Guest guest Posted September 18, 2004 Report Share Posted September 18, 2004 http://www.globalissues.org/HumanRights/WomensRights.asp Women's Rights by Anup Shah | * This page: http://www.globalissues.org/HumanRights/WomensRights.asp. Women's rights around the world is an important indicator of understanding global well-being. Many may think that women's rights is only an issue in countries where religion is law, such as many Muslim countries. Or even worse, some people may not think this is no longer an issue at all. But reading this report about the United Nation's Women's Treaty and how an increasing number of countries are lodging reservations, will show otherwise. This web page has the following sub-sections: * Progress * Lack of Progress * Women Work More Than Men But Are Paid Less * Feminization of Poverty * Population * Media * Beijing +5 Special Session * Women, Militarism and Violence * More Information Progress It isn't easy to change tradition overnight. However, a small example of successes include: * The gains made in South Africa * Childhood concerns in Latin America * Poor women gaining greater access to savings and credit mechanisms worldwide, due to microcredit systems and more. * Women winning the right to vote in Kuwait (This further pressures other Gulf nations to follow suit. Unforuntately, this was denied later in 1999 but pressure has been mounting.) * (There are many more examples, and over time, they will be added here.) Lack of Progress The informal slogan of the Decade of Women became " Women do two-thirds of the world's work, receive 10 percent of the world's income and own 1 percent of the means of production. " -- Richard H. Robbins, Global Problems and the Culture of Capitalism, (Allyn and Bacon, 1999), p. 354 You would think that as time goes on, there would be more equality between men and women. Unfortunately, trends are moving in the other direction. A report from Human Rights Watch also describes how women's rights have not been observed in some countries as much as expected; in some places claims were made that women's rights would be respected more, yet policies are sometimes not changed enough -- or at all, thus still undermining the rights of women. As Amnesty International also points out, " Governments are not living up to their promises under the Women's Convention to protect women from discrimination and violence such as rape and female genital mutilation. " There are many governments who have also not ratified the Convention, including the U.S. Many countries that have ratified it do so with many reservations. In some patriarchal societies, religion or tradition can be used as a barrier for equal rights. For example, as Inter Press Service reported, the Bangladesh government tried to hide behind laws to deny women equal rights. In Pakistan for example, honor killings directed at women have been done for the slightest reasons. (There are different types of problems all over the world that women face, from the wealthiest countries to the poorest, and it isn't the scope or ability of this site to be able to list them all here, but just provide some examples. Links to other sites below document more thoroughly the actual instances, cases and situations around the world.) Women Work More Than Men But Are Paid Less Did you know that women cultivate, plough, harvest more than half of all the food in the world? According to Inter Press Service, " On a global scale, women cultivate more than half of all the food that is grown. In sub-Saharan Africa and the Caribbean, they produce up to 80 percent of basic foodstuffs. In Asia, they account for around 50 percent of food production. In Latin America, they are mainly engaged in subsistence farming, horticulture, poultry and raising small livestock. " Yet these women often get little recognition for that. In fact, many go unpaid. It is very difficult for these women to get the financial resources required to buy equipment etc, as many societies still do not accept, or realize, that there is a change in the " traditional " roles. Also disturbing is the continued practise of trafficking of women, which has become a lucrative business for organized crime. As the Digital Freedom Network reported (their article is no longer on line) " Ukraine has eclipsed Latin America as the top exporter of women into international trafficking " . Feminization of Poverty The " feminization of poverty " is a phonemenon that is unfortunatley on the increase. Basically, women are increasingly the ones who suffer the most poverty. Professor of anthropology, Richard Robbins also notes that At the same time that women produce 75 to 90 percent of food crops in the world, they are responsible for the running of households. According to the United Nations, in no country in the world do men come anywhere close to women in the amount of time spent in housework. Furthermore, despite the efforts of feminist movements, women in the core [wealthiest, Western countries] still suffer disproportionately, leading to what sociologist refer to as the " feminization of poverty, " where two out of every three poor adults are women. The informal slogan of the Decade of Women became " Women do two-thirds of the world's work, receive 10 percent of the world's income and own 1 percent of the means of production. " -- Richard H. Robbins, Global Problems and the Culture of Capitalism, (Allyn and Bacon, 1999), p. 354 This then also affects children, which makes the dire situation even worse. For example, even in the richest country in the world, the USA, the poorest are women caring for children. The lending strategies to developing countries by institutions such as the IMF and World Bank have affected many women in those countries. Poverty, trade and economic issues are very much related to women's rights issues due to the impacts they can have. Tackling these issues as well also helps to tackle women's rights issues. And, tackling gender issues helps tackle poverty-related issues. See also the Asia Pacific online network of women web site for more about issues relating to globalization and its impacts on women. For more about these aspects, refer to this site's section on trade and poverty related issues. Population As seen in the population section of this web site, tackling many population related causes involves tackling many women's issues such as increased knowledge and access to better health care, family planning and education for women. The beneficial results of these get passed along to the children and eventually the society. In fact, as PANOS shows in a report, providing women reproductive rights is part of their human rights. Media Even media attention on women who help and fight for certain causes is distorted. For example, Fairness and Accuracy In Reporting (FAIR) analysed U.S. media reporting during the British Princess Diana's funeral, and noted that the U.S. media typically concentrate only on a few people like the late Diana and Mother Teresa who had some sort of celebrity type status, and rarely reported on the thousands of others doing similar work. In other cases, the roles of women presented in the media, from talk shows, to entertainment shows as well as news reporting can often end up reenforcing the status quo and the cultural stereotypes, which influence other women to follow suit. This happens in all nations, from the wealthiest to the poorest (and happens with men as well as children). It can have positive aspects, such as providing guidance and sharing issues etc. but it can also have a negative effect of continuing inherent prejudices etc. (For more on this perspective, see this collection of articles from MediaChannel.org on Women's Media) Beijing +5 Special Session From June 5 to June 9 2000, there was a conference at the United Nations, New York, continuing on 5 years from a similar conference in Beijing, 1995. (The formal name of the conference was " Women: 2000: Gender Equality, Development and Peace for the Twenty-First Century. " ) In 1985 there was a conference in Nairobi, Kenya, to formulate strategies for advancing women's rights. This was followed by a " plan of action " defined in 1995, in Beijing. It has been recognized and agreed for a while that successful development also involves gender equality. The goals of this conference then was to reflect on the promised provisions of equality, development and peace for all women everywhere. Leading up to, and during the conference, many organizations had numerous issues to bring to the fore, including: * Women's reproductive rights * Abduction of girls * Child soldiers and armed conflict * Poverty and Economy * Education and Training * Health * Violence * Decision Making * Institutional Mechanisms * Human Rights * Media * Environment * The Girl-child According to a UN report, the international community had fallen far short of its commitments to empower women and achieve gender equality and that only eight out of 188 member states had certain global agreements for this. It was also pointed out at this UN session that Women continued to be deprived of basic and fundamental rights because of measures imposed in certain countries. In fact, some were even opposed to moving forward on such important issues, such as Holy See (the Vatican), Nicaragua, Sudan and Libya and sometimes Iraq and various other nations on particular issues such as reproductive rights, even freedom of expression (Libya and the Vatican opposed this). The Vatican, Iran and some other delegations even wanted to delete references to sexual and reproductive rights and health in the Current Challenges section of the review document. Regarding the Vatican (the Holy See), there was growing concern at their role as permanent observer, where they are considered to be more than a non-governmental organization (NGO), but less than a nation. They therefore have some influence and have been criticized at the way they have affected some UN decisions regarding gender-related issues to be more effectively pushed forward. As part of some of the criticisms, there is the suggestion to challenge the Holy See's power by demanding that the Vatican should be classified as an NGO instead. Some NGOs and organizations from the third world trying to fight for women's rights also felt they were left out of the conference. For more in-depth discussion of the issues you can also look at * OneWorld's women's rights campaign section. * Human Rights Watch o They ask, What Will It Take to get governments to honor their promises. o They also have a campaign section as well. * About.com also looks at the issue and provides daily highlights. * You can also visit the UN conference's web site. Women, Militarism and Violence It is often argued -- and accepted -- that women, being the " gentler sex " , and typically being the main care givers in society, are less aggressive than men. Feminists often argue that women, if given appropriate and full rights, could counter-balance a male-dominated world which is characterized by aggression in attitudes, thoughts, society and, ultimately, war. In May 2004, the Occuptation/Coalition forces in Iraq were shown around the world to be committing torture and other grotesque acts on Iraqi captives. For feminists and others, what was also shocking was that some of these acts were being perpetrated by women in the U.S. military. Feminist activist Barbara Ehrenreich captures some of the thoughts and reactions quite well: Secretly, I hoped that the presence of women [in the U.S. army] would over time change the military, making it more respectful of other people and cultures, more capable of genuine peacekeeping. That's what I thought, but I don't think that anymore. A certain kind of feminism, or perhaps I should say a certain kind of feminist naivete, died in Abu Ghraib [the prison facility from where most of the torture pictures and footage originated]. It was a feminism that saw men as the perpetual perpetrators, women as the perpetual victims and male sexual violence against women as the root of all injustice. Rape has repeatedly been an instrument of war and, to some feminists, it was beginning to look as if war was an extension of rape. There seemed to be at least some evidence that male sexual sadism was connected to our species' tragic propensity for violence. That was before we had seen female sexual sadism in action. ... But the assumption [within feminism] of [women's] superiority [over men], or at least a lesser inclination toward cruelty and violence, was more or less beyond debate. After all, women do most of the caring work in our culture, and in polls are consistently less inclined toward war than men. ... If that assumption had been accurate, then all we would have had to do to make the world a better place -- kinder, less violent, more just -- would have been to assimilate into what had been, for so many centuries, the world of men. ... What we need is a tough new kind of feminism with no illusions. Women do not change institutions simply by assimilating into them, only by consciously deciding to fight for change. We need a feminism that teaches a woman to say no -- not just to the date rapist or overly insistent boyfriend but, when necessary, to the military or corporate hierarchy within which she finds herself. -- Barbara Ehrenreich, What Abu Ghraib Taught Me, Alternet, May 20, 2004 Towards the end of the article, Ehrenreich notes that gender equality often appears to be limited to allowing women to have equality in a male-dominated world, meaning women struggle to have rights to do what men do. But, if what men are doing is generally seen as negative, then gender equality in that context is not enough. As she ends: To cite an old, and far from naive, feminist saying: " If you think equality is the goal, your standards are too low. " It is not enough to be equal to men, when the men are acting like beasts. It is not enough to assimilate. We need to create a world worth assimilating into. -- Barbara Ehrenreich, What Abu Ghraib Taught Me, Alternet, May 20, 2004 More Information For more information on women's rights in general, see * Oxfam's Gender and Development section looks at the worsening plight of women around the world, from the increased " feminization " of poverty to the inequality between men and women. * OneWorld Guides to o Women's Rights o Gender * The United Nations is an obvious main source of information and they have many resources, including: o The Women Watch web site, the " UN Internet Gateway on the Advancement and Empowerment of Women. " o Various links regarding women's issues, related to human rights. o This section from UNICEF's Progress of Nations, 1998 report. The report is a compilation of information and statistics that measure how developed a nation is with regards to the state of the children rather than the state of the economy. o The Population Fund, UNFPA, web site. Many population-related issues are applicable to women. This site has a lot of information. (The Population section on this web site also shows the importance of the role and education of women to help tackle some population issues.) * Women and Peace provides useful information. This site is from the Peace Pledge Union web site. * ID21 has a great section on Gender, Difference and Identity issues that provides links to many documents and research papers on these issues. * Womankind is a development agency supporting women from the developing world tackling issues such as poverty and sexual or political oppression. They have a good web site with more information. * The Girls Global Education Fund is an impressive web site that tackles the important issue of girls education, especially where traditionally girls grow up not having the same access to education as boys. * MADRE, as they say in their own words, " is an international women's human rights organization that works in partnership with women's community-based groups worldwide to address issues of health, economic development and other human rights. " * Third World Network provides a collection of articles on Women's rights and gender issues, also looking at the relationship with other issues such as globalization, poverty, economics, health, violence, sexual exploitation, gender equity, culture and more. * Amnesty International has a section on women. * The People's Movement for Human Rights Education (PDHRE) web site has an informative section on Human Rights and Women. * A large collection of articles and links are available from OneWorldNotThree.com * OneWomen is a web site of the Asia Pacific Online Network of Women in Governance, Politics and Transformative Leadership. It has many articles and links. * Women's International League for Peace and Freedom provides a look at all sorts of issues, from political, economic, social etc. * The Savings Women's Lives initiative is an international collaboration of organizations dedicated to the health and well-being of the world's women. * Women's Human Rights Net is a portal of information and analysis on women's rights and global issues. Site Information Links * Top of Page * Home * About This Site * Site Map Main Section Links * Human Rights * Geopolitics * Trade & Poverty * Environment Quote Link to comment Share on other sites More sharing options...
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