Detention Camp Jitters

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http://buzzflash.com/farrell/06/02/far06003.html Detention Camp Jitters by Maureen Farrell "Recent pronouncements from the Bush Administration andnational security initiatives put in place in the Reagan eracould see internment camps and martial law in the United States." -- The Sydney Morning Herald, July 27, 2002 ******************************** In 1984, the Rex-84 readiness exercise program was conductedby 34 federal departments and agencies, reportedly as an exerciseto handle an influx of illegal aliens crossing the Mexican/U.S. border.Brought to Americans' attention during the Iran-contra hearings,the exercise, which was conducted alongside another drill, "Night Train 84," also tested military readiness to round upand detain citizens in case of massive civil unrest.None of that ever happened, of course, and in many respects, it seems silly to even mention it. After all, other Reagan-era initiatives,like the Armageddon exercises Dick Cheney and Donald Rumsfeldparticipated in, are far more interesting. Then, too, despite a brief moment of sunlight in the 1970s(when Congress, according to former President and CIA directorG.H.W. Bush, "unleashed a bunch of untutored little jerks out there"),emergency detention plans had been in place since the 1950s,without incident. Americans have not been herded into campssince World War II, so why worry about it now? For some, the answer comes in the form of yet another governmentcontract awarded to Halliburton subsidiary, Kellogg, Brown & Rootto build "temporary detention facilities" in case of an "immigration emergency." Reminiscent of Rex 84, which was conducted on the premiseof preparing for "an influx of immigrants," there is reason to believethat hoards of poor, tired immigrants are not the true concern. As Tom Hennessy of the Press-Telegram recently pointed out,"there already are thousands of beds in place at variousU.S. locations for the purpose of housing illegal immigrants." So what else might these centers be used for?Given predictions that another terror attack is all but certain,it seems far more likely that the centers would be used for post-911-typedetentions of immigrants rather than a sudden deluge. "Almost certainly this is preparation for a roundup after the next 9/11for Mid-Easterners, Muslims and possibly dissenters,"Daniel Ellsberg remarked. "They've already done this on a smaller scale,with the 'special registration' detentions of immigrant menfrom Muslim countries, and with Guantanamo." As it turns out, immigrants aren't the only concern.As a news brief in the Atlanta Journal-Constitution explains:The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers has awarded a contract worthup to $385 million for building temporary immigration detention centersto Halliburton subsidiary Kellogg Brown & Root. KBR would buildthe centers for the Homeland Security Department in case ofan unexpected influx of immigrants or to house peopleafter a natural disaster or for new programs that requireadditional detention space, the company said. Hurricane Katrina gave Americans a glimpse of how a natural disasterscenario might play out. John Brinkerhoff, one of the FEMA officialsbehind the Reagan-era martial law and internment directives who "planned for the detention of at least 21 million American Negroesin assembly centers or relocation camps" began defendingthe Pentagon's desire to deploy troops on American streets in 2002,and sure enough, after Hurricane Katrina, Blackwater mercenaries were brought in to police the streetsof New Orleans -- as soldiers were instructed to "shoot to kill" looters. Brinkerhoff also told PBS that, "The United States itself is now for the first time since the War of 1812a theater of war. That means that we should apply, in my view,the same kind of command structure in the United Statesthat we apply in other theaters of war."Which brings us to the KBR spokesman's final statement regarding"new programs that require additional detention space."What might these new programs be?Do they have anything to do with the post-9/11 suggestionsfor forced quarantines or internment camps? Will America's new "secret laws" come into play?Might these "new programs" have anything to do withthe contingencies Oliver North prepared for?Inquiring minds want to know. In 1987, the Miami Herald gave us a glimpse of whatthe lead counsel for the Senate Iran-contra committee called a"secret government-within-a-government" and alerted readers to standbylegislation, which, as columnist Jack Anderson had previously warned,was meant to "suspend the Constitution and the Bill of Rights." Even so, when a memo from the Director of Resource Managementfor the Department of the Army emerged, discussing"civilian inmate labor camps" to be built on Army installations,only conspiracy buffs on the far fringes of the Internet paid it any mind. In 1998, World Net Daily's Geoff Metcalf addressed such "classic right wing paranoia," trying not to sound paranoid himself. "For several years now I have been getting all sorts of wild reports about 'Government Internment Camps,' he wrote, before disclosing 2 reasons he began sensing substance behind the rumors: 1) The labor camp memo was authentic, he said and2) A U.S. congressman substantiated such claims."The truth is yes -- you do have these standby provisions,and the plans are here ... whereby you could, in the name of stoppingterrorism ... evoke the military and arrest Americans and put themin detention camps," Rep. Henry Gonzalez said in an interview. "Heck, we did it before (to Americans of Japanese descent),we could do it again," Metcalf mused.In the wake of the Sept. 11 attacks, it seemed that yes, we could doit again.When the Boston Herald reported on the Model State EmergencyHealth Powers Act sent to each state, it sounded sensationally surreal. "Public health officials want to shut down roads and airports,herd people into sports stadiums and, if needed, quarantine entire citiesin the event of a smallpox attack, according to a plan being forwardedto all 50 governors this week," the Herald reported in Nov. 2001. By the summer of 2002, Peter Kirsanow, a Bush appointeeto the U.S. Civil Rights Commission, said that a second terror attackwould lead to internment camps for Arab-Americanswhile the Sydney Morning Herald reported that we"could see internment camps and martial law in the United States." The biggest bombshell, however, came from Attorney General John Ashcroft, whose proposal to send US citizens to detention camps,without the benefit of trial, jury or other Constitutional protections,was dissected by the Los Angeles Times. "The camp plan was forged at an optimistic time for Ashcroft'ssmall inner circle, which has been carefully watching two test casesto see whether this vision could become a reality," the Times reportedin August, 2002. "The cases of Jose Padilla and Yaser Esam Hamdiwill determine whether U.S. citizens can be held without chargesand subject to the arbitrary and unchecked authority of the government." Padilla was held without charges for more than three years, and whencharges were finally filed against him, the chilling "dirty bomb"allegations made by Ashcroft on national TV were not even mentioned. His attorneys have vowed to take the case to the Supreme Court -- which is expected to side with presidential decrees.By the fall of 2005, news that the US could continue to"confine US citizens without charges," prompted conservative bloggerAndrew Sullivan to dig up the following quote: "The power of the Executive to cast a man into prison withoutformulating any charge known to the law, and particularly to deny himthe judgment of his peers, is in the highest degree odious and isthe foundation of all totalitarian government whether Nazi or Communist" -- Winston Churchill, November 21, 1943, describing what is now legaland constitutional in the United States, under president Bush." Churchill, one supposes, did not include President Franklin Rooseveltin his condemnation, but when Ashcroft's plans for detention campscame to light, legal analysts began comparing the Bush administration'sscheme to internment of Japanese Americans. "The main distinction is that Ashcroft's camps are smaller in scale. The difference in magnitude should not make the internment of U.S. citizens any more just or palatable,"columnist Anita Ramasastry explained. And as Harvard Law Professor Lawrence Tribe said on ABC's Nightline:"It bothers me that the executive branch is taking the amazing position that just on the president's say-so, any American citizencan be picked up, not just in Afghanistan, but at O'Hare Airportor on the streets of any city in this country, and locked upwithout access to a lawyer or court just because the governmentsays he's connected somehow with the Taliban or Al Qaeda.That's not the American way. It's not the constitutional way. . . ." Nevertheless, concerns over detention camps go hand-in-handwith jokes about black helicopters, and rightly so. The Internet is rifewith rumors on everything from the more than "800 detention camps"already in existence to stories about Hurricane Katrina evacueesbegin locked behind barbed wire in a concentration camp in Utah,which it turns out, was actually Camp Williams,an Army National Guard training center. When Diane Carmen of the Denver Post reported on evacueesat the Community College of Aurora, she wrote, "If I didn't know better, I'd have thought I was peering throughthe fence at a concentration camp," which some cited as "proof"that Americans were going to be rounded up and locked away,though the rest of the article did not substantiate such claims."Everybody treats you real nice," said one evacuee."There's a lotta love up here." The idea that dissidents could be sent to detention facilitiesis perhaps the most widely circulated theory, and it is as popularunder President George W. Bush as it was under President Bill Clinton.And though Daniel Ellsberg has also suggested that dissidentscould be targeted, most of the theories rest upon circumstantialevidence and long stretches of the imagination. What we do know, however, thanks to the Sydney Morning Herald'sinvestigation into Reagan-era initiatives, alongside documentsleaked to the Miami Herald in 1987, is that when Col. Oliver Northhelped draft contingency plans in the early 80s, one of the reasonscited for possible martial law and internment was "national opposition to a U.S. military invasion abroad"-- a scenario which would become more likely with additional warsand in the event of the return of the draft. Last year, the Project for a New American Century, the think tankthat famously advocated preemptive strikes and wars on multiple fronts,called upon Congress to "take the steps necessary to increasesubstantially the size of the active duty Army and Marine Corps." Such steps should be relatively easy, given that since PNAC's"Rebuilding America's Defenses" was first published, states have beenlinking driver's license applications to selective service registration. According to the Selective Service System's Web site, "As of August 5, 2005, 35 states, 3 territories, and the District ofColumbiahave enacted driver's license laws supporting SSS registration." With the military stretched to the breaking point, questions ofconscription and subsequent draft-dodging are hardly far-fetched, but thevery act of protesting, in and of itself, could become a federal offense.Though conservative columnist William Safire was one of the first to warnof Mr. Bush's "dictatorial powers," and editorials across the countryhave since voiced similar concerns, few are picking up on attemptsto criminalize dissent -- an observation made by former White Housecounsel John Dean as early as Oct. 2001, who wrote that, thanks tothe hastily passed Patriot Act, the "right to dissent" is in jeopardy,with protesters possibly considered "terrorists." Dean considered this an "unintended consequence"of the new anti-terror legislation, but the Oakland Tribune later reportedthat California's anti-terrorism intelligence center was already "blurring the line between terrorism and political dissent"and National Lawyers Guild president Michael Avery said that theBush administration was "trying to criminalize dissent, characterize protesters as terrorists and trying to intimidate and marginalize those opposed to its policies." After a New York state jury refused to convict four Catholic antiwaractivists for protesting at a U.S. military recruiting office in 2005,the federal government stepped in, filing charges including "conspiracy to impede an officer of the United States,"which could send each protester to prison for up six years. Is this an isolated incident?It would seem not.Provisions in the new Patriot Act have also raised concerns.The first questionable provision could make "breaching security perimeters" at any "special event of national significance"a felony while the second calls for the creation of a new federalized "permanent police force" which would be given the authorityto arrest citizens in violation of the Bill of Rights. "The obvious purpose of the act is to preventdemonstrations at Bush/Cheney events,"former Reagan administration official Paul Craig Roberts recently wrote,adding that the law has "dire implications" for First Amendmentguarantees."We can take for granted that the new federal police will be used to suppress dissent and to break up opposition. The Brownshirts are now arming themselves with a Gestapo." Even before Sept. 11, a document entitled"Domestic Operational Law Handbook for Judge Advocates,"reflected a movement towards a more militarized society.The JAG document, which called for "providing military assistance for civil disturbances" cited the '60s era Operation Garden Plot, the United States Civil Disturbance Plan 55-2, which gave federal forces the power to "put downdisruptive elements" and called for "deadly force to be used against any extremist or dissident perpetrating any and all forms of civil disorder." As Frank Morales stated in an update to his 2003 Project Censoredaward-winning story "The Pentagon Wages War on America":Operation Garden Plot, originating in 1968 and continually updated,is according to the JAG handbook, tasked with the mission of conducting 'Civil disturbance operations throughout the United States,' providing 'wide latitude to a commander to use federal forces to assist civil law enforcement in restoring law and order.' And it's exactly this type of 'wide latitude'that we've witnessed at recent protests in NYC and Oakland.United States Army Field Manual 19-15, entitled Civil Disturbances,issued in 1985, is designed to equip soldiers with the— 'tactics, techniques and procedures' necessary to suppress dissent. The manual states that 'Crowd control formations may be employed — to disperse,contain, or block a crowd. When employed to disperse a crowd,they are particularly effective in urban areas because they enablethe control force to split a crowd into smaller segments.' It should be noted that the government has traditionally triedto curb dissent during wartime and much of what we're seeing todayexisted in the Vietnam era, too. In 1967, with the assistanceof an Army task force, President Lyndon Johnson established the National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders, which called for the use of military force to squelch civil disturbances.A year after four unarmed Kent State University studentswere gunned down by members of the Ohio National Guard,Sen. Sam Ervin's Subcommittee on Constitutional Rightsuncovered information regarding Operation Garden Plot and discovereda massive military surveillance program used against citizens. The FBI's domestic counterintelligence program, COINTELPROalso came to light when the Citizens Committee to Investigatethe FBI lifted documents and leaked them to the press. And, as we later learned, from 1967 to 1971 the FBIalso kept an "agitator index" or ADEX file, which wasa list of individuals to be rounded up as subversives. Operation Cable Splicer, a subplot of Operation Garden Plotwhich included plans to control civilian populations and take overstate and local governments, also appeared to be in playduring Hurricane Katrina, when President Bush announcedthat the Pentagon was developing plans to give the militarya larger role in responding to catastrophic events and suggestedthat the federal government should override state and local authorities. "It is now clear that a challenge on this scale requires greaterfederal authority and a broader role for the armed forces,"Bush said in a speech. (The president also announced that the U.S.military could enforce quarantines should there be a bird flu outbreak,which Irwin Redlener, associate Dean of Columbia University'sSchool of Public Health for Disaster Preparedness, deemed an "extraordinarily draconian measure," which translates to "martial law in the United States."). In 2002, a New York Times editorial stated that the FBI now has "nearly unbridled power to poke into the affairs of anyone in theUnited States, even when there is no evidence of illegal activity" andone year later, FBI Intelligence Bulletin no. 89 was sent to policedepartments, revealing that the federal government was advocating thatlocal authorities spy on U.S. citizens. When the Atlanta PoliceDepartment acknowledged that it routinely places antiwar protestersunder surveillance, Georgia Rep. Nan Orrock told the AtlantaJournal-Constitution. "This harkens back to some very dark times in our nation's history." How dark?NSA wiretapping aside, it's now clear that the Pentagonhas been monitoring dangerous militants such as the Quakerswhile the FBI has been spying on the Catholic Worker's Group,Greenpeace and PETA. As Silencing Political Dissent authorNancy Chang pointed out, "With the advent of electronic record-keeping, the FBIis likely to maintain far more dossiers on law-abiding individualsand to disseminate the dossiers far more widelythan during the COINTELPRO era." Where will all this data mining lead? — Who knows? —From Sedition Acts, to the suspension of habeas corpus to theinternment of fellow Americans, we've been down rocky roads before.And in the aftermath of Sept. 11, Supreme Court JusticeSandra Day O'Conner spelled it out:"We're likely to experience more restrictions on our personal freedom than has ever been the case in our country," she said. Now thatwriting letters to the editor can be investigated as acts of "sedition"and US citizens can be held without charges for years on end,another terror attack could send us over the edge. Even so, detention camp jitters could prove to be nothing morethan Waitsian. After all, Kellogg Brown & Root held US Immigrationand Customs Enforcement (ICE) contracts from 2000 to 2005without building a single camp. The truth is, we won't knowthe real purpose of these centersunless contingency plans are needed. And by then, it will be too late. *************************************Maureen Farrell is a writer and media consultant who specializesin helping other writers get television and radio exposure.© Copyright 2004, Maureen Farrell