calcium from the

bones

into the urine. In addition, parathyroid hormone is necessary for

normal

neuromuscular irritability, blood clotting, cell membrane

permeability

and the normal function of certain enzymes for maintaining blood

concentration of calcium at normal levels. The presence, therefore,

of

parathyroid hormone in the tubules of the kidneys is necessary to

increase the absorption of calcium for the maintenance and growth of

the

bones as well as strengthening and maintaining the nerves (kidney

chi).

 

the relation of the bones to growth hormone

 

The secretion of growth hormone from the anterior pituitary

stimulates

the formation of cartilage and bones. This is accomplished through

development of several small proteins, called somatomedin which are

formed in the liver, possibly the muscles as well as the kidneys.

 

the relation of estrogen and testosterone to bone maintenance

 

Besides being produced in the reproductive organs of the male and

female, both male and female sexual hormones are produced in the

adrenals. These hormones are necessary for the proper growth and

maintenance of many vital functions including the growth and

maintenance

of the bones and muscles as well as producing primary sex

characteristics.

 

Since estrogen is known to have a bone stimulating activity, a

postmenopausal lack of estrogen secretion in women is a primary

cause of

osteoporosis. Testerone has powerful anabolic or building effect in

the

utilization of protein and the consequent development of the muscles

and

bones.

 

In Traditional , the bones are considered part of

the

yin-substance of the body. They are are treated with certain blood

and

kidney yin tonic herbs which are known to strengthen and promote the

healing of broken bones. In this category, one would definitely

consider

the use of various sources of organic and inorganic calcium and

other

minerals for strengthening the bones.

 

Comfrey root (Symphytum officinale) is an herb traditionally used by

herbalists throughout the Western hemisphere as a yin tonic that

promotes the growth and maintenance of bones and muscles. It

contains an

abundance of alantoin which is a recognized cell proliferent.

Comfrey

root has all the indications of a yin tonic have a cool, moist,

nutritive energy. It is used not only to strengthens the bones but

also

to counteract inflammation and arthritic conditions. Recent findings

of

trace amounts of pyrolizidine alkaloids in certain species of

comfrey

have made many herbalists question its long term use. In TCM there

are

many yin or blood tonic herbs that have some of the properties of

comfrey and could be substituted. One of the most important as

previously discussed, is Rehmannia glutinosa (Di huang) which, like

comfrey, is used as an anti-inflammatory yin tonic and healer of

bones

and tissues.

 

Because of the increased risk of cancer in women, estrogen is not so

frequently prescribed for menopausal and post menopausal women in

China

as it is in Western countries. Instead, older Chinese women prefer

to

use herbs and formulas containing Rehmannnia to prevent bone

degeneration as well as other menopausal symptoms.

 

Rehmannia Six and appropriate variations is one formula that is used

and

the other is as follows:

 

The Four Ingredients Decoction (Si wu tang)

 

Prepared Rehmannia (shu di huang) 10-15 grams

Dang Gui(angelica sinensis) 9-12 grams

Ligusticum Wallichi (chuan xuong) 6-9 grams

Paeonia Alba (bai shao) 9-12 grams

This is the most important gynecology formula. It is used for anemia

and

stagnant blood circulation and is given most typically to women with

symptoms of sallow complexion, pale lips and fingernails, dizziness,

vertigo, tinnitis, irregular menstruation, decreased blood flow,

abdominal pain or ammenorhea. Tongue is pale and pulse is thready

and

weak.

 

7. The kidneys Open Into the Ears which are its orificesrificess

 

The Nei Ching says, Kidney chi goes up to the ears and when the

kidneys

are harmonious, the ears can perceive the five tones. " Since the

kidneys

are involved with the regulation of the autonomic nervous system,

their

capacity to differentiate between pitch, intensity and loudness is

optimized. Similarly, since good kidney chi provides a general

condition

of sensory alertness, they provide the power to perceive not only

sound

but light, feeling, flavor and so forth.

 

In terms of the TCM kidney we do not look so much to the

physiological

structure of the ear (although, the fact that the ear has a

superficial

morphological resemblance to the kidneys is considered to have

relevance). Of more importance is the complex physiological process

whereby our nervous system responds to auditory stimulation and in

turn

transmits that information to the hearing centers of the brain.

 

TCM and the Mechanism of Hearing

The relationship of the TCM kidneys to hearing specifically involve

two

important physiological processes. One is the neurological response

described above which is particularly complex and sensitive in terms

of

the transmission of sound wave vibrations. Impairment of the cochlea

or

auditory nerve has a functional relationship not only locally but

also

to the general strength of the sympathetic nervous system. Nerve

deafness can be the ultimate result of a diminishing of nerve force

and

the ultimate degeneration of conducting nerves in the ear. Of

course,

there can be direct injury to the nerves from congenital defect, an

accident or exposure to loud noises. This results in nerve deafness.

 

In TCM, nerve deafness, as with all neurological degeneration, is

considered an type of yin deficiency. An appropriate yin tonic such

as

Rehmannia Six is prescribed possibly with some variation to suit the

condition of the patient.

 

The second aspect of hearing that has a functional relationship to

the

kidneys is the ossicular system in the middle ear which involves

three

very small bones called `hammer'(malleus), `anvil'(incus) and

`stirrup'

(stapes). Their names describe their shapes. Sound waves entering

the

external auditory canal ultimately strike against the tympanic

membrane

or eardrum, setting it in vibration. These vibrations cause the

malleus

or hammer, whose head attaches to the membrane to resound. This in

turn

moves the `anvil' which is attached to the stapes.

 

Since the kidneys and the endocrine system, especially the

parathyroids,

are integral to the metabolism of calcium, any imbalance in calcium

metabolism which influences the bones are likely to have an effect

on

the three delicate bones which are involved in the mechanism of

hearing.

These can become partially or completely destroyed or ankylosed

( " frozen " in place by fibrosis or calcification) and result in

conduction deafness.

 

In TCM this type of deafness is caused by stagnation and blockage

and

can be appropriately treated internally with herbs that stimulate

circulation, promote proper digestion so as to avoid lymphatic

congestion, promote diuresis, relieve `wind' or spasms.

 

Nerve deafness and conduction deafness can be differentiated because

in

conduction deafness, the subject is still able to hear, although

weakly,

by sensing vibrations directly through the skull bones. In contrast,

nerve deafness is more total since it is presumed to be caused by

damage

to the cochlea or the nervous system rather than the ossicular

system.

 

The Tuning Fork Test to determine between nerve and Conduction

Deafness.

The two forms of deafness are differentiated by means of the tuning

fork

test. A weakly vibrating tuning fork is placed in front of the ear,

gradually it is moved away until the subject can no longer hear it.

Then

the butt of the vibrating fork is placed directly against the

mastoid

process. If bone conduction is better than air conduction, the sound

of

the tuning fork will again be heard and bone conduction hearing is

better that air conduction. Deafness, therefore, is caused by

conduction

deafness. If after placing the fork directly against the skull, it

is

still not heard, then it is nerve deafness.

 

Diseases of the ears

 

Nerve Deafness. This term includes damage to the cochlea (inner ear

which transmits sound vibrations to the brain), the auditory nerve,

or

to the central nervous system circuits from the ear. This is usually

tested either by air or bone conduction (the transmission of sound

vibrations through the bones of the skull). Because of the tendency

toward sclerosis and weakening of neurological response, some type

of

deafness, especially to high frequencies, usually occurs as a

process of

aging.

 

Other patterns of deafness frequently occur as follows:

 

1. deafness for low frequency sounds caused by excessive and

prolonged

exposure to very loud sounds (rock band and jet airplane engine),

and 2.

deafness to all frequencies caused by drug sensitivity of the organ

of

corti (in the inner ear), especially sensitivity to some antibiotics

such as streptomycin, kanamycin and chloramphenicol.

 

From this we see how both sound and drug stress has a profound

damaging

effect not only on the hearing because they are such refined

receptors

but most likely on kidney chi generally. To make such a diagnosis,

we

would have to evaluate whether other symptoms of kidney imbalance

are

present such as urinary problems, joint and lower back pains.

 

2. Tinnitus. Here one may experience a subjective ringing, tinkling

buzzing or other sounds in the ear. Frequently this occurs as a

result

of impaction of ear wax or inflammation of the eardrum or the middle

ear.

 

Another cause is Meniere's syndrome (named after Prosper Meniere,

French

physician 1799-1862). This is a disease with progressive symptoms of

deafness, ringing in the ears, dizziness, and a sensation of

fullness or

pressure in the ears. The cause is not generally known but it seems

that

acute symptoms tend to worsen under stress and restis most

effective.

Autopsy has revealed edema in the membraneous labyrinth so that it

is

always a good idea to eliminate salt from the diet as it can

aggravate

conditions of edema and fluid retention.

 

This is a condition for which TCM has effective herbal treatments.

For

treatment to be effective we must differentiate between the various

syndromes.

 

1. If tinnitus is caused by excess dampness and wind we should use

herbs

that are diuretic, antispasmodic, carminative, to prevent fluid

accumulation as a result of weak digestion.

 

Decoction of Pinellia, White Atractylodes and Gastrodia

 

(Ban xia bai zhu tian ma tang)

 

1. Pinellia tuber (ban xia) 6-9gms

 

this herb resolves dampness in the gastrointestinal tract

 

2. Gastrodia tuber (tian ma) 3-6gms

 

this is one of the most powerful antispasmodics

 

3. Atractylodes alba (bai zhu) 6-9gms

 

this herb is used as a tonic carminative to aid digestion and

eliminate

GI tract fluid stagnation

 

4. Poria cocos (FuLing) 6-9gms

 

this herb is diuretic

 

5. Citrus reticulata peel (chen pi) 3-6gms

 

this herb is drying and carminative

 

6. licorice root (gan cao) 3-6gms

 

this herb is used to harmonize the ingredients and strengthen the

digestion

 

7. fresh ginger (sheng jiang) 3-6gms

 

this herb is circulating, carminative

 

8. Jujube dates (da zao) 3-5 pc.

 

this is a tonic and added to harmonize the ingredients

 

The action of this formula is:

 

to resolve phlegm and indogenous wind (to eliminate, dry, and

prevent

the accumulation of edema and to relieve internal tension and spasm)

To strengthen the spleen and dispel dampness (to aid digestion and

assimilation, preventing lymphatic congestion and to have diuretic

action)

Besides its use for Meniere's disease, it is also good for symptoms

of

vertigo, profuse phlegm, full and heavy feeling in the chest.

 

Tongue: white and greasy (signifying damp stagnation)

 

Pulse: soft and slippery (signifying the same with digestive

weakness)

 

The next formula is specifically for deafness caused by nerve damage

(kidney yin deficiency). It is based on the Rehmannia 6 formula

which is

the basic formula for kidney yin deficiency mentioned previously.

 

Pills for the deaf (Er long Zuo Ci wan)

 

1. Anemone altaica (Jiu Jie Chang Pu) 6-9 grams

 

the rhizome is used, it is a warming aromatic, stimulant, helping

digestion and eliminating dampness

 

2. Magnetite or feric oxide (Ci shi) 1-3 grams

 

it has a cold energy but enters the kidney and liver organ

meridians, it

has a yin effect of calming and relaxing while at the same time

because

it is a mineral, it anchors the yang or destructive rising energy

 

3. Schizandra berries (wu wei zi) 6-9 grams

 

it has a yin tonic effect, helping to restrain the floating yang,

calms

the spirit and prevents leakage of energy

 

The remaining ingredients consist of Rehmannia 6 combination:

 

4. Prepared rehmannia (shu dihuang) 20-25 grams

 

tonifies kidney essence and yin

 

5. Cornus berries (shan zhu yu) 10-15 grams

 

6. Dioscorea batatas (shan yao) 10-15 grams

 

7. Alisma root (ze xie) 9-12 grams

 

8. Moutan peony (p. suffructicosa)(mu dan pi) 6-9 grams 9. Poria

cocos

(fu ling) 9-`12 grams

 

The actions of this formula are: 1. to nourish kidney yin and, 2. to

open the hearing.

 

It is specifically indicated for an individual with hearing problems

caused by kidney deficiency with associated tinnitus, deafness and

vertigo. Tongue: red

 

Pulse: thready and rapid

 

It can be used for deafness, Meniere's syndrome and diabetes.

 

From the above, we see that TCM considers neurological degeneration

(as

reflected in nerve deafness) as a condition of yin deficiency, and

involves nerve deafness which would also be considered a condition

of

kidney yin deficiency. A chronic remedy such as Rehmannia Six is

appropriate not only to improve the presenting condition of

deafness,

but to possibly prevent further degeneration of other vital

functions.

For many conditions, this may be the greatest benefit for its use.

 

We also recognize that dampness or lymphatic stagnation caused by

poor

digestion and assimilation can cause localized edema in the inner

ear

that can be the cause of tinnitus. If we were to prescribe the yin

tonic, Rehmannia Six formula for this conformation it may aggravate

the

condition because rehmannia is a moist herb. To give a stimulating,

drying and dampness dispelling formula is a correct approach but

would

be contraindicated for the condition of yin deficiency.

 

Now let's consider some Western herbal treatments for the ear:

 

The late Doctor Christopher had a formula which he gave both for

hearing

loss, vertigo and brain damage. It was called B and B Tincture and

consisted of a combination of black and blue cohosh, vervaine,

scullcap

and lobelia (all are antispasmodics and nerve tonics), together with

garlic macerated in olive oil (the garlic oil has penetrating and

regenerating properties).

 

Each night 4 to 6 drops of both the B and B tincture and the garlic

oil

are inserted in each ear, plugging them afterwards with cotton and

leaving on overnight. This is done six days a week for 4 to 6 months

or

as needed. On the seventh day the ears are flushed out with equal

parts

warm apple cider vinegar and warm water.

 

This particular combination has proven to be effective not only for

various conditions of hearing impairment but because of its

penetrating

action, for the treatment of brain damage as well. It is

corroborated

with the similar use of various medicated oils in Ayurvedic

medicine.

This can easily be combined with the internal treatments prescribed

by

TCM and will only hasten recovery, if it is at all possible.

 

B and B Tincture combines nerve tonic herbs such as skullcap

(Scutellaria lateriflora), Black cohosh (Cimicifuga racemosa), Blue

cohosh (Caulophylum thalictroides) and Vervaine (Verbena hastata)

which

besides their nerve tonic properties combine various waste

discharging

benefits as well. The garlic has a penetrating and stimulating

action,

helping to remove obstructions, in a base of olive oil, there is

some

softening and regenerative yin tonification as well. Altogether, the

combination of herbs used externally, and the addition of internal

herbal formuli makes for a superior herbal protocol for hearing

difficulties.

 

8. Kidneys manifest on the Hair

Kidney chi is internal but it is manifested externally in the hair.

Kidney chi being the root must rise to the top of the head, when it

is

strong and abundant the hair will be abundant, radiant and lustrous.

When kidney chi declines, the hair looses its pigmentation, whithers

and

falls off. This is an inevitable process of aging.

 

1. Hair pigmentation. Hair receives its color from different amounts

of

melanin pigments in the outer layer (cortex) of the hair. Melanin is

also responsible for skin pigmentation and both skin and hair is

effected by exposure to sunlight.

 

As with other functions governed by TCM kidneys, the formation of

melanin is regulated by the endocrine system, especially the

adrenals.

It is believed that the formation of melanin is regulated by

aldosterone

which is the most active mineralocorticoid hormone secreted by the

adrenal cortex. This hormone is in itself stimulated by ACTH

(adrenocorticaltropic hormone) from the pituitary. With a balanced

and

uniform secretion of cortisol from the adrenals, melanocyte

stimulating

hormone (MSH) is secreted which regulates hair and skin coloring.

 

Individuals with a deficiency of kidney yin and essence or a lack of

adrenalcortical hormones, will tend towards loss of hair

pigmentation or

greying. As a result of this, there is a definite relationship

between

the effects of a sudden shock or stress on the adrenal glands that

can

deplete one's adrenalcortical reserves as shock absorbers, so to

speak,

and result ultimately in either hair loss or greying.

 

At the base of each hair follicle is a loop of capillaries enclosed

in a

connective tissue covering called the hair papilla. Atop each

papilla

there are clusters of epithelial cells that reproduce and eventually

form the hair shaft. In addition, to this there are small bundles of

enervated muscles which under sudden stress such as cold or fright,

causes the hair to stand on end. While the coloring is regulated by

adrenalcortical hormones, the proper nerve strength which ennervates

the

arrector pili muscles attached to the base of the hair follicle, and

is,

I believe, responsible at least in part, for helping to hold the

hair in

place, is regulated by the sympathetic nervous system.

 

From this we see that hair is essentially nourished by blood and

held in

place and maintained by the sympathetic nervous system. A lack of

proper

nutrition will effect both hair coloring and growth while congestion

and

nervous exhaustion will diminish the body's ability to conduct

nutrients

to the area as well as maintain retaining power.

 

The best results for treating alopecia or hair loss is to encourage

hair

growth with herbs that stimulate the scalp and hair bed. Alcoholic

extracts, tinctures and oils are made using herbs such as echinacea

root, rosemary, nettles, birch leaves, burdock root, and seed

together

with a small amount of essential oils such as oils of, rosemary,

lavender and calamus. This mixture is rubbed vigorously into the

scalp.

If possible, one can follow this occasionally with a light tapping

over

the affected areas of the scalp with a Chinese dermal hammer.

 

Treatment should be applied regularly and daily for anywhere from a

few

weeks to months according to the severity of the condition. Many who

have been consistent in their attempts, have stimulated new hair

growth.

This has been well documented by many cases both in Western and

Asian

countries including China.

 

The TCM internal treatment for hair loss is tonifying for either or

both

kidney yin or yang. Again, the approach is directed to strengthen

the

autonomic nervous system. Evidently a similar approach in the West

is

followed with the use of B Vitamins and mineral supplements,

especially

Zinc.

 

Two herbs in particular are used in TCM for helping to restore hair

and

skin pigmentation. These are Polygonum multiflorum (ho shou wu) and

Rehmannia glutinosa (shu dihuang). Both are classified as blood

tonics

which nourish liver and kidney essence.

 

He Shou Wou (Polygonum multiflorum)orum

 

The use of He shou wuo for the hair emanates from an ancient story

of a

famous Chinese military officer who was condemned to death by

confinement in a remote cell with no food or drink. He was able to

survive by consuming the leaves and roots of a common vinelike weed

(polygonum multiflorum). After one year his keepers went back to

dispose

of the remains of the condemned military officer, that found him

fully

rejuvenated with his lustrous black hair color fully restored. Since

that time, the herb that General He Shou Wou consumed while

incarcerated

for a year has been named in his honor.

 

He shou wou, commercially misnamed in recent times, fo ti tieng,

contains lecithin, anthraquinones, chrysophanic acid, emodin, rhein,

and

chrysophanic acid anthrone. Normally He shou wou has been cured by

cooking it with black beans. It is bitter, sweet, astringent and

slightly warm.

 

It is used as a tonic for the liver and kidney and also to nourish

the

blood, benefit the essence, and kidney and liver yin. It is

therefore

used for deficient yin and blood conformations including dizziness,

blurred vision, prematurely gray hair, weak lower back and knees,

soreness in the extremities and insomnia. All of these are basic

signs

and indications for adrenal depletion included under the signs of

kidney

yin deficiency. As it contains some anthraquinones it also possesses

some demulcent and detoxifying properties making it useful for

lubricating the intestines and promoting bowel movement especially

in

anemic individuals.

 

One of the most remarkable effects of He shou wou is its effects on

lipid metabolism. It is believed that the lecithin in He shou wou is

responsible for preventing the accumulation of cholesterol in the

liver

and the retention of lipids in the blood stream and finally the

penetration of lipids into the arterial endothelium, hence reducing

arteriosclerosis. (14)

 

The lecithin, besides being good for the hair, is found in He shou

wou

as a main component of nerve tissue, particularly of the brain and

spinal cord. It is also an important raw material for the membranes

of

erythrocytes and other cells, promoting their growth and

developement.

(15)

 

One of the most commonly available and effective forms of He shou

wou is

in a Chinese patented formula called " Shou Wou Chih " . It is a liquid

extract containing Shou wou along with Dang gui, Ligusticum,

Polygonatum, Rehmannia root and other herbs that aid circulation and

digestion. It is used as a liver tonic, tonifying, warming and

invigorating the blood, nourishing the liver and kidneys, benefiting

the

eyes and tendons, strengthening the bones and tendons of the back,

relieving joint pains and depletion caused by sexual excess,

childbirth,

or illness. Shou Wou Chih is suitable to take daily for a long

period of

time (3 months or more). The daily dose is 2-3 tablespoons, 3 x

daily.

 

Another good remedy for restoring hair color is Black sesame seeds.

Chinese medicine finds that herbs and foods that are black colored

are

usually particularly good for the TCM kidneys. Black sesame is rich

in

certain oils and is taken regularly, about one tablespoon daily, to

prevent greying and help restore normal hair color. Black sesame

seeds

can be dry roasted and ground with a little salt to make a delicious

condiment that can be sprinkled on rice and other foods. I have also

combined about a thrid portion of ground he shou wou with the black

sesame gomasio to increase its benefits. A delicious sweet version

can

be made by mixing the ground black sesame with honey or dry powdered

pure sugar cane juice extract.

 

As with the discussion of other aspects of the TCM Kidneys and

indeed

herbal medicine generally, attempting to diagnose and treat a

specific

symptom such as premature hair loss or greying, leads one to use

herbs

and formulas that are indicated for the whole person. By treating

hair

symptoms, one eventually also finds that their energy and well being

improves, joint pains disappear and perhaps is beneficial even, to

one's

sex life. In this way one herb or formula can treat 100's of

symptoms

while at the same time by applying TCM diagnostic criteria we can

arrive

at the correct approach that will achieve the best results for a

specific symptomology.

 

9. Kidneys Grasp and descend Lung Chi

Another important function of the TCM Kidneys is their ability to

grasp

the chi of the lungs and pull it downward. Failure to do this

results in

a kind of adrenal exhaustive asthma where the lung energy does not

properly descend.

 

What is the relationship of the kidneys to the lungs? The two end

products of carbohydrate metabolism is metabolic water and carbon

dioxide gas. While the main function of the kidneys is to eliminate

excessive water from the blood, carbon dioxide gas is eliminated

through

the lungs.

 

The filtration of water through the glomeruli of the kidneys is

dependent upon high oxygen arterial blood. If the arterial blood

contains abnormal impurities from an improper diet rich in

denatured,

and refined foods, the kidneys require more oxygen to force

elimination;

this extra oxygen is supplied by the adrenal glands.

 

As Dr. Henry Bieler explains, " Nature wisely placed these glands

near

the kidneys, so that their internal secretion (adrenoxidase) can

supply

oxygen faster, in order to overcome any strain on the process taking

place in the globule of the kidney. " (16)

 

Adrenal stimulants such as ma huang, cayenne pepper even coffee can

stimulate the adrenals to secrete adrenoxidase to supply oxygen

faster

to compensate for any deficiency in the process occuring in the

glomeruli of the kidneys. By so doing the adrenals especially in a

yin

deficienct individual are overly taxed to facilitate the elimination

of

toxins through the kidneys. This may possibly shorten the

individual's

life by tending to deplete the adrenal's reserves.

 

In asthma, the adrenal potential is much below normal and because of

this kidney detoxifying function is greatly impaired. It is the

lungs

which try to help the weak kidneys by secreting some of the toxins

through their mucous membranes. The lungs are not able to function

very

well as accessory kidneys and the result is inflammation and

irritation

of the lungs which lead to a degeneration and atrophy of the

bronchiole

tubes.

 

Herbal formulas which are useful for kidney deficient asthma include

Rehmannia Six or Rehmannia Eight formulas previously described. When

there is yin deficiency with dryness one can use Rehmannia Six with

the

addition of asparagus cochinchinensis (tian men dong), Ophiopogon

japonica (mai men dong) and Scrophularia ningpoensis (xuan shen).

 

Asthma caused by asthenia or weakness of the kidney is treated with

Rehmannia Eight (jin gui shen qi wan) together with schizandra

chinensis

(wu wei zi). An animal that is taken to treat kidney yang deficient

asthma is gecko lizard. The male and female lizards are usually

taken

together with the head and feet removed, since these seem to have

some

toxic principle. Three to six grams are taken as a powder or nine to

fifteen grams in decoction. This can be taken alone or together with

Rehmannia eight for better effect.

 

Western approaches to treating the endocrine system

 

In the past, Western herbalism has been noticeably lacking in

treating

endocrine disorders. This is primarily because endocrine disorders

occured more as a syndrome of different symptoms and Western

herbalism

has tended to orient itself around more clearly defined pathological

conditions.

 

If there was a problem with a hypersympathetic nervous system,

Western

herbalists have tended use sedatives, nervines and perhaps

anti-inflammatories. There has been little understanding of a

condition

of asthenic wasting. An herb such as marshmallow (althea

officinalis)

occurs more for its soothing demulcent properties rather than its

ability to nourish the parasympathetic nervous system helping it to

secrete adrenalcortical hormones such as cortisol.

 

Only recently have Western scientists and herbalists come to

recognize

the effects of certain herbs, most noticeably a strong sympathetic

nervous stimulant such as Ma Huang and for the stimulation of

adrenalcortical hormones, licorice and Siberian ginseng. As a result

many of these herbs are appearing in Western herbal formulas for the

adrenals and endocrine systems.

 

Other substances that are used with good effect are protomorphogens

or

glandular extracts. These include specific glands from animal

sources

such as adrenal, thyroid, pituitary, thymus, ovarian, etc. These may

be

prescribed alone or together with appropriate herbs, vitamins,

minerals,

etc.

 

In addition, a number of vitamin and mineral supplements are used to

nourish and stimulate the endocrine system. These include vitamin C,

all

the B vitamins, Zinc, calcium and magnesium.

 

Throughout the nineteenth century consumption or tuberculosis was

not

uncommon. This condition is definitely one that would be classified

as

yin deficiency in TCM. It was treated with various yin tonic foods

and

medicines that often helped to stabilize and sometimes even cure the

condition at least for awhile. Because of an epidemic occuring in

China,

the Chinese went to great lengths to import wild American ginseng

(panax

ginseng) from Eastern North America because of its yin tonic

properties.

 

 

Two common substances used for T.B. where tannin leached acorns from

the

oak tree which served as a powerful nutritive yin tonic; in Russia,

there were many cases of the use of large quantities of eggs taken

on a

daily basis over a period of months by Russian folk healers as

described

in a little book called " Russian Folk Medicine " by Paul M.

Kourennoff

and George St George.

 

The use of cayenne pepper and ma huang both serve as stimulants of

the

sympathetic nervous system. As such they help to raise metabolism

and

thus help the lungs by stimulating the removal of congestion and

toxins

from the system. This approach has worked very well for those who

have a

genuine excess and are only recently changing from a rich diet of

red

meat, dairy and refined sugar and flour. The same approach, however,

given to individuals with sympathetic overload or a depletion of the

parasympathetic system (kidney yin) is further weakening and

debilitating.

 

All these approaches have demonstrated considerable beneficial

clinical

effects. It is in TCM, however, that the conditions associated with

kidney yin or yang deficiency is so pivotal to the entire system.

There

is much that can be learned from TCM that can be integrated into a

more

effective clinical model. Even more important, we can appreciate

that

all the principles of TCM theory are in perfect agreement with the

most

recent discoveries and understandings of modern scientific

physiology.

 

9. The kidneys correlates with the lower warmer and the bladder

 

The triple warmer in Chinese medicine is not an actual organ but a

functional process whereby all the organs of the upper, middle and

lower

cavities of the body interract with each other. It is therefore the

process which becomes the triple warmer. Considering the in the Nei

Ching, " the triple warmer is the official in charge of irrigation

and it

controls the water passages, " there must be a direct relationship

between the function of the triple warmer and the kidneys. That

relationship

 

has to do with the regulation of fluid within the tissues and organs

of

the body.

 

In the upper warmer, fluid is described in the Nei ching " opening

outwards, spreading the 5 tastes of the food essences, pervading the

skin, filling the body and moistening the skin and it is like a

mist. "

The middle warmer is situated in the stomach and " receives the chi,

expels the wastes, steams the body fluids, transforms the refined

essences of food and connects upwards with the lungs. " The lower

warmer

is described as a drainage ditch because of its function of

separating

essences of food into the pure and impure.

 

It seems that the description of the triple warmer becomes a

" summarization of the functions of all the yang organs (including

the

lungs and spleen) in their work of receiving, digesting,

transforming,

absorbing, nourishing and excreting. The triple warmer is like the

great

canal that was built in China in ancient times to connect the vast

distant territories. So also is it warmed and motivated by the TCM

function of the kidneys especially as it relates to the processing

of

fluids.

 

The bladder is the yang aspect of the kidneys, making it relevant to

the

Gate of Vitality from which it derives its energy. The function of

the

bladder is to store and excrete urine. If kidney yang is weak, there

will be frequent but weak passage of urine. The holding

 

10. The Kidneys govern water

 

Within the kidneys themselves, as with all physiological processes,

yin

and yang qualities are manifested. The kidneys contribute to the

function of eliminating acid waste products and helping to maintain

proper PH throughout the body by their ability to reabsorb sodium,

calcium and other mineral salts into the plasma. The lungs also

contribute to this process by eliminating carbon dioxide which is

the

waste byproduct of glucose and lactic acid metabolism. Acid waste in

the

body are yang toxins because they cause inflammation and congestion.

Sodium, chloride, potassium and other mineral ions which help to

maintain homeostasis are yin. Since yin and yang are relative to

each

other, sodium is yang because it causes fluid retention while

potassium

would be yin.

 

Extracellular fluid in the form of blood and lymph occupies the

interstitial spaces between the cells. It must maintain a proper

amount

of sodium chloride and bicarbonate with some potassium and calcium.

Intercellular fluid on the other hand must maintain a predominance

of

potassium with a smaller amount of sodium. Let us posit that the

extracellular fluid is yin while the intercellular fluid is yang.

Similarly, salt is a yin substance while potassium is a yang

substance.

The balance and interaction of these two through the cell walls is

in

the form of an electrical charge that helps in carrying food, fluid

and

waste into and out of the cells.

 

Chinese medical theory maintains that the flavor of the kidneys is

salty. By this the Chinese understood the specialized relationship

the

kidneys have with directly maintaining and regulating PH and by the

reabsorption of sodium and calcium into the plasma. As with the

regulation of yin and yang throughout the body, this function of the

kidneys is also regulated by hormones of the adrenal cortex and of

the

posterior pituitary.

 

ANATOMY OF THE KIDNEY

The kidneys are paired reddish-brown organs situated one on each

side of

the vertebral column and on the posterior wall of the abdominal

cavity.

The adrenal glands are situated on the superior portion of each

kidney.

Being approximately 11 cm. long, they extend down from the level of

the

twelfth thoracic to the third lumbar vertebra. The right kidney sits

slightly lower than the left because of the presence of the liver.

 

The kidney proper is composed of a cortex or outer layer; the

medulla

which is located deep to the cortex and consists of up to 18

triangular

renal pyramids. The renal pelvis is the papilla of each pyramid

projecting into a funnel-shaped minor calyx. The major calyces unite

to

form the renal pelvis which is the expanded upper end of the ureter.

The

urine passes as droplets from tiny pores in the papillae into the

renal

pelvis and finally the ureter, which carries it to the urinary

bladder.

 

The nephron is the functional unit of the kidney where urine is

produced. The two kidneys together contain about 2 1/2 million

nephrons.

The entire function of the kidney can be understood by the function

of a

single nephron.

 

The nephron is composed of 1. a glomerulus of tiny capillary blood

vessels, and 2. a long tubule in which the filtered fluid is

converted

into urine on its way to the pelvis of the kidney. Blood enters the

glomerulus through the afferent arteriole and leaves through the

efferent arteriole. Pressure of blood in the glomerulus causes fluid

to

filter into Bowman's capsule. Bowman's capsule is named after a 19th

century British physician and is a visceral layer close to the

glomerulus. It functions as a filter in the formation of urine.

 

It is within the nephrons that the major functions of the urinary

system

is performed. The other parts of the system serve primarily as

passageways and storage areas. Nephrons carry out three important

processes:

 

They regulate blood concentration the volume by removing selected

amounts of water and solutes.

They help regulate PH

The remove toxic waste from the blood.

In the process of performing these activities, the nephrons filter

unwanted materials from the blood and return desireable ones

required by

the body. The discarded material or urine together with the entire

volume of blood in the body is filtered approximately 60 times a day.

 

Urine is formed by a process of glomerular filtration caused by

forcing

fluids and dissolved substances through a membrane by pressure. In a

healthy person, urine consists of all materials normally found in

the

blood except for the solid elements and most proteins which are too

large to pass through the membrane.

 

Tubular reabsorption is the amount of filtrate that flows out of the

renal corpuscles of both kidneys and is reabsorbed by the blood,

which

is about 99%. Thus, only about 1% actually leaves the body which is

about 1 liter a day. If filtration is too slow, there is a

reabsorption

of chloride ions to increase the flow of blood which in turn

balances

the rate of filtration, helping to regulate the process.

 

Tubular secretion eliminates certain waste materials from the blood

and

helps to control PH. Through a complex process, tubular secretion

releases hydrogen and ammonium ions which help to raise the blood PH

which has been lowered through the digestive process (even though

most

diets provide primarily acidic foods). Ammonium and hydrogen ion

secretion normalizes urine to a PH of about 6. As a result, urine Ph

is

lowered while blood PH is raised to normal.

 

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) , called vasopressin, controls the rate

at

which water is lost from the body by controlling the permiability of

the

water collecting ducts. Without ADH water is expelled into the

urine,

with ADH it is reabsorbed back into the blood.

 

A normal adult excretes between 1 to 2 quarts of urine daily. Blood

pressure is regulated by the secretion of renin from the

juxtaglomerular

apparatus which increases reabsorption. By so doing, blood volume

and

consequently blood pressure increases and urine decreases. By

raising

blood pressure, the kidneys are ensured enough oxygen (O2) and the

normal volume of urine remains constant.

 

The amount of water that is consumed effects blood concentration. A

small amount of water results in a lower concentration in the blood

with

the consequent release of ADH. The effect of ADH is to decrease the

volume of urine, thus conserving water reserves.

 

Exposure to high temperatures stimulates the rate of perspiration or

water loss. This also stimulates the release of ADH with an increase

in

water reapsorption in the blood and a decrease of urine. A lowering

of

temperature causes a dilation of the abdominal vessels with an

increase

of blood to the glomeruli, with a consequent increase of pressure

and

the expulsion of urine.

 

Diuretics

Diuretics are chemicals that increase urine flow. Some act on

tubular

flow in the kidneys while others such as coffee, tea and alcoholic

beverages affect ADH by inhibiting its release. It is important that

the

rate of sodium loss in the urine also be increased with the loss of

water.

 

Weiss points out that " it is useful to make a distinction between

diuretics in the narrower sense, which are used to treat diseases of

the

urinary system, and diuretics in the wider sense, perhaps better

referred to as anti-dyscratic drugs with diuretic properties, their

actual indications being metabolic diseases, rheumatism and gout. "

(Weiss, pg. 234)

 

Weiss then goes on to define the difference between diuretics in the

narrower sense which include diuretics containing volatile oils and

those where the diuretic property is due to their saponin content.

 

Diuretics containing volatile oils

 

It is well understood that in general a warm or hot infusion of

herbs

with volatile oils will have a diaphoretic effect and a cool

infusion

will exert a diuretic effect. The following herbs are used in either

of

these ways:

 

Parsley (petroselinum sativum)

 

Celery fruits (apium graveolens)

 

Wild carrot (Daucus carota)

 

Lovage (Levisticum off.)

 

Cinnamon bark (cinnamomum cassia)

 

fresh Ginger (Zingiberis off.)

 

Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare)

 

Oregano

 

Burdock (arctium lappa)

 

Buchu (Barosma betulina)

 

Coriander (Coriandrum sativum)

 

Water Plantain (Alisma plantago)

 

Watercress (Nasturtium off.)

 

Gravel root (Eupatorium purpureum)

 

Diuretics containing saponins and sterols

 

spiny restharrow (ononis spinosa)

 

Horsetail (equisetum arvense)

 

Dandelion (Taraxacum off.)

 

Dianthus superbus

 

Rehmannia glutinosa

 

Goldenrod (solidago virgaurea) (directly increases renal function)

 

Ceanothus thyrsiflorus (California lilac)

 

Azuki beans (Phaseolus calcaratus) which are diuretic because they

tend

to filter sodium.

 

Corn silk (Zea mays)

 

Guiacum off.

 

Hydrangea arborescens

 

A diuretic subcategory are herbs that have urinary antiseptic

properties

and would include

 

Pipsissewa (Chimaphila spp.) also very useful for frequent

urination.

 

Uva ursi (Arctostapholos uva ursi)

 

Plantain (Plantago spp.)

 

Cleavers (Galium aparine)

 

Many herbal diuretics exert their action by directly effecting

electrolyte balance of minerals. Thus, those that are high in

potassium

tend to have a cooler energy and include dandelion (taraxacum Off.),

the

various mushrooms including Poria cocos, couchgrass (Agropynum

repens),

probably Atractylodes alba, Some diuretics such as Dianthus superbus

promote diuretic action by stimulating more the secretion of

potassium

rather than sodium. Certain herbs of a demulcent or mucilaginous

character such as marshmallow root (Althea off.), Slippery elm

(Ulmus

Fulva), Knotweed, (Polygonum aviculare), talcum, and Rehmannia

glutinosa

inhibit the osmotic reabsorption of fluid by the tubules. The single

most important diuretic that inhibits antidiuretic hormone is water.

When large amounts of water are ingested, ADH is no longer secreted

from

the supraoptico-posterior pituitary system. As a result large

amounts of

urine are discharged.

 

In addition to the above, emotions can influence the volume of

urine.

Nervousness and stress can increase blood pressure which in turn

will

increase glomerular filtration.

 

Urine Characteristics

Color is normally yellow or amber colored. Being a breakdown product

of

hemoglobin, urine is colored by urobilinogen and is more hypertonic

than

plasma and more acid. It consists of urea, urin acid, creatinine,

ammonia, and hydrogen and potassium ions.

Turbidity of fresh urine is usually transparent. Slight turbidity is

a

result of mucin secreted by the lining of the urinary tract. If it

is

too dilute (specific gravity is low) there is not the proper balance

of

fluid filtered through the tubule. Goldenrod herb and root (Solidago

virgurea) is one of the best to correct excessive albuminaria as

well as

oliguria

Odor of fresh urine can vary. Asparagus will give a characteristic

smell. Of more importance, however, is a sweetish smell which can

indicate the spilling of blood sugar into the urine, indicating

diabetes. Normal urine has little odor.

PH of normal urine is slightly acidic, ranging from 4.6 to 8.0.

Variations are closely related to the diet. High protein increases

acidity while vegetables and fruit increase alkalinity. Fasting,

exercise and high altitude will also vary the PH. Standing urine

forms

ammonium carbonate which is strongly alkaline.

Specific gravity is the ration of weight of solids to the weight of

equal volume of distilled water. Water has a spcific gravity of

1000.

The specific gravity of urine can vary from 1.001 to 1.035 in

healthy

people. This indicates health since there is a better overall

filtering

capacity. Above normal readings can indicate that the person has

blood

cells, casts or bacteria in the urine which is an indication of

disease.

 

A. An increase in Albumin can indicate high blood pressure, metals

in

the body,bacterial toxins, disease of the glomeruli.

 

b. An increase of Glucose indicates high sugar from the diet and

emotional stress. The utilization of glucose and some amino acids by

the

cells is dependent upon a process called " sodium co-transport "

whereby

the osmotic diffusion of sodium into the cells carries with it

glucose

and amino acids. Since the kidneys are responsible for regulating

sodium

levels, there is obviously an indirect relationship between kidney

function and the absorption of nutrients. Since the kidneys are so

directly involved with the regulation of sodium, we see the origin

of

adding a pinch of salt when taking a kidney yin or yang tonic. We

can

also see that if the kidneys are filtering too much salt, there can

be

symptoms of overall malnourishment.

 

c. An increase of Erythrocytes can be cause by hematuria,

inflammation

of the urinary organs, kidney stones, tumors, trauma and kidney

disease.

In TCM, this category is in the categorized as disease caused by

heat

and we look to the use of anti-inflammatory herbs such as echinacea,

barberry, gentian as well as astringent diuretics such as

pippsesewa,

uva ursi and goldenrod.

 

d. An increase of Leukocytes indicates infection of the urinary

organs.

This betrays the presence of pus and could come from other areas of

the

body as well. Again, this is a condition of heat and requires the

use of

annti-inflammatory herbs such as echinacea, chaparral, golden seal

as

described above. If there is a urinary infection then uva ursi,

pippsesewa and horsetail would be very effective.

 

e. In small amounts the presence of Ketone bodies is normal. In

larger

amounts it can indicate diabetes, starvation generally or overrall

too

little carbohydrates in the body. Ketones can create a mild feeling

of

euphoria which is the high frequently associated with fasting. When

carbohydrates are not used, almost all the energy must come from the

metabolism of fats. This can be taken from the fatty reserves of the

body resulting in tremendous amounts of fatty acids being

metabolized by

the liver. This is often more than the cells can oxidize resulting

in

the accumulation high concentrations of acetoacetic acid and the

other

ketones in the blood.

 

f. Bilirubin is a byproduct of the hemolysis of red blood cells and

hemoglobin. The average lifespan of red blood cells is 120 days

after

which they become too fragile to exist. Their cell membranes rupture

and

the released hemoglobin is phagocytized by reticuloendothelial cells

throughout the body. Eventually these are converted bilirubin.

Within

hours, these are absorbed by the hepatic cells where it is combined

with

other substances and partially excreted as bile where it is excreted

through the gall bladder into the small intestine where it

stimulates

peristalsis and is converted by bacterial action into a more soluble

substance called absorbed through the intestinal mucosa into the

blood

and most of this is in turn re-excreted by the liver back into the

gut.

About 5% is excreted by the kidneys into the urine. After exposure

to

air in the urine, the urobilinogen becomes oxidized to urobilin, or

in

the feces it becomes altered and oxidized to form stercobilin. Herbs

that treat a congestion or excess of bilirubin are classified in TCM

as

" Herbs that clear Damp Heat. " These include Oregon Grape (Mahonia),

Barberry, Golden Seal, Gentian Yellow dock root (Rumex crispus) and

Phellodendron amurense. They are important in the treatment of most

genital urinary inflammations as well as herpes simplex and are so

used

with great effectiveness in both Chinese and Western herbalism.

 

g. Casts are tiny masses of hardened material made from white blood

cells, red blood cells, epithelium that contains cells from the

tubulars, fatty or granula cells. They indicate a kind of cellular

dysfunction and are effectively treated and removed with a

combination

of herbs that eliminate " damp heat " and diuretics. These include

cleavers (Galium aparine), Gentianae scabrae, Sophorae flavescentis,

Phellodendron ammurense, hydrastis canadensis.

 

Urine characteristics

h. Renal calculi are crystal salts found in the urine that can

solidify

into renal calculi or kidney stones. Some of the conditions which

lead

to their formation include a decrease in water intake, increase in

mineral salts and an abnormally alkaline or acidic urine. Many

diuretic

herbs have anti-lithic properties but three of the most important

are as

follows:

 

Gravel root (Eupatorium purpureum) combines both chi tonic as well

as

diuretic properties. As such, it is my opinion that it is somewhat

similar in properties to the Chinese Atractylodes alba (Bai Zhu)

which

is also diuretic, carminative and tonic. Gravel root, as its name

implies, is a most effective remedy for urinary calculi and gravel,

having the ability to looosen, dissolve and void gravelly sediment

in

the urinary tract. Gravel root is a diuretic nervine which means

that it

is able to treat frequent, ineffective or nighttime urination due to

weakness of the pelvic nerves. Since it has the ability to increase

the

elimination of solids in the urine, it is effective in cases of

rheumatism and gout. Typically, as with all remedies in this class,

they

should be combined with a demulcent diuretic such as Marshmallow

root

(Althea off.) or talcum.

Hydrangea arborescens is another anti-lithic remedy often combined

with

gravel root for the elimination of stones. It is also good for

urinary

tract infections as well as infections and enlargement of the

prostate

gland.

Lysimachia christinae (Jin qian cao) is the main herb used in

several

Chinese patented formulas for the relief of both gallstones as well

as

urinary stones. One patented formula is called Specific Drug Passwan

or

" specially effective discharge stone pill. " It is not at all

uncommon

that herbs that dissolve stones of the urinary tract are also

effective

for the gallbladder. As such I have had many calls of appreciation

from

patients around the country who have used my Planetary formula,

Stone

Free (it does not contain lysimachia). This herb is a diuretic in

the

category of " clearing damp heat " . As such, it is also useful for

jaundice, hepatitis, abscess and snake-bite.

i. Various Microbes are also found in urine and are a way of

determining

other problems in the body. Two that often cause problems are

candida

albicans and trichomonas vaginalis. These are in the category of

damp

heat and require diuretic herbs from this category as well as other

metabolic adjustments in diet. Herbs that are used for these

conditions

include barberry root (Berberis vulgaris.) or Oregon grape root

(Mahonia

aquifolium), Gentinae scabrae and Sophorae flavescentis to name a

few.

Of course, these are most effective when prepared in a balanced

formulation according to the constitution and symptoms of the

patient.

 

 

Bibliography

Chinese Materia Medica by Bensky and Gamble, Publ. by Eastland Press

 

Formulas and Strategies by Bensky and Barolet, publ. by Eastland

press

 

Medical Physiology by Guyton, publ. by Saunders

 

Pharmacology and Applicaions of Chinese Materia Medica by Chang and

But,

vols. 1 and 2 publ. by World Scientific

 

Textbook of Anatomy and Physiology by Anthony and Thibodeau, publ.

by

Mosby

 

Handbook of Chinese Herbs and Formulas, vol 1 and 2 by Yeung, self

published.

 

The Wild Rose Scientific Herbal by Terry Willard, publ. by Wild Rose

College of Natural Healing.

 

Herbal Medicine by Rudolf Weiss, publ. by Beaconsfield, England

 

Food Is Your Best Medicine by Dr. Henry Bieler M.D., Random House.

 

Food Is Your Best Medicine by Dr. Henry Bieler M.D., Random House.

 

(1) , compiled by Dara Eitrem for the Five Branches

Institute of Santa Cruz.

 

(2) Herbal Medicine, Weiss, Beaconsfield Arcanum, 1988.

 

(3)(3) Formulas and Strategies by Bensky and Gamble, publ. Eastland

Press, 1990.

 

(4)Takeda, R. et al., Prolonged pseudoaldosterones induce

glycyrrhizin,

Endoc. Japan 26:541-7, 1979.

 

(5)Eptien, M., Espinier, E., et al., Effect of eating licorice on

renin-angiotensin aldosterone receptors, Br. Med. J. !:488-90 1977.

 

(6)Armanini, D. et al., Affinity of Liquorice derivative for

mineralcorticoid and glucocorticoid receptors, Clin. Edoc. 19:609-

12,

1983.

 

(7))Chen RQ et al. Acta Academiae Medicinae Primae Shanghai 1979

6(6):393.

 

(8)

 

(8) Basic Sciences Department, Shenyang Medical College. Medical

Research (Shenyang Medical college) 1975

 

(9) Vereshchagin, I.A., et al., Antiniotiki 27:2619 1985.

 

(10) Kirilov, O.I. " The effect of fluid extract of eleutherococcus

root

on the pituitary-adrenocortical system. " SIB. Otd. Acad. Nauk

S.S.S.R.,

23, 3-5, 1964.

 

(11) The Nei Ching or what is called The Yellow Emperor's Book of

Acupuncture is believed to be a compilation of a group of

outstanding

medical scholars around the third century B.C.. It is an invaluable

classic which represents the excellence and experience of Medicine

in

ancient China. It is set in the form of a dialogue between the

fabled

Yellow Emperor and his minister Li Po. An English translation of the

Chinese by Dr. Henry Lu is published by The Academy of Oriental

Heritage, Vancouver, B.C., Canada.

 

(12) Unshuld, Paul U., Medicine in China, University of California

Press, Berkeley, 1985. p.79.

 

(13) Jiangsu College of New Medicine. Encyclopedia of Chinese

Materia

Medica. Vol 1. Shanghai People's Publishing house. 1977. p. 386.

 

(14)Tongren hospital of Beijing. References on medicine and health.

1963. p.1. also Information Department of Hunan institute of Medical

and

Pharmaceutical Industry. Chinese Traditional and Herbal Drugs

Communications 1977 (4) :48.

 

(15)Editorial Group. National collection of Chinese materia medica.

People's Medical Publishing house. 1975. p. 458.

 

(16) Food Is Your Best Medicine, Henry G. Bieler, M.D., Random

House,

1965, pp132-133.

 

 

JoAnn Guest

mrsjo-

www.geocities.com/mrsjoguest/Diets

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