Integrating the Traditional Chinese Understanding of the Kidneys into Western Herbalism

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Integrating the Traditional Chinese Understanding of the Kidneys into Western

Herbalism JoAnn Guest May 05, 2005 20:25 PDT

 

 

Dr. Michael Tierra L.AC., O.M.D.

www.planetherbs.com

--

That Traditional (TCM) is a complete system of primary

health care is obvious to those who have devoted years in its study.

However, for many who might appreciate a deeper understanding of its

theories and principles, especially as it applies to the maintenance of

health and the cure of disease, it would be useful to correlate as best

as possible the relationship between the profound concepts of TCM with

what is known and can be corroborated from Western physiology. From this

we may be able to arrive at a better understanding of how certain herbs

and and even Western drug medicines exert their therapeutic effects.

 

The Chinese, famed for their pragmatic outlook, historically tended to

assume the presence of an organ by a process of induction. Perceiving a

physiological function, they then attempted to describe or even invent,

as in the case of such ubiquitous organ functions as the so called

Triple Warmer (i.e. the overall regulation of fluid and heat throughout

the entire body), appropriate organs and corresponding meridians.

 

Further, since most herbs tend to have broader, more nutritive actions

than chemical drugs, there was generally little need for specificity.

 

As to the kidney, for instance, the TCM KIDNEY INVOLVES ALL

PHYSIOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS THAT INCLUDE THE KIDNEY-URINARY SYSTEM PLUS THE

ENDOCRINE SYSTEMS and especially the adrenal glands.

 

TCM Kidney Yin and Kidney Yang involves the regulation of electrolyte

balance of sodium and potassium, necessary for the circulation of

bioelectrical energy throughout the body.

 

Further, the TCM concept of kidney yin very prominently involves the

secretion of glucocorticoid hormone, cortisol, from the adrenal cortex.

 

Kidney yang in addition to involving adrenaline secretions of the

adrenal medula, also involve other endocrine functions including the

pituitary and thyroid glands.

 

What TCM offers is a more holistic view of the dynamic interplay of

complex physiological phenomena. This is especially useful for clinical

practice. What it does not offer are specific physiological processes

which are the well earned domain of Western scientific medicine. Given

the difference between the two in point of view, it seems that learning

to view health and disease from both perspectives will ultimately offer

a broader, more comprehensive approach to health care in the future.

 

******

 

The concept of `kidney' has been pivotal in Chinese medical theory at

least since the time of the writing of the Nan Ching (Classic of Medical

Difficulties) around 403-221 B.C. The other great medical classic, the

Nei Ching (The Yellow Emperor's Classic) written somewhere around 2800

B.C., established the prior dominance of the stomach and spleen school.

 

With these two, we have the so called division what some regard as the

`spleen' and `kidney' doctors. The former views disease as being caused

by weak digestion and elimination with a resultant deficiency of

acquired chi from air, food and water, while the latter considers the

primary cause of disease to be from a weak inherited constitution,

lowered resistance and lack of essence.

 

Western physiology and anatomy limits its description of the kidney to

the actual organ itself, TCM assigns such profound, broad significance

that it is obvious that the Chinese concept of `kidney', as the home of

the `ancestral chi' (inherent constitution) and the root of yin and yang

for the entire body refers to a much vaster terrain.

 

After studying the functions and pathologies involved with the TCM

kidney, it is obvious that at least part of the TCM kidney encompasses

the urinary system, balance of mineral electrolytes as well as the

entire endocrine system including prostaglandins and the various

neuro-transmitters.

 

The Chinese had no need to extend their understanding beyond the

identification of the kidneys as both urinary organs as well as the

endocrine system.

 

Perhaps this is because of the prominent hormone regulating role played

by the adrenals which are two endocrine glands attached to the superior

surface of the kidneys and important in the regulation of the autonomic

nervous system.

 

The fundamental principle of health and healing in TCM is the concept of

balance. In TCM, balance is expressed in broad strokes of hot-cold,

dry-wet, strong-weak, excess-deficient, chronic-acute, etc., these

concepts are applied both to the method of diagnosis as well as to the

classification of food, medicine and treatment. These concepts are all

broadly encompassed in the concept of yin and yang which,

physiologically, is controlled by the kidneys.

 

In understanding the Traditional Chinese description of TCM Kidney

function we must come to the same realization that occurs with each of

the other 12 TCM organ-meridian influences, that what is implied may in

fact, represent a synthesis of dynamic life processes that extend beyond

what can be effectively grasped by current Western physiological models.

This is especially true in terms of their being the origin of yin and

yang throughout the body which involves a complex integration of the

kidneys plus all endocrine functions.

 

Because the emphasis of Chinese physiological theory is more in terms of

function rather than form, we are able to achieve a more holistic

perspective in terms of the TCM Kidneys and their effect on the

body-mind. Besides, by discovering how the TCM Kidneys are described in

terms of TCM theory we can also arrive at a deeper understanding of how

herbs, foods and lifestyle can be employed therapeutically.

 

Kidney Yin and Yang deficiency represents a distinct category of

treatment within TCM that is not so clearly recognized or differentiated

in Western herbalism. It is useful to understand these concepts because

they involve conditions that are fundamental to health and the Chinese

have described specific treatment protocols with herbs and other

therapeutic substances emanating from the mineral and animals kingdoms

that can be used to treat these conditions.

 

HOMEOSTASIS AND YIN YANG THEORY

According to TCM philosophy, " chi " or vital energy is a part of yang

while " blood " is a part of yin. The characteristics of yin therefore are

substantial, cool and moist, while the characteristics of yang are

ephemeral warm, mobile and dry.

 

In terms of homeostasis, Yin belongs to all those physiological aspects

which are cooling, hypo-metabolic, receptive, anabolic and maintaining,

while yang is warming, hypermetabolic, aggressive, catabolic,

transforming and protective.

 

Yin relates to the chalice which receives and yang relates to the life

energy with which it is filled. A deficiency of yin suggests that the

maintaining and repairing function of the body is depleted or lacking.

This is indicated by an overflowing or spilling out of yang chi as

perceived by a variety of hypermetabolic signs such as flushed

complexion, heat, nervousness, anxiety, insomnia, dryness and chronic

signs of inflammation and wasting.

 

A deficiency of yang is hypometabolic, with signs of coldness, paleness,

tiredness, weakness, lack of vitality, low libido, edema and puffiness.

 

In TCM, the kidneys are described as housing the essence and being the

root of yin and yang for the entire body-mind. This means that all the

inherited constitutional potential of the individual is contained within

the kidneys as well as the most essential aspects for maintaining

homeostasis.

 

One way by which the regulation of yin and yang is governed by the

kidneys is the regulation of electrolytes.

 

Electrolytes consist of acids, bases and salts, especially sodium,

chlorine and potassium which carry a positive and negative electrical

charge as it regulates fluid metabolism in the body's three fluid

compartments, inside the cells, in the interstitial spaces and within

the blood vessels.

 

Besides the regulation of electrolytes within the kidneys, the endocrine

system as described above plays a pivotal role in regulating homeostasis

which is described as yin and yang by the Chinese.

 

It is through these complex physiological processes that the Chinese

assign the following spheres of influence to the TCM Kidneys:

 

Kidneys contain the Gate of Vitality ( " Ming men " ).

Kidneys are the Root of Yin and Yang for the Whole Body

Kidneys govern growth and maturation

Kidneys produce skill and house the will

Kidneys hold the essence (inherited constitution)

Kidneys govern the bones and teeth

Kidneys open into the ears

Kidneys manifest on the head hair

From the above, we arrive at the basic symptoms of TCM kidney imbalance

of which at least three prominent symptoms are required to make a

diagnosis regardless of any further specific conformations:

 

Basic signs of TCM Kidney imbalance

According to TCM differential diagnosis, one must have at least three

prominent symptoms from the following:

 

low back pain joint and knee pains

 

stiffness impotence or frigidity

 

libido hearing

 

head hair urinary problems

 

growth and maturation bone and marrow problems

 

Kidney Yang becomes the reactive, sympathetic nervous system relating to

the secretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine from the adrenal medulla

as well as other yang-izing hormones from the pituitary, thyroid and

other endocrine glands.

 

In contrast, Kidney Yin is the parasympathetic nervous system relating

to the secretion of corticosteroids from the adrenal cortex as well as

other yin-izing hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary and other

endocrine glands.

 

1. The Gate of Vitality (Ming Men)

The TCM kidneys are closely associated with the " the gate of vitality "

or " Ming Men " as it is called in TCM. Zhang Jie Bin (1563-1640) said: "

there are two kidneys ... (i.e. kidney yin and yang)... the Gate of

Vitality is in between them. ... it is the organ of water and fire, the

abode of yin and yang, the sea of essence, and it determines life and

death. "

 

Energy is produced as a result of both catabolic and anabolic reactions.

The release of energy is associated with catabolism while its use is

associated with anabolism. Ming Men is essentially concerned with the

catabolic release of energy through heat.

 

Heat is available in two forms, one is biologically useless since it can

destroy living cells, the other is chemical and is available in the body

as adenosine triphosphate (ATP).

 

ATP is one of the most important compounds in the world because it

supplies energy directly to all kinds of living organisms from

one-celled plants to billion-celled humans.

 

The energy released from nutrients is used to form ATP. When ATP

releases its energy, a phosphoric acid radical is split away forming ADP

(adenosine diphosphate).

 

The energy then derived from the cellular nutrients recombine to form

new ATP in a continuous

cycle. As a result ATP is called the currency of the cells, since it can

be spent and remade continuously.

 

Ming Men represents the fiery reaction which produces essential

catabolic energy or " fire " for all the internal organs. As part of the

root, Ming Men is part of the TCM Kidneys in much the same way that the

TCM Kidneys are the root of Yin and Yang for the entire body.

 

Through the use of warming, acrid herbs such as aconitum carmichaeli

praeparatum (fu zi), cinnamomum cassia (rou gui) and other warm spicy

stimulants, the catabolic process associated with Ming Men can be

stimulated. By so doing, TCM Kidney Yang is generated.

 

2. KIDNEYS: ROOT OF YIN AND YANG THROUGHOUT THE BODY

 

KIDNEY YIN

According to TCM, " The vital essence or kidney yin function is the

material basis for reproduction, growth and development, formation of

the bone marrow, nourishment of the brain and bones. " (1) Deficient

kidney yin is manifested with symptoms of aching, soreness of the lumbar

region of the back, weakness of the legs and knees, tinnitus, feverish

sensation in the soles and palms, nocturnal emission, and in women,

scanty menstrual flow and amenorrhea. Deficient liver yin has dizziness,

tinnitus, dryness of the eyes, blurred vision, irritability and

irascibility. The tongue is reddish with little or no coat. The pulse is

wiry, rapid or thready.

 

The nature of all these symptoms are chronic and wasting and reflects a

tendency which we in the West commonly understand as " burnout "

neuresthenia or adrenal fatigue. There is also a difference between the

ongoing condition of " yin deficiency " which many chronically have and

what I call the occasional `exhausted yin' caused by the stresses and

ordeals of normal living.

 

Kidney Yin and the Glucocorticoids

Glucocorticoids, secreted by the adrenal cortex, are used metabolically

to aid in the utilization of proteins, carbohydrates, and fats. This

partially corroborates the concept of the TCM kidney being the root not

only of constitutional or inherited chi but acquired chi which comes

from the digestion of food. Perhaps of even greater significance,

however, is that the glucocorticoids are used by the body to counter and

resist all forms of major and minor stress be it physical or mental.

 

Chinese Five Phase Theory describes the TCM kidneys as part of the water

element with water being the mother or engendering aspect of the

wood-liver. The Five Phase Doctrine, is the second natural philosophy of

TCM (after yin-yang), and sometimes referred to as the " system of

correspondences. " Said to originate in the 3rd century B.C., it is

marvelous in its depiction of the relationship of the individual to all

physiological and psychological processes, outer environment, food, and

in fact all other natural phenomena. The Five Phase description of the

engendering relationship between the TCM kidneys and the liver is

represented at least partially through the metabolic use of proteins,

carbohydrates and fats called gluconeogenesis.

 

Effects of cortisol on carbohydrate metabolism

 

Gluconeogenesis is a process where the liver secretes enzymes necessary

to convert amino acids from proteins into glucose. The employment of

cortisol and other glucocorticoids is used to help stimulate this

process of gluconeogenesis as much as 6 to 10 times, corroborating the

Chinese five phase principle of water as the " mother of wood, " i.e. the

TCM kidneys engendering or nurturing the liver.

 

How is this done? First, one of the metabolic effects of cortisol is to

increase the transport of amino acids from the extracellular fluids into

the liver cells. From this, gluconeogenesis is better facilitated.

 

Secondly, cortisol helps all the enzymes convert these amino acids into

blood glucose. Thirdly, cortisol causes the mobilization of amino acids

from muscles and other extrahepatic tissue. The result of this is that

more amino acids become available to enter into the liver's process of

gluconeogenesis. Finally, one of the effects of increased

gluconeogenesis is a decided increase in liver glycogen stores.

 

Effects of Cortisol on Fat Metabolism

Similarly to the way it fosters amino acid mobilization from the

muscles, cortisol promotes the mobilization of fatty acids from adipose

tissue.

 

This, despite the fact that individuals with excess cortisol develop a

type of obesity which manifests as a fatty accumulation or edemic

appearance of the chest and head regions of the body giving a kind of

bullalo-like torso.

 

In this condition, as above, we see the results of a weakening of yang

and consequent increase of fluid stagnation and yin.

 

In addition to treating the TCM kidneys and yang chi, Chinese medicine

may add spleen dampness removing herbs such as Poria cocos (fu ling),

spleen yang warming herbs such as Aconitum carmichaeli praeparatum and

Cinnamomum cassia, and spleen chi tonics with the use of Atractylodes

alba and Astragalus membranicus.

 

The effects of cortisol on stress and inflammation

 

One of the most beneficial effect of cortisol is in the relief of

stress. Besides the major physical and neurogenic stresses, there are

various minor stresses that continually occur as part of normal living.

 

Among many that may be cited are the movements of the joints and

especially the knees (which take the greatest structural stress) and the

initial reaction to food, especially stimulants such as coffee and

simple carbohydrates such as sugar.

 

In addition, there is psychological stress such as fear, paranoia and

anger, and physiological stress caused by blows and injuries and

exposure to severe cold or heat.

All are buffered to some extent with the secretion of cortisol.

 

Just as the body requires some degree of yang adrenaline hormone to

generate motivation to react both to normal as well as life threatening

stimulus, it also has a nearly continual need for cortisol to buffer the

effects of stress.

In one sense, cortisol acts like oil in a heated engine. Without it,

the gears grind down in much the same manner as for instance, in

rheumatoid arthritis, where the joints become painful, dry and twisted

or in yin deficient hypertension associated with anxiety, nervousness

and irascibility.

 

In this we see that cortisol is necessary for trauma, infections,

intense heat or cold, psychological and neurological stress, and

recovery from any debilitating disease. As a result, there is a

relationship between lack of cortisol and what is diagnosed as " kidney

yin deficiency. "

 

Cortisol is clinically used in the form of hydrocortisone or prednisone

to help control acute inflammation, rheumatoid arthritis, allergies and

many eruptic skin diseases, to name a few.

Because cortisol mobilizes amino acids, it is effective in helping to

repair damaged tissue. Since it can suppress the immune system by

reducing leukocytes and phagocytosis, it is used to suppress dangerously

high fever, inflammation, certain poisonous reactions, arthritic

conditions and allergies.

With the administration of cortisol or other glucocorticoids,

inflammation subsides within 24 to 48 hours.

 

Herbs have healing, anti-inflammatory actions like cortisol.

 

Oftentimes, it is not the cortisol stimulating properties which are

cited for their healing properties but some other biochemical agent such

as allantoin in comfrey.

 

The effects are the same with the exception that herbs such as

unprocessed Rehmannia glutinosa and Licorice (Glycyrrhiza sp.), tend to

be milder and more indirect, having the advantage, however, of not only

suppressing but more often enhancing the immune system.

 

Despite its obvious life saving advantages, cortisol type drugs do not

correct the basic disease condition. With prolonged use over weeks and

months it will also cause many of the above described side effects such

as muscle weakness, weakness of the immune system and edemic swelling of

the tissues.

 

Licorice

Licorice root (Glycyrrhiza sp.) is noted for having cortisone-like

action. Glycyrrhizin, a derivative of glycyrrhetinic acid, is chemically

very similar to certain adrenalcortical hormones, especially

desoxycorticosterone (DOCA) and cortisone.

 

It is not uncommon for plants to contain hormone-like substances similar

to those found in humans and animals.

 

The anti-inflammatory properties of licorice were first recognized quite

by accident when a Dutch pharmacist, observing the use of licorice juice

by the people of Southern Italy as a cough loosening remedy, discovered,

by chance its effectiveness in the treatment of gastric ulcers. People

using licorice for their stomach symptoms found that the effect of

licorice was more reliable and enduring than any other medication.

 

Licorice, like cortisone, though not as strong, can relieve symptoms of

peptic ulcers by inhibiting the inflammatory reactions.

 

the problem, according to Weiss, is that cortisone is so strong that it

can mask the symptoms of perforation and there is a danger of

peritonitis occurring, which is very dangerous.

Licorice, which is far less powerful offers no risk of perforation at

normal concentrations.

 

Also like cortisone, the regular and excess use of licorice will produce

the edemic, moon face appearance of Cushing's syndrome, a condition

which can be described as `deficient kidney yang.'

 

The Traditional Chinese herbal combination that has been used for

abdominal pains, presumably ulcers, is Peony and Licorice Decoction

(shao yao gan cao tang) which combines 12 to 30 grams of paeonia alba

root and 9-20 grams of honey fried licorice root.

 

According to Bensky, it " softens the liver, relieves painful spasms and

alleviates pain. " It is indicated for " irritability, slight chills,

spasms of the calf muscles with associated lack of tongue coating. It is

also useful for cramps in the hands and abdominal pain. "

 

Bensky further describes this formula as being given for injury to the

yin. Thus, there is a lack of tongue coating (a sign of yin deficiency),

pain in the calves with blood deficiency (treated with the paeonia) or

injury to the fluids (treated with licorice). The slight chills are

caused by weakness of the yang which follows injury to the yin.

 

Bensky further describes this formula: " spasms, cramps, and abdominal

pain are typical spasmodic, wind-like manifestations of Liver-blood

deficiency, " and that " it is very popular for a wide variety of pain

syndromes, especially spasmodic and cramping pain, " finally " it is used

for treating intercostal neuralgia, sciatica, trigeminal neuralgia,

chronic pelvic inflammatory disease and primary dysmenorrhea. " ((3))

 

Licorice, which is classified as a chi tonic in TCM is also recognized

as moistening and therefore recognized by TCM practitioners as having

yin tonic properties. It is used by itself to treat most metabolic

poisons (including poisoning by aconite and overuse of ephedrine and

other stimulants). It is also used for coughs, irritations, pains,

allergies, colds and flus.

 

Licorice is often used to harmonize an herbal formula. This means that

it ameliorates any undesirable reaction one may have to either a single

herb or combination. In most instances this means that it improves the

flavor of the tea but since it has a soothing cortisol action it

diminishes the sympathetic stimulus and thereby softens its therapeutic

effects.

 

Licorice is contraindicated for symptoms of excess of yin, especially

with abdominal stagnation, bloating, edema and renal hypertension.

Because of the yin nature of females, there is an even stronger

propensity towards fluid retention so that licorice is used even more

conservatively in women's formulas, sometimes adding no more than a

single slice for flavoring.

 

In high doses of up 12 grams or more, it has pseudoalderosterone

activity caused by the glycerrhetinic acid content.(4)(5) This can cause

symptoms of hypertension, hypokalemia, sodium and water retention.

 

Licorice, has also been found to be effective in the management of

Addison's disease or adrenal failure.

 

We note that while herbs like licorice and rehmannia glutinosa have

compounds similar to cortisol, other herbs and substances that have

demulcent, emollient properties seem to have analogous, though not

identical, reactions. These are also classified as yin tonics and

include oils and fats, marshmallow (althea off.) and slippery elm (ulmus

fulvus). Lacking the strong concentrated effects of cortisone, these

tend to be milder, with broader nutritive actions and much less

potential of harmful side effects in normal dosage.

 

Rehmannia Glutinosa

 

Rehmannia glutinosa called `Di huang' is a member of the foxglove family

and in fact so resembles foxglove in appearance that it is sometimes

called Chinese Foxglove. The root is used raw as a detoxifying herb that

`cools blood' for the treatment of wasting fevers and is known as `sheng

di huang.' It is cured by soaking and drying the compressed roots nine

times in rice wine. By so doing, it has a slightly warmer energy and is

used as a nourishing blood and yin tonic known as `shu di huang.'

 

It is in this latter category that prepared rehmannia is a primary herb

especially in formulas that nourish the blood and kidney yin but also

with other kidney yang herbs and in kidney yang formulas such as

" Rehmannia Eight. "

 

Rehmannia contains beta sitosterol, mannitol, stigmasterol, campesterol,

rehmannin, catalpol, arginine and glucose. TCM classifies it as entering

the liver, kidney and heart.

 

Prepared rehmannia, which is the form used as a blood and kidney yin

tonic, is used in the treatment of anemia usually with Dang gui and for

" yin " asthenia, dizziness, tinnitus, weakness and pain of the lower back

and legs, thirst, spermatorrhea, amenorrhea and metrorrhagia.

 

Phamacologically, Rehmannia Six was found in mice to " antagonize the

inhibitory action of dexamethasone on the pituitary-adrenal system,

thereby increasing plasma cortisol. "

 

Rehmannia helps the immune system by stimulating the formation of red

blood cells and other immune potentiating substances in the bone marrow.

The fact that rehmannia is classified in TCM as a blood tonic while it

is commonly used as a kidney yin tonic suggests that there may be a

proclivity for this herb to stimulate the secretion of another important

kidney hormone, erythropoietin. This hormone acts on the bone marrow to

stimulate the proliferation of precursor cells and their maturation into

erythrocytes.

 

Rehmannia may also help in the excretion of discarded red blood cells

from the liver. This is at least partially accomplished by the

continuous excretion of discarded red blood cells from the liver which

are transformed and excreted in the kidneys as urobilirubin.

 

It is the presence of this substance that gives the yellowish color to

urine. As a result of this process, chronic kidney deficiency can cause

a weakened immune system and anemia. In one study, the protective

effects of Rehmannia where found to mitigate platelet damage caused by

irradiation from an intraperitoneal injection 1 ml daily for 6 days. It

could mitigate platelet damage caused by irradiation with 600 rad and

hasten the normalization of platelet count. (

 

In TCM, licorice is not customarily used for treating kidney yin or

essence deficiency. The primary formula and the root formula for most

yin tonics is Rehmannia Six, called `Liu Wei Di Wan.' It consists of the

following:

 

1. Processed Rehmannia glutinosa (shu dihuang) 20-25gms

 

Nutritive herb which tonifies kidney yin and blood

 

2. Dioscorea Orientalis (shan yao) 10-15gms

 

used because it is a chi tonic that enters the lung, spleen and kidney

organ meridians, thus it strengthens both acquired chi as well as

nourishing both yin and essence

 

3. Alisma orientalis (Zie xie) 9-12 gms

 

diuretic, activating urinary function

 

4. Poria cocos (fu ling) 9-12 gms

 

diuretic, high in potassium and other mineral salts

 

5. Cornus Off. berries (shan zhu yu) 10-15 gms

 

astringent diuretic with warm properties, tonifies liver and kidney

essence

 

6. Moutan peony (p. suffruticosa) (mu dan pi) 6-9 gms

enters the kidney, liver and heart, eliminates deficient heat, treating

subclinical inflammatory conditions

 

The specific indications of this important classic formula is to

reinforce the Yin (vital essence) of the liver and kidney. It is

indicated for symptoms of dizziness, tinnitus, sore throat, tidal fever,

nocturnal emission, night sweats, heat sensation in the palm and soles,

toothache, dry mouth. It is given to children for retarded growth, also

for lower back pain, optic neuritis, central retinitis, tuberculosis and

all wasting diseases, diabetes, hyperthyroidism, Addison's disease,

hypertension, neuresthenia, functional anovular bleeding, chronic

urinary tract infections and deafness, the tongue is red with a thin,

dry coating and the pulse is thready and rapid.

 

While it is contraindicated for a person with deficient yang with

accompanying weak digestion, coldness and sexual impotence, the same

formula with the addition of two yang stimulating herbs, prepared

aconite and cinnamon, is given for yang deficiency.

 

Both Rehmannia six and Rehmannia eight, the latter with the addition of

cinnamon bark and prepared aconite are the two most frequently

prescribed formulas used for tonifying kidney yin and yang respectively

 

Rehmannia Six is used for all symptoms of aging, burnout, and wasting.

It is specifically useful for joint pains, aching lower back, diabetes,

thirst, chronic urinary disorders. Rehmannia Eight is used for the same

conditions except with a decided tendency towards weakness, impotence

and coldness. In practice, it is generally better to first give

Rehmannia Six and if needed, especially for impotence and cold symptoms,

prescribe Rehmannia Eight.

 

KIDNEY YANG

Kidney Yang relates especially to the adrenaline-like secretions of the

adrenal medulla as well as some androgenic hormones secreted by the

adrenal cortex, thyroid hormone, and growth hormone from the anterior

pituitary gland.

 

Kidney yang is also effected by the secretion of erythropoietin by

cells in the kidneys and to a lesser extent, the liver, which which

stimulates the bone marrow to create erthrocytes.

 

Before discussing the physiology of kidney yang deficiency, let's

outline the TCM characteristics which are used diagnostically. Besides

having three of the basic TCM kidney symptoms mentioned above, kidney

yang deficiency has three or more prominent indications from the

following:

 

coldness lack of libido

 

impotence, sterility frequent, clear urine

 

dribbling urine night urination

 

spermatorrhea premature ejaculation lack of spirit general debilitation

edema of the lower limbs thin, slow, weak pulse

 

thin, whitish, moist tongue fur

 

Coldness refers not only to the atmospheric sensation but also to

general hypometabolic function throughout the body. Lack of sympathetic

stimulation from the adrenal medulla is one cause of coldness and

hypometabolic function. The adrenal medulla secretes two stimulating

catecholamines --- about 80% epinephrine and the rest norepinephrine.

The importance of the these secretions is in their relationship to the

sympathetic nervous system and the ability thereby to rally visceral

response to appropriate stimuli throughout the body including most of

the internal organs and glands of the body.

 

One of the underlying causes of certain kinds of anemia is Kidney Yang

deficiency. Kidney Yang deficient anemia has the characteristic lack of

red blood cells which in this case is caused by a lack of erythopoietin

in the kidneys which in turn will give rise to many of the previously

described conditions and symptoms associated with kidney yang

deficiency. Testosterone, being a quintessential kidney yang hormone,

also stimulates the secretion of erythropoietin. It is believed that

this may account, at least in part, for higher hemoglobin count in men

(16 g/dL) than in women (14 g/dL).

 

Deficient kidney chi and yang and hypothyroid

 

A diminished secretion of thyroid hormone will also account for patterns

of deficient yang associated with coldness. Other symptoms associated

with hypothyroid and TCM deficient kidney yang symptoms include retarded

growth and sexual development, hypoglycemia, and a particular disease

syndrome called myxedema which is characterized by a lack of mental and

physical vigor, gain in weight, loss of hair and a thickening of the

skin from an accumulation of subcutaneous fluid. One characteristic of

this condition is that there is firmness to the skin and therefore it

does not pit when pressed as in other forms of edema. Dark fluidic bags

under they eyes is one symptom associated with low thyroid as well as

deficient kidney chi and yang.

 

Many of these symptoms involve a deficiency of yang with coldness, edema

and lowered metabolism being general symptoms. Specifically, however,

kidney yang deficiency is associated with retarded growth and sexual

development, loss of hair along with coldness and fluid retention.

 

Seaweed in various forms, especially kelp because it is high in trace

minerals, especially iodine necessary for thyroid malfunction, is useful

to regulate both hypo and hyperactive thyroids caused by a lack of

iodine. It is, off course, especially indicated for goitre and swollen

glands of the neck. Interestingly, Panax ginseng is also prescribed for

low thyroid conditions.

 

However, two of the most important TCM formulas that are used to warm

and tonify kidney yang are as follows:

 

Rehmannia Eight (Ba wei wan or Jin gui shen qi wan)

 

1. Prepared Rhemannia Glutinosa 24 grams

 

(sheng di huang)

 

2. Fructus Corni Officinalis 12 grams

 

(shan zhu yu)

 

3. Radix Dioscoreae Oppositae 12 grams

 

(shan yao)

 

4. Sclerotium Poriae Cocos (fu ling) 9 grams

 

5. Rhizoma Alismatis Orientalis (ze xie) 9 grams

 

6. Cortex Moutan Radicis (mu dan pi) 9 grams

 

(all of the above is the Rehmannia Six formula for yin tonification)

 

Adding the following warm and help tonify yang:

 

7. Ramulus Cinnamomi Cassiae (gui zhi) 3 grams

 

8. Radix Aconiti Praeparata (fu zi) 3 grams

 

Indications: lower back pain, weakness of the lower extremities, cold

sensation in the lower half of the body, either frequent or excessive

urination, possibly with incontinence, edema, impotence, weak, frail

pulse and pale, swollen tongue with thin, white and moist coat.

 

As one can see, this formula differs from Rehmannia Six with the

addition of cinnamon bark and prepared aconite. Both of these are strong

sympathetic stimulants which in turn may increase warmth by stimulating

the secretion of adrenergic hormones such as testosterone, and

consequently, erythropoietin by cells in the kidney.

 

Restore the Right kidney pill (you gui wan)

 

So named because the right kidney is considered the seat of vitality or

of kidney yang.

 

Rehmannia glutinosa (shu di huang) 240 grams

Radix aconiti praeparata (fu zi) 60-180 grams

Cinnamon cassia (rou gui) 60-120 grams

Cornus officinalis (shan zhu yu) 90 grams

Dioscorea oppositae (shan yao) 120 grams

Lycium chinensis (gou gi zi) 120 grams

Eucommia ulmoides (du zhong) 120 grams

Angelica sinensis (dang gui) 90 grams

Cuscuta chinensis (tu si zi) 120 grams

Colloid of cervus nippon (lu jiao jiao) 120 grams

(deer antler)

 

Preparation: Grind all the ingredients to a fine powder. For this some

of the moist herbs such as Rehmannia and Lycii may have to be baked in

an open oven until dried enough to grind. Form into pills by mixing with

honey. Take 9-15 grams, 2-3 times daily with warm water. It can also be

made into a decoction with the appropriate dose reduction of the

ingredients.

 

Indications: Warms and tonifies kidney yang, replenishes essence and

blood. It is clinically used for spermatorrhea, impotence, premature

ejaculation, intolerance of cold with cold extremities, pale complexion,

weakness of the knees and aching soreness of the lower back, dizziness,

diabetes, chronic nephritis, frequent urination, pulse is deep, slow and

weak.

 

The primary difference between this formula and Rehmannia Six is that it

does not have such a strong diuretic effect as the former. It is

therefore more useful as a pure kidney yang tonic.

 

KIDNEY YANG AND ALDOSTERONE

That yin and yang are relative rather than absolute, applies to all

physiological and biochemical polarities including the relation of

potassium and sodium chloride to each other. From one perspective, both

are mineral salts and have a cool, yin energy. However, in terms of

their effects on the body, salt is more yang than potassium in that it

tends to attract and hold fluids in the cells while potassium is

generally excreted with the extracellular fluid and urine. Potassium is

more yin because of its discharging and eliminative effects on

extracellular fluid. (This idea of salt holding fluid while potassium

releases it may be at least part of the rationale that George Ohsawa was

considering when he reversed some aspects of the meaning of yin and yang

in Macrobiotics.)

 

The osmotic process by which salt and potassium exchange ions between

the intra and extracellular fluid also facilitates the passage of other

nutrients necessary for cellular metabolism.

 

There is an associated electrical charge which gives rise to the term,

`electrolyte' balance. This provides still another method wereby the

kidneys function as the `root' of chi and yin and yang for the whole

body.

 

Aldosterone, the most important mineralocorticoid is mainly controled by

the renin-angiotensin mechanism and by the concentration of potassium in

the extracellular fluid. In the first instance a decrease of blood

pressure in the glomeruli of the kidneys triggers the secretion of an

enzyme, renin into the interstitial fluid which in turn ultimately

results in the secretion of aldosterone from the adrenal cortex.

 

In the second instance, aldosterone is triggered by high concentrations

of potassium in the extracellular fluid causing a concommitant decrease

of concentrations of sodium and chloride. With the decrease of sodium

chloride, there is a reciprocal decrease of total extracellular fluid

and blood volume. In TCM this reduction of fluid and blood is one of the

conditions of wasting or yin deficiency and is often associated with

kidney hypertension.

 

An excessive loss of potassium from the extracellular fluid as a result

of aldosterone causes a serious deficiency of plasma potassium

concentration called hypokalemia. This manifests symptomatically with

episodes of severe muscular weakness or paralysis, tetany and postural

hypotension. Because this condition is associated with greatly reduced

fluid and blood volume, this condition in TCM would be considered a

condition of `Yin and Blood deficiency' and treated with appropriate

tonics.

 

A deficiency of aldosterone, on the other hand causes an abnormal rise

in extracellular fluid potassium. The result is impaired circulatory

function with associated coldness and in extreme cases, shock. There

will also be serious effects on heart function with weakness of

contraction, arrhythhmia and in extreme cases, cardiac death.

 

This latter condition is well described in TCM as `Kidney, Spleen and

Heart Yang Deficiency.' The kidneys being the root of the body's yang

chi are unable to support the generative and transformative functions of

the other organs. With a degeneration of the " true yang " of the kidney,

both the kidney and the spleen are unable to transform water which

accumulates as edema, associated urinary difficulty, abdominal pains and

aggravation by cold. Essentially, one might say that such a condition of

kidney yang-aldosterone deficiency results in a " dampening of spirits "

on both the physical as well as the psychological levels.

 

For this condition, one might use warm, yang stimulating herbs and

formulas such as the use of cinnamon bark (Cinnamonum cassia), prepared

aconite (Aconitum napellus praeparatus) and ginger (Zingiberis off.).

 

One of the most important Chinese herbal formulas for activating the

yang is called True Warrior Decoction or Vitality Combination (zhen wu

tang) and consists of the following:

 

Prepared aconite (Fu Zi) 9grams

Atractylodes alba (Bai Zhu) 6grams

Poria cocos (Fu Ling) 9grams

Fresh Ginger (Zingiberis off.) 9grams

Paeonia lateriflora (Bai Shao) 9grams

The indications for this formula are deficient kidney and spleen yang

with symptoms of tiredness, weakness, edema, and cold. It is used for

edema, chronic nephritis, hypothyroidism, chronic diarrhea, rheumatic

valvular heart disease, congestive heart failure, liver cirrhosis and

other chronic hepatic disorders together with other conditions that

cause edema and ascites, chronic enteritis, rheumatoid arthritis,

frequent urination and weakness of the lungs caused by lymphatic

congestion.

 

This formula, unlike the previous, does not focus so much on actual

tonification but a restoring of yang function through the use of one of

the strongest metabolic herbal stimulants, prepared aconite (Aconitum

praeparatum), together with other herbs that have diuretic and warming

properties and increase the yang fluid transforming function. Rehmannia

would be counterproductive in this formula because it would contribute

to the condition of damp stagnation. The mushroom, Poria cocos (fu

ling), however, is amphoteric in its ability to regulate either high or

low, potassium and sodium balance.

 

When any extracellular fluid is discharged whether its from the urine,

skin pores, saliva or intestines, aldosterone is secreted to help the

body conserve sodium chloride. This is especially true, of course, when

the body tends to sweat more profusely as in hot environments. That is

why it is often recommended that one take a little more salt in hot

weather.

 

There seems good reason to believe that TCM Kidney Yang herbs are

involved with the secretion of the enzyme, renin from the kidney which

in turn stimulates aldosterone from the adrenals.

 

Many herbs, such as Cistanches salsa, Cynomorii songaricum, Epimedium

grandiflorum (yin yang huo), Morinda officinalis, Psoralea coryfolia,

Eucommia ulmoiodes (du zhong) and possibly North American Gravel root

(Purpureum perfoliatum) to name a few, are effective for treating edema

and frequent urination possibly caused by a lack of aldosterone.

 

This is also associated with either constipation of diarrhea where

aldosterone being generally low, manifests with poor sodium absorption

from the intestines and consequent irregular bowel movements. This type

of constipation caused by deficiency, usually does not respond to harsh

purgatives such as rhubarb root, cascara, senna and sodium sulphite

which tend to eliminate excess. Nevertheless, treatment to restore bowel

movement with tonifying kidney yang herbs is usually a slow process.

 

One TCM formula used for TCM Kidney Yang deficiency constipation is

called Benefit the River Decoction (ji chuan jian). It consists of the

following:

 

1. Cistanche salsa (rou cong rong) 6-9 grams

 

primary kidney yang herb which moistens the intestines

 

2. Angelica sinensis (dang gui) 9-15 grams

 

tonifies blood and lubricates the intestines

 

3. Achryanthes bidentatae (niu xi) 6 grams

 

regulates blood circulation downward

 

4. Alisma plantago (ze xie) 4.5 grams

 

drains, puifies and circulates fluid downward

 

5. Citri seu ponciri ( green citrus or zhi ke) 3 grams

 

relaxes the intestines and directs the chi downward

 

6. Cimicifuga foetida (sheng ma) 1.5 to 3 grams has an ascending chi

action, in combination with green citrus, which is descending, it helps

regulate kidney chi mechanism.

 

This formula is used for kidney yang, chi, yin as well as blood

deficiency. Centered around the chief herb, Cistanches, a kidney yang

herb, it focuses on warming the the kidneys as well as moistening the

intestines to facilitate the passage of stool. It is useful for atonic

constipation, degenerative joint disease and chronic arthritis.

Appropriate modifications can be made as follows:

 

for deficient vital energy add Panax ginseng

for kidney yin deficiency add prepared Rehmannia glutinosa.

for internal fire add scutellaria baicalensis

for chronic constipation with dryness add crushed cannabis seed (9-30

grams) and cynomorium songaricum (9-15 grams).

 

From the above, the importance of assigning salt to the TCM Five Element

designation for the water element is definitely underscored because of

its descending action and direct effect on kidney function. Therefore

salt is used as a conductor in TCM Kidney tonic formulas by Chinese

herbalists who recommend that a pinch of salt be taken either with the

tea or the pills taken with warm, slightly saline, water (miso or soya

sauce can be used for this). The Glucocorticoids and Yin Deficiency, the

effects of Cortisol on Protein metabolism.

 

Some of the functions of cortisol such as its gluconeogenesis effects

on carbohydrates and fats and the ability to counteract stress,

inflammation and promote healing relate to Kidney Yin functions. Other

aspects, however, actually create a wasting or yin deficiency which

manifests as a hypermetabolic condition. A prolonged, high concentration

of cortisol seems to reduce protein stores in all body cells with the

exception of those of the liver.

 

This is caused both by decreased protein synthesis and increased

catabolism or breakdown of protein in the cells.

 

One of the many negative effects of excess cortisol is that the muscles

can become severely weakened and immunity of the lymphoid tissue is

decreased to a fraction of normal.

 

With the increase of liver protein synthesis, the liver has a tendency

to enlarge causing ascites (abdominal swelling). There is a tendency for

cortisol to mobilize amino acids from the tissues, increasing plasma

amino acid concentration.

 

For this condition we use Rehmannia Six or Rehmannia Eight if there is

associated coldness and sexual weakness. Rehmania six formula is

selected because of its ability to drain fluid excess while at the same

time nourishing TCM kidney and liver yin. This demonstrates that

Rehmannia is amphoteric in regulating both TCM kidney yin and yang.

 

Ma Huang (Ephedra sinensis)

 

Ma huang is classified as a warming exterior releasing herb usually

indicated for the treatment of cold fevers, allergies and respiratory

problems. While not a tonic because it disperses rather than

supplements, it can be used as a kidney yang stimulating herb to `get

things moving.' It helps the yang by dispersing cold, promoting

urination and reducing edema.

 

It contains a variety of well known adrenaline-like compounds including

ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, norephedrine and norepinephrine. As such it

is a powerful sympathetic nervous stimulant which if overused can raise

blood pressure, aggravate deficiencies, heart palpitations, restlessness

and tremors.

 

Interestingly, like yohimbine which contains a number of similar

alkaloids, Ma huang was combined with poria cocos (fu ling) and was used

by the Mongols as an aphrodisiac.

 

Siberian Ginseng

 

Siberian ginseng (Eleutherococcus senticosus) has been widely acclaimed

as an adenal tonic and adaptogen. Being in the araliaceae family, it is

related to Panax ginseng, North American Devil's Club (Oplopanax

horridum) and Spikenard (Aralia racemosa and A. californica). All these

have so called tonic adaptogen properties meaning that they increase the

body's resistance to stress.

 

Siberian ginseng is also closely related to a Chinese herb called `Wu

jia pi' or `Ci wu jia,' traditionally used for rheumatic conditions. It

has various Latin binomials including Acanthopanax gracilistylus, A.

sessiloflorus, A. senticosus and according to Chang and But, the name

given by Harms, Eleutherococcus senticosus.

 

The major chemical components of Siberian ginseng are eleuthrosides A-G

(phenylpropanoid, sterol, lignans, isofraxin, carotenoids and coumarins)

(9)

 

Both herbs have an acrid and warm energy making them contraindicated for

Yin Deficient and inflammatory or heat signs. This fact alone suggests

that Siberian ginseng is more of a warming TCM Kidney yang tonic with

some anti-inflammatory effects associated with cortisol.

 

Nevertheless it does have anti-inflammatory effects as demonstrated on

experimentally induced arthritis in rats. The fact that adrenalectomized

rats showed no effect demonstrates that these herbs seem to possess

adrenalcortical stimulating properties.(10) What we have is another

instance of an herb amphoterically responding appropriately to the needs

of the body, warming and stimulating or cooling and sedating as

necessary.

 

Siberian ginseng has been extensively researched by the Russians and as

a result is popular among workers and athletes in that country to

improve performance, endurance and competitive abilities as well as

preventing sickness in the workplace.

All of this demonstrates the herb's so called adaptogenic properties

which is characterized by herbalist, Steve Blake as neither stimulating

the yang-sympathetic nor the yin-parasympathetic but improving the

body's ability to appropriately switch back and forth more efficiently

and at a faster rate.

 

" Wu Jia Pi " is used for conditions of cold, damp and painful rheumatic

obstruction with liver and kidney deficiency and with weak and soft

bones. It nevertheless is especially useful for smoothing the flow of

chi and blood which tends to agree with Steve Blake's description. " Wu

Jia Pi " is made into a wine by the Chinese and is very suitable for

treating the elderly. The recommended dose of " Wu Jia Pi " is 3 to 15

grams once or twice daily. There is no comparison with the relatively

miniscule dose, usually in tincture or alcoholic extract recommended for

Siberian Ginseng.

 

3. Kidneys govern growth, maturation and procreation

 

The TCM Kidneys are also described as being in charge of storing essence

and dominating reproduction, growth and development. The essence of the

TCM Kidney refers to two parts: Congenital chi, which is the inherited

constitutional strength and Acquired chi, which is the body's ability to

receive transformed energy from food, air and water.

 

From a Western physiological perspective at least part of the above TCM

functions refer to the relationship between the pituitary and the

adrenals. One of the most important functions of the anterior pituitary

is the secretion of growth hormone (GH) or somatotropin. Since the TCM

Kidneys include most endocrine functions, the secretion of growth

hormone is definitely included.

 

Unlike other hormones, growth hormone does not function through a target

gland such as the ovaries, testes, thyroid, etc., but instead exerts an

effect on all or most tissues of the body. Just as TCM designates the

kidneys as governing normal growth and maturation, growth hormone is

responsible for normal growth and development of the body down to the

regulation of the size and number of individual cells.

 

Besides the specific effects of stimulating growth, growth hormone has

many other generalized metabolic effects which relate to the TCM

description of the kidney. These include the following:

 

Increased rate of protein synthesis in all cells of the body --- An

increased rate of growth may be the result of an increase of protein

synthesis. One of the TCM designations of kidney deficiency is a patient

who is either excessively malformed or presents a thin emaciated

appearance, this may be caused by a deficiency of congenital TCM Kidney

chi.

Increased mobilization of fatty acids from adipose tissue, and increased

use of the fatty acids for energy --- With a loss of kidney chi, spleen

chi also becomes depleted and there may be a tendency to gain weight

more easily with difficulty reducing.

 

This is a common problem with aging. It is well known that fat tissue

tends to be hydrophilic, and edemic, fluid stagnation in TCM indicates a

deficiency of the yang fluid transforming powers of both the TCM kidney

and spleen.

 

Specifically, mushrooms such as Poria cocos (fuling), along with other

chi and yang tonics are used as special diuretics to regulate both fluid

and fat metabolism.

 

Decreased rate of glucose utilization throughout the body --- TCM Kidney

chi deficiency can effect our energy levels dramatically with poor

utilization of carbohydrate which can cause hypo or hyper glycemic

tendencies.

Diabetes is considered a disease of internal wasting or kidney and

liver yin deficiency. As such, one of the most important formulas used

in TCM is Rehmannia six.

This formula is also given to children who exhibit abnormal problems of

growth and developement. In adults, there may be various causes for

abnormal growth

 

patterns and one may have to consider associated conformational

tendencies such as dietary and assimilative malfunction associated with

the TCM spleen, stagnation associated with a tumour or other excess type

causes.

 

4. Kidneys produce skill and house the will

 

When there is abundant TCM kidney chi or essence, there will be a strong

physical constitution as well as a strong innate sense of purpose and

will. Such strength of will is often associated with the necessary self

discipline to be able to succeed in any endeavour. As stated in the Nei

Ching (11) , " the kidneys hold essence, and the essence holds the will. "

 

 

Fear, paranoia and insecurity are the negative emotions of the TCM

Kidneys. One who inappropriately exhibits these tendencies is considered

to have deficient kidney chi.

 

Here we see how the TCM Kidney, which includes the adrenals and in fact

the entire endocrine system, goes beyond its Western physiological

description as a urinary organ. The difference, as with all the " xang

fu " or TCM organ systems, lies in what Unschuld , describes as " a system

of relations and functions derived from conclusions by analogy " . The

wide scope of influence of the kidneys encompassing the entire range of

psychological as well sympathetic and parasympathetic reactions and

functions further bears out Unschuld's conclusion that " these analogies,

cannot have originated from within the human body. " (12)

 

Chinese medicine, taking a more functional rather than mechanical view

of the body, were able to generate psychological changes through the

treatment of diet, herbs, acupuncture and other physiotherapies. By

tonifying the kidneys, through the use of Rehmannia Six or Rehmannia

Eight formulas as well as offering certain dietary suggestions such as

the elimination of cold foods and drinks as well as cold natured foods

such as citrus for instance, many of the physical and emotional symptoms

of yang deficiency are able to be controled and eventually eliminated.

 

The use of sugar, which is classified as a spleen yang, when taken in

concentrated form in white sugar and fruit juice, can, through

overstimulation of the sympathetic reflex, injure and deplete kidney

yang.

 

5. Kidneys hold the essence

As stated, the kidneys are the location where the essence is stored.

Essence refers to the genetic potential bestowed from birth. This forms

`congenital chi' which determines the constitution of the individual

throughout life. Since this potential is also transferred through

reproduction, essence also refers to the sperm and ovum.

 

A strong essence manifests as abundance of spirit and energy. A lack,

corresponds to a dearth of vitality.

 

This same essence or congenital chi of the TCM kidneys

 

is imparted to all the internal organs and determines their form and

function. Malformed organs with impaired function, being congenital, are

attributed to TCM kidney essence deficiency. The best one can hope to

achieve in treatment is an amelioration of associated malfunctions and

to hold back further degeneration.

 

More recent scientific discoveries are revealing a plethora of

neuro-transmiting hormones that effect certain moods and attitudes. In a

sense, these powerful minute secretions are also a kind of TCM kidney

essence, the absence of which can leave us feeling depressed and

drained. This feeling can occur occasionally from an over indulgence in

sex.

 

Kidney yin and blood tonics can be used both to replenish at least

certain aspects of TCM kidney essence as well as prevent the loss and

depletion of energy. Two important herbs that might be discussed in this

context are Dendrobium nobile and Schizandra chinensis.

 

Dendrobium nobile (shi hu)

 

Dendrobium nobile, is the root of an orchid classified as a yin tonic.

It nourishes the yin, clears heat and refreshes the chi, generates

fluids, treats severe thirst, intractable fevers caused by injury to

fluids. It also nourishes stomach yin and is used for stomach aches.

Dendrobium is indicated for all wasting and thirsting conditions.

 

It contains a number of alkaloids including dendrobine, dendranime,

nobilonine, dendroxine, dendrin, 5-hydroxydendroxine. The average dose

is from 6 to 9 grams in decoction or powder. Experimentally, on animals,

large doses have had an inhibitory effect on the heart and lungs and

caused convulsion.

 

Dendrobium has been indicated for feelings of being drained and depleted

generally and after sexual intercourse. The average dose is between 9 to

20 grams and it can be either taken in decoction or powder. It is

contraindicated for individuals with an acute febrile or inflammatory

condition with no symptoms of dryness or dehydration.

 

Schizandra chinensis (Wu wei zi)

 

An astringent tonic with some yin tonic properties, Schizandra chinensis

is used as an astringent protective herb against leaking and loosing

one's energy and essence.

 

Besides restraining diarrhea, nocturnal emissions, spermatorrhea,

premature ejaculation, leukorrhea and frequent urination, Schizandra

berries are also used to stop excessive sweating, control coughing and

wheezing. It is tonic to the nervous system, helping to calm the spirit,

treat insomnia and forgetfulness.

 

Schizandra is called " Wu wei zi " or " five flavor herb, " because it

possesses all five flavors considered therapeutically important in TCM.

It seems to specifically exert an effect on the central nervous system,

improving intellectual activity, concentration, fine coordination,

sensitivity and endurance as demonstrated in healthy young males in

various experiments including long distance marathon races. The average

dose given was 5 to 10 mg once or twice daily. (13)

 

In this sense, Schizandra while classified as an astringent in the

Chinese materia medica has definite mild adaptogenic properties which,

like ginseng, help to regulate various body functions and counteract the

effects of stress. Besides supplementing, to some extent, what has been

lost, Schizandra's greatest role as stated, is in preventing loss of

energy and essence. The average dose is 3 to 9 grams. It is

contraindicated for individuals with true heat, constipation, acute

inflammatory and febrile conditions.

 

An important concept related to inherited constitutional strength, is

the belief in TCM that the inherent potential or original chi ( " yuan " or

" ancestral chi " ) inherited from one's parents and which resides in the

kidneys as the primal spark of life, cannot actually be supplemented or

restored by either food (including herbs), water, air, the usual methods

of supplementation. It is believed that the only way it can be

supplemented is through internal Taoist practices using breath and

meditation. This being very difficult for most (due to a lack of will

and self discipline), we are left with the prospect of a finite amount

of kidney essence which, when it is consumed in the course of a

lifetime, results in the eventual process of aging, decline and death.

 

6. Kidneys govern the bones and the marrow

 

The Nei Ching says, " As regards the kidneys .... their fullness is in

the bones. " One of the signs of kidney deficiency is weakness of the

bones and teeth.

 

The formation and maintenance of the bones and the teeth is a complex

process which is involved with many aspects of the endocrine system.

Other more basic considerations need to be taken into account such as

nutritional factors including the presence of sufficient protein,

calcium, magnesium, vitamin C and vitamin D to name a few. Finally,

since vitamin D is at least partially absorbed from the sun, lack of

sufficient outdoor exercise and activity can have a detrimental effect

leading to osteoporosis or weakening of the bones.

 

All of these have a complex interraction with the function of the

kidneys and adrenals. There are at least three predominant physiological

methods where the TCM kidneys have an effect on bone growth: 1. through

the parathyroids, 2. through the previously discussed presence of growth

hormone from the pituitary gland and, 3. the secretion of various sexual

hormones including estrogen and testerone.

 

the parathyroids in relation to bones

There are usually four to five parathyroids attached to the lateral

lobes of the thyroid gland.

 

They are mainly concerned with the regulation of the calcium-phosphorus

balance on which the bones depend for strength. A lack of parathyroid

hormone increases the excretion of phosphorus and calcium from the bones

into the urine. In addition, parathyroid hormone is necessary for normal

neuromuscular irritability, blood clotting, cell membrane permeability

and the normal function of certain enzymes for maintaining blood

concentration of calcium at normal levels.

 

The presence, therefore, of parathyroid hormone in the tubules of the

kidneys is necessary to increase the absorption of calcium for the

maintenance and growth of the bones as well as strengthening and

maintaining the nerves (kidney chi).

 

the relation of the bones to growth hormone

 

The secretion of growth hormone from the anterior pituitary stimulates

the formation of cartilage and bones. This is accomplished through

development of several small proteins, called somatomedin which are

formed in the liver, possibly the muscles as well as the kidneys.

 

the relation of estrogen and testosterone to bone maintenance

 

Besides being produced in the reproductive organs of the male and

female, both male and female sexual hormones are produced in the

adrenals. These hormones are necessary for the proper growth and

maintenance of many vital functions including the growth and maintenance

of the bones and muscles as well as producing primary sex

characteristics.

 

Since estrogen is known to have a bone stimulating activity, a

postmenopausal lack of estrogen secretion in women is a primary cause of

osteoporosis. Testerone has powerful anabolic or building effect in the

utilization of protein and the consequent development of the muscles and

bones.

 

In Traditional , the bones are considered part of the

yin-substance of the body. They are are treated with certain blood and

kidney yin tonic herbs which are known to strengthen and promote the

healing of broken bones. In this category, one would definitely consider

the use of various sources of organic and inorganic calcium and other

minerals for strengthening the bones.

 

Comfrey root (Symphytum officinale) is an herb traditionally used by

herbalists throughout the Western hemisphere as a yin tonic that

promotes the growth and maintenance of bones and muscles. It contains an

abundance of alantoin which is a recognized cell proliferent. Comfrey

root has all the indications of a yin tonic have a cool, moist,

nutritive energy. It is used not only to strengthens the bones but also

to counteract inflammation and arthritic conditions. Recent findings of

trace amounts of pyrolizidine alkaloids in certain species of comfrey

have made many herbalists question its long term use. In TCM there are

many yin or blood tonic herbs that have some of the properties of

comfrey and could be substituted. One of the most important as

previously discussed, is Rehmannia glutinosa (Di huang) which, like

comfrey, is used as an anti-inflammatory yin tonic and healer of bones

and tissues.

 

Because of the increased risk of cancer in women, estrogen is not so

frequently prescribed for menopausal and post menopausal women in China

as it is in Western countries. Instead, older Chinese women prefer to

use herbs and formulas containing Rehmannnia to prevent bone

degeneration as well as other menopausal symptoms.

 

Rehmannia Six and appropriate variations is one formula that is used and

the other is as follows:

 

The Four Ingredients Decoction (Si wu tang)

 

Prepared Rehmannia (shu di huang) 10-15 grams

Dang Gui(angelica sinensis) 9-12 grams

Ligusticum Wallichi (chuan xuong) 6-9 grams

Paeonia Alba (bai shao) 9-12 grams

This is the most important gynecology formula. It is used for anemia and

stagnant blood circulation and is given most typically to women with

symptoms of sallow complexion, pale lips and fingernails, dizziness,

vertigo, tinnitis, irregular menstruation, decreased blood flow,

abdominal pain or ammenorhea. Tongue is pale and pulse is thready and

weak.

 

7. The kidneys Open Into the Ears which are its orificesrificess

 

The Nei Ching says, Kidney chi goes up to the ears and when the kidneys

are harmonious, the ears can perceive the five tones. " Since the kidneys

are involved with the regulation of the autonomic nervous system, their

capacity to differentiate between pitch, intensity and loudness is

optimized. Similarly, since good kidney chi provides a general condition

of sensory alertness, they provide the power to perceive not only sound

but light, feeling, flavor and so forth.

 

In terms of the TCM kidney we do not look so much to the physiological

structure of the ear (although, the fact that the ear has a superficial

morphological resemblance to the kidneys is considered to have

relevance). Of more importance is the complex physiological process

whereby our nervous system responds to auditory stimulation and in turn

transmits that information to the hearing centers of the brain.

 

_________________

JoAnn Guest

mrsjo-

DietaryTi-

www.geocities.com/mrsjoguest/Genes

 

 

 

 

AIM Barleygreen

" Wisdom of the Past, Food of the Future "

 

http://www.geocities.com/mrsjoguest/Diets.html

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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