Guest guest Posted August 30, 2004 Report Share Posted August 30, 2004 > SSRI-Research > Sat, 28 Aug 2004 22:21:27 -0400 > [sSRI-Research] Human Experiments: A > Chronology of Human Research by Vera Hassner Sharav > > Human Experiments: A Chronology of Human Research > by Vera Hassner Sharav > www.ahrp.org > > 6th century B.C.: Meat and vegetable experiment on > young Jewish prisoners in Book of Daniel. > > 5th century B.C: " Primum non nocere " ( " First do no > harm " ), medical ethics standard attributed to > Hippocrates. This Oath became obligatory for > physicians prior to practicing medicine in the 4th > century AD > > 1st century B.C. Cleopatra devised an experiment to > test the accuracy of the theory that it takes 40 > days to fashion a male fetus fully and 80 days to > fashion a female fetus. When her handmaids were > sentenced to death under government order, Cleopatra > had them impregnated and subjected them to > subsequent operations to open their wombs at > specific times of gestation. > [http://www.jlaw.com/Articles/NaziMedExNotes.html#1] > > > 12th century: Rabbi and physician Maimonides' > Prayer: " May I never see in the patient anything but > a fellow creature in pain. " > > 1796 Edward Jenner injects healthy eight-year-old > James Phillips first with cowpox then three months > later with smallpox and is hailed as discoverer of > smallpox vaccine. > > 1845-1849: J. Marion Sims, " the father of > gynecology " performed multiple experimental > surgeries on enslaved African women without the > benefit of anesthesia. After suffering unimaginable > pain, many lost their lives to infection. One woman > was made to endure 34 experimental operations for a > prolapsed uterus. > http://www.coax.net/people/lwf/jm_sims.htm > > 1865: French physiologist Claude Bernard publishes > " Introduction to the Study of Human > Experimentation, " advising: " Never perform an > experiment which might be harmful to the patient > even though highly advantageous to science or the > health of others. " > > 1896: Dr. Arthur Wentworth performed spinal taps on > 29 children at Children's Hospital, Boston, to > determine if the procedure was harmful. Dr. John > Roberts of Philadelphia, noting the non-therapeutic > indication, labeled Wentworth's procedures " human > vivisection. " > > 1897: Italian bacteriologist Sanarelli injects five > subjects with bacillus searching for a causative > agent for yellow fever. > > 1900: Walter Reed injects 22 Spanish immigrant > workers in Cuba with the agent for yellow fever > paying them $100 if they survive and $200 if they > contract the disease. > > 1900: Berlin Code of Ethics. Royal Prussian Minister > of Religion, Education, and Medical Affairs > guaranteed that: " all medical interventions for > other than diagnostic, healing, and immunization > purposes, regardless of other legal or moral > authorization are excluded under all circumstances > if (1) the human subject is a minor or not competent > due to other reasons; (2) the human subject has not > given his unambiguous consent; (3) the consent is > not preceded by a proper explanation of the possible > negative consequences of the intervention. " > http://www.geocities.com/artnscience/00berlincode.pdf > > > 1906: Dr. Richard Strong, a professor of tropical > medicine at Harvard, experiments with cholera on > prisoners in the Philippines killing thirteen. > > 1913: Pennsylvania House of Representatives recorded > that 146 children had been inoculated with syphilis, > " through the courtesy of the various hospitals " and > that 15 children in St. Vincent's House in > Philadelphia had had their eyes tested with > tuberculin. Several of these children became > permanently blind. The experimenters were not > punished. > > 1915: A doctor in Mississippi, working for the U.S. > Public Health Office produces Pellagra in twelve > Mississippi inmates in an attempt to discover a cure > for the disease > > 1919-1922: Testicular transplant experiments on five > hundred prisoners at San Quentin. > > 1927: Carrie Buck of Charlottesville is legally > sterilized against her will at the Virginia Colony > Home for the Mentally Infirm. Carrie Buck was the > mentally normal daughter of a mentally retarded > mother, but under the Virginia law, she was declared > potentially capable of having a " less than normal > child. " By the 1930s, seventeen states in the U.S. > have laws permitting forced sterilization > The settlement of Poe v. Lynchburg Training School > and Hospital (same institution, different name) in > 1981 brought to an end the Virginia law. It is > estimated that as many as 10,000 perfectly normal > women were forcibly sterilized for " legal " reasons > including alcoholism, prostitution, and criminal > behavior in general. > > 1931: Lubeck, Germany, 75 children die in from > pediatrician's experiment with tuberculosis vaccine. > > > 1931: Germany adopts " Regulation on New Therapy and > Experimentation " requiring all human experiments to > be preceded by animal experiments. This law remained > in effect during the Nazi regime. > > 1931: Dr. Cornelius Rhoads, a pathologist, conducted > a cancer experiment in Puerto Rico under the > auspices of the Rockefeller Institute for Medical > Investigations. Dr. Rhoads has been accused of > purposely infecting his Puerto Rican subjects with > cancer cells. Thirteen of the subjects died. A > Puerto Rican physician uncovered the experiment an > investigation covered-up the facts. Despite Rhoads' > hand written statements that the Puerto Rican > population should be eradicated, Rhoads went on to > establish U.S. Army Biological Warfare facilities in > Maryland, Utah, and Panama, and was later named to > the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission. Rhoads was also > responsible for the radiation experiments on > prisoners, hospital patients, and soldiers. The > American Association for Cancer Research honored him > by naming its exemplary scientist award the > Cornelius Rhoads Award. > > 1932-1972: U.S. Public Health Service study in > Tuskegee, Alabama of more than 400 black > sharecroppers observed for the natural course of > untreated syphilis. > > 1932: Japanese troops invade Manchuria. Dr. Shiro > Ishii, a prominent physician and army officer begins > preliminary germ warfare experiments. > > 1936: Japan's Wartime Human Biowarfare > Experimentation Program. > > 1938: Japan establishes Unit 731 in Pingfan, 25 km. > from Harbin. Unit 731, a biological-warfare unit > disguised as a water-purification unit, is formed > outside the city of Harbin. > > 1939: Third Reich orders births of all twins be > registered with Public Health Offices for purpose of > genetic research. > > 1939: Twenty-two children living at the Iowa > Soldiers' Orphans' Home in Davenport were the > subjects of the " monster " experiment that used > psychological pressure to induce children who spoke > normally to stutter. It was designed by one of the > nation's most prominent speech pathologists, Dr. > Wendell Johnson, to test his theory on the cause of > stuttering. > > 1940: Poisonous gas experiments at Unit 731. One > experiment conducted September 7-10, 1940, on 16 > Chinese prisoners who were exposed to mustard gas in > a simulated battle situation. > > 1940-1941: Unit 731 used aircraft to spread cotton > and rice husks contaminated with the black plague at > Changde and Ningbo, in central China. About 100 > people died from the black plague in Ningbo as a > result. > 1940's: In a crash program to develop new drugs to > fight Malaria during World War II, doctors in the > Chicago area infected nearly 400 prisoners with the > disease. Although the Chicago inmates were given > general information that they were helping with the > war effort, they were not informed about the nature > of the experiment. Nazi doctors on trial at > Nuremberg cited the Chicago studies as precedents to > defend their own research aimed at aiding the German > war effort. > > 1941: Sterilization experiments at Auschwitz. > > 1941-1945: Typhus experiments at Buchenwald and > Natzweiler concentration camps. > > 1941: Dr. William c. Black inoculated a twelve month > old baby with herpes. He was criticized by Francis > Payton Rous, editor of the Journal of Experimental > Medicine, who called it " an abuse of power, an > infringement of the rights of an individual, and not > excusable because the illness which followed had > implications for science. " Dr. Rous rejected > outright the fact that the child had been " offered > as a volunteer. " > > 1942 -1945: Unit 731. Ishii begins " field tests " of > germ warfare and vivisection experiments on > thousands of Chinese soldiers and civilians. Chinese > people who rebelled against the Japanese occupation > were arrested and sent to Pingfan where they became > human guinea pigs; there is evidence that some > Russian prisoners were also victims of medical > atrocities. > > " I cut him open from the chest to the stomach and he > screamed terribly and his face was all twisted in > agony. He made this unimaginable sound, he was > screaming so horribly. But then finally he stopped. > This was all in a day's work for the surgeons, but > it really left an impression on me because it was my > first time. " NYT > > These prisoners were called 'maruta' (literally > 'logs') by the Japanese. After succumbing to induced > diseases - including bubonic plague, cholera, > anthrax - the prisoners were usually dissected while > still alive, their bodies then cremated within the > compound. Tens of thousands died. The atrocities > were committed by some of Japan's most distinguished > doctors recruited by Dr. Ishii. > > 1942: High altitude or low pressure experiments at > Dachau concentration camp. > > 1942: Harvard biochemist Edward Cohn injects > sixty-four Massachusetts prisoners with beef blood > in U.S. Navy-sponsored experiment. > > 1942: Japanese sprayed cholera, typhoid, plague, and > dysentery pathogens in the Jinhua area of Zhejian > province (China). A large number of Japanese > soldiers also fell victim to the sprayed diseases. > > 1942-1943: Bone regeneration and transplantation > experiments on female prisoners at Ravensbrueck > concentration camp. > > 1942-1943: Freezing experiments at Dachau > concentration camp. > > 1943 Refrigeration experiment conducted on sixteen > mentally disabled patients who were placed in > refrigerated cabinets at 30 degree Farenheit, for > 120 hours, at University of Cincinnati Hospital., > " to study the effect of frigid temperature on mental > disorders. " > > 1942-1943: Coagulation experiments on Catholic > priests at Dachau concentration camp. > > 1942-1944: U.S. Chemical Warfare Service conducts > mustard gas experiments on thousands of servicemen. > > 1942-1945: Malaria experiments at Dachau > concentration camp on more than twelve hundred > prisoners. > > 1943: Epidemic jaundice experiments at Natzweiler > concentration camp. > > 1943-1944: Phosphorus burn experiments at Buchenwald > concentration camp. > > 1944: Manhattan Project injection of 4.7 micrograms > of plutonium into soldiers at Oak Ridge. > > 1944: Seawater experiment on sixty Gypsies who were > given only saltwater to drink at Dachau > concentration camp. > > 1944-1946: University of Chicago Medical School > professor Dr. Alf Alving conducts malaria > experiments on more than 400 Illinois prisoners. > > 1945: Manhattan Project injection of plutonium into > three patients at Billings Hospital at University of > Chicago. > > 1945: Malaria experiment on 800 prisoners in > Atlanta. > > 1946: Opening of Nuremberg Doctors Trial by U.S. > Military Tribunal. > > 1945: Japanese troops blow up the headquarters of > Unit 731 in final days of Pacific war. Ishii orders > 150 remaining ''logs'' (i.e., human beings) killed > to cover up their experimentation. Gen. Douglas > MacArthur is named commander of the Allied powers in > Japan. > > 1946: U.S. secret deal with Ishii and Unit 731 > leaders cover up of germ warfare data based on human > experimentation in exchange for immunity from > war-crimes prosecution. > > 1946-1953: Atomic Energy Commission sponsored study > conducted at the Fernald school in Massachusetts. > Residents were fed Quaker Oats breakfast cereal > containing radioactive tracers. > > 1946: Patients in VA hospitals are used as guinea > pigs for medical experiments. In order to allay > suspicions, the order is given to change the word > " experiments " to " investigations " or " observations " > whenever reporting a medical study performed in one > of the nation's veteran's hospitals. > > 1947: Colonel E.E. Kirkpatrick of the U.S. Atomic > Energy Comission issues a secret document (Document > 07075001, January 8, 1947) stating that the agency > will begin administering intravenous doses of > radioactive substances to human subjects. > > 1947: The CIA begins its study of LSD as a potential > weapon for use by American intelligence. Human > subjects (both civilian and military) are used with > and without their knowledge. > > 1947: Judgment at Nuremberg Doctors Trial sets forth > " Permissible Medical Experiments " - i.e., the > Nuremberg Code, which begins: " The voluntary consent > of the human subject is absolutely essential. " > > 1949: Intentional release of radiodine 131 and xenon > 133 over Hanford Washington in Atomic Energy > Commission field study called " Green Run. " > > 1949: Soviet Union's war crimes trial of Dr. Ishii's > associates. > > 1949-1953: Atomic Energy Commission studies of > mentally disabled school children fed radioactive > isotopes at Fernald and Wrentham schools. > > 1940s-1950s: " psychic driving " and " mental > departterning " experiments conducted by Dr. Ewen > Cameron, depriving patients of sleep, using massive > ECT combined with psychoactive drugs such as, LSD. > After his " treatments " patients were unable to > function. In the 1950's Dr.Cameron's experiments > were sponsored by the CIA. > > 1950: Dr. Joseph Stokes of the University of > Pennsylvania infects 200 women prisoners with viral > hepatitis. > > 1950: U.S. Army secretly used a Navy ship outside > the Golden Gate to spray supposedly harmless > bacteria over San Francisco and its outskirts. > Eleven people were sickened by the germs, and one of > them died. > > 1951-1960: University of Pennsylvania under contract > with U.S. Army conducts psychopharmacological > experiments on hundreds of Pennsylvania prisoners. > > 1952-1974: University of Pennsylvania dermatologist > Dr. Albert Kligman conducts skin product experiments > by the hundreds at Holmesburg Prison; " All I saw > before me, " he has said about his first visit to the > prison, " were acres of skin. " > > 1952: Henry Blauer injected with a fatal dose of > mescaline at New York State Psychiatric Institute of > Columbia University. U.S. Department of Defense, the > sponsor, conspired to conceal evidence for 23 years. > I > 1953 Newborn Daniel Burton rendered blind at > Brooklyn Doctor's Hospital due to high oxygen study > on RLF. > 1953-1957: Oak Ridge-sponsored injection of uranium > into eleven patients at Massachusetts General > Hospital in Boston. > > 1953-1960: CIA brainwashing experiments with LSD at > eighty institutions on hundreds of subjects in a > project code named " MK-ULTRA. " > > 1953-1970: U.S. Army experiments with LSD on > soldiers at Fort Detrick, Md. > > 1954-1974: U.S. Army study of 2,300 Seventh-Day > Adventist soldiers in 157 experiments code named > " Operation Whitecoat. " > > 1950s -1972: Mentally disabled children at > Willowbrook School (NY) were deliberately infected > with hepatitis in an attempt to find a vaccine. > Participation in the study was a condition for > admission to institution. > > 1956: Dr. Albert Sabin tests experimental polio > vaccine on 133 prisoners in Ohio. > > 1958-1962: Spread of radioactive materials over > Inupiat land in Point Hope, Alaska in Atomic Energy > Commission field study code named " Project Chariot. " > > > 1962: Thalidomide withdrawn from the market after > thousands of birth deformities blamed in part on > misleading results of animal studies; the FDA > thereafter requires three phases of human clinical > trials before a drug can be approved for the market. > > > 1962 to 1966, a total of 33 pharmaceutical companies > tested 153 experimental drugs at Holmesburg prison > (PA) alone. > > 1962-1980 Pharmaceutical companies conduct phase I > safety testing of drugs almost exclusively on > prisoners for small cash payments. > > 1962: Injection of live cancer cells into 22 elderly > patients at Jewish Chronic Disease Hospital in > Brooklyn. > Administration covered up, NYS licensing board > placed the principal investigator on probation for > one year. Two years later, American Cancer Society > elected him Vice President. > > 1962: Stanley Milgram conducts obedience research at > Yale University. > > 1963: NIH supported researcher transplants > chimpanzee kidney into human in failed experiment. > 1963-1973: Dr. Carl Heller, a leading > endocrinologist, conducts testicular irradiation > experiments on prisoners in Oregon and Washington > giving them $5 a month and $100 when they receive a > vasectomy at the end of the trial. > 1964: World Medical Association > adopts Helsinki Declaration, asserting " The > interests of science and society should never take > precedence over the well being of the subject. " > 1965-1966: University of > Pennsylvania under contract with Dow Chemical > conducts dioxin experiments on prisoners at > Holmesburg. > 1966: Henry Beecher's article > " Ethics and Clinical Research " in New England > Journal of Medicine. > > 1966: U.S. Army introduces bacillus > globigii into New York subway tunnels in field > study. > > 1966: NIH Office for Protection of > Research Subjects ( " OPRR " ) created and issues > Policies for the Protection of Human Subjects > calling for establishment of independent review > bodies later known as Institutional Review Boards. > > 1967: British physician M.H. > Pappworth publishes " Human Guinea Pigs, " advising > " No doctor has the right to choose martyrs for > science or for the general good. " > > 1969: Judge Sam Steinfield's > eloquent dissent in Strunk v. Strunk, 445 S.W.2d > 145, the first judicial suggestion that the > Nuremberg Code should influence American > jurisprudence. > > 1969. Milledgeville Georgia, > investigational drugs tested on mentally disabled > children. No institutional approval. > > 1969: San Antonio Contraceptive > Study conducted on 70 poor Mexican-American women. > Half received oral contraceptives the other placebo. > No informed consent. > > 1973 Ad Hoc Advisory Panel issues > Final Report of Tuskegee Syphilis Study, concluding > " Society can no longer afford to leave the balancing > of individual rights against scientific progress to > the scientific community. " > 1974: National Research Act > establishes National Commission for the Protection > of Human subjects and requires Public Health Service > to promulgate regulations for the protection of > human subjects. > 1975: The Department of Health, > Education and Welfare (DHEW) raised NIH's 1966 > Policies for the Protection of Human subjects to > regulatory status. Title 45 of the Code of Federal > Regulations, known as " The Common Rule, " requires > the appointment and utilization of institutional > review boards (IRBs). > > 1976: National Urban League holds National > Conference on Human Experimentation, announcing " We > don't want to kill science but we don't want science > to kill, mangle and abuse us. " > > 1978: Experimental Hepatitis B vaccine trials, > conducted by the CDC, begin in New York, Los Angeles > and San Francisco. Ads for research subjects > specifically ask for promiscuous homosexual men. > > 1979: National Commission issues Belmont Report > setting forth three basic ethical principles: > respect for persons, beneficence, and justice. > > 1980: The FDA promulgates 21 CFR > 50.44 prohibiting use of prisoners as subjects in > clinical trials shifting phase I testing by > pharmaceutical companies to non-prison population. > > 1981: Leonard Whitlock suffers > permanent brain damage after deep diving experiment > at Duke University. > > 1986: Congressional subcommittee holds one-day > hearing in Washington, called by Rep. Pat Williams > of Montana, aimed at determining whether U.S. > prisoners of war in Manchuria were victims of > germ-warfare experimentation. Hearing is > inconclusive. > > 1981-1996: Protocol 126 at Fred Hutchinson Cancer > Center in Seattle. > > 1987: Supreme Court decision in > United States v. Stanley, 483 U.S. 669, holding > soldier given LSD without his consent could not sue > U.S. Army for damages. > > 1987: " L-dopa challenge and relapse " > experiment conducted on 28 U.S. veterans who were > subjected to psychotic relapse for study purposes at > the Bronx VA. > 1990: The FDA grants Department of > Defense waiver of Nuremberg Code for use of > unapproved drugs and vaccines in Desert Shield. > 1991: World Health Organization > announces CIOMS Guidelines which set forth four > ethical principles: respect for persons, > beneficence, nonmaleficence and justice. > 1991: Tony LaMadrid commits suicide > after participating in study on relapse of > schizophrenics withdrawn from medication at UCLA. > 1993: Kathryn Hamilton dies 44 days > after participating in breast cancer experiment at > Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center in Seattle. > > 1994. The Albuquerque Tribune > publicizes 1940s experiments involving plutonium > injection of human research subjects and secret > radiation experiments. Indigent patients and > mentally retarded children were deceived about the > nature of their treatment. > > 1994. President Clinton appoints the > Advisory Commission on Human Radiation Experiments > (ACHRE) The ACHRE Report > http://tis.eh.doe.gov/ohre/roadmap/achre/index.html > > 1995. U.S. Department of Energy > (DOE) published Human Radiation Experiments, listing > 150 plus an additional 275 radiation experiments > conducted by DOE and the Atomic Energy Commission, > during the 1940s-1970s. > http://tis.eh.doe.gov/ohre/roadmap/experiments/0491doca.html#0491_List > > > 1995: 19-year-old University of > Rochester student Nicole Wan dies after being paid > $150 to participate in MIT-sponsored experiment to > test airborne pollutant chemicals. > > 1995. President Clinton appoints the > National Bioethics Advisory Commission. > > 1995: NYS Supreme Court rules (TD v > NYS Office of Mental Health) against the state's > policy of conducting nontherapeutic experiments on > mentally incapacitated persons-including > children-without informed consent. Justice Edward > Greenfield ruled that parents have no authority to > volunteer their children: > " Parents may be free to make martyrs of themselves, > but it does not follow that they may make martyrs of > their children. " > > 1995: Thirty-four healthy, previously non-aggressive > New York City minority children, boys aged 6 to 11 > years old, were exposed to fenfluramine in a > nontherapeutic experiment at the New York State > Psychiatric Institute. The children were exposed to > this neurotoxic drug to record their neurochemical > response in an effort to prove a speculative theory > linking aggression to a biological marker. > > 1996. Cleveland Plain Dealer > investigative report series, 'Drug Trials: Do People > Know the Truth About Experiments,' December 15 to > 18, 1996. The Plain-Dealer found: of the " 4,154 FDA > inspections of researchers testing new drugs on > people [since 1977] . . . more than half the > researchers were cited by FDA inspectors for failing > to clearly disclose the experimental nature of their > work. " > > 1996: Yale University researchers > publish findings of experiment that subjected 18 > stable schizophrenia patients to psychotic relapse > in an amphetamine provocation experiment at West > Haven VA. > > 1997. President Clinton issues a formal apology to > the subjects of the Tuskegee syphilis experiments. > NBAC continues investigation into genetics, consent, > privacy, and research on persons with mental > disorders. > > 1997. Researchers at the University of Cincinnati > publish findings of experiment attempting to create > a " psychosis model " on human beings at the > Cincinnati VA. Sixteen patients, experiencing a > first episode schizophrenia, were subjected to > repeated provocation with amphetamine. The stated > purpose was to produce " behavioral sensitization. > This process serves as a model for the development > of psychosis, but has been little studied in humans. > Symptoms, such as severity of psychosis and > eye-blink rates, were measured hourly for 5 hours. " > > 1997. U.S. government sponsored placebo-controlled > experiment withholds treatment from HIV infected, > pregnant African women. NY Times, Sept. 18. > > 1997. Victims of unethical research at major U.S. > medical centers - including the NIMH - testify > before the National Bioethics Advisory Commission, > Sept. 18. > > 1997. FDA Modernization Act gives pharmaceutical > companies a huge financial incentive-a 6 month > patent exclusivity extension-if they conduct drug > tests on children. The incentive can yield $900 > million. > > 1998. National Bioethics Advisory Commission (NBAC) > Report. Research Involving Subjects with Mental > Disorders That May Affect Decisionmaking Capacity. > November 12, 1998 > http://bioethics.georgetown.edu/nbac/capacity/TOC.htm > > > 1998: The Japanese government has > never formally apologized for Unit 731's activities, > and did not even admit to its existence until August > 1998, when the Supreme Court ruled that the > existence of the unit was accepted in academic > circles. > > 1998. Complaint filed with OPRR > about experiments that exposed non-violent children > in New York City to fenfluramine to find a > predisposition to violence. > > 1998: Boston Globe (four part) > series, " Doing Harm: Research on the Mentally Ill " > shed light on the mistreatment and exploitation of > schizophrenia patients who have been subjected to > relapse producing procedures in unethical > experiments. > > 1999: Nine month-old Gage Stevens > dies at Children's Hospital in Pittsburgh during > participation in Propulsid clinical trial for infant > acid reflux. > > 1999: 18-year-old Jesse Gelsinger > dies after being injected with 37 trillion particles > of adenovirus in gene therapy experiment at > University of Pennsylvania. > > 1999: Director of National Institute > of Mental Health suspends 29 clinical trials that > failed to meet either ethical or scientific > standards. > > 2000: University of Oklahoma > melanoma trial halted for failure to follow > government regulations and protocol. > > 2000: OPRR becomes Office of Human > Research Protection ( " OHRP " ) and made part of the > Department of Health and Human Services. > 2000: President Clinton implement the Energy > Employees Occupational Illness Compensation Act of > 2000, which authorized compensation for thousands of > Department of Energy workers who sacrificed their > health in building the nation's nuclear defenses. > > 2000: The Washington Post (6 part) series, " Body > Hunters " exposes unethical exploitation in > experiments conducted by U.S. investigators in > underdeveloped countries. Part 4 dealt with U.S. > government funded, genetic experiments conducted by > Harvard University in rural China. > http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A26797-2000Dec19.html > > > 2001: A biotech company in Pennsylvania asks the FDA > for permission to conduct placebo trials on infants > in Latin America born with serious lung disease > though such tests would be illegal in U.S. > > 2001: Ellen Roche, a healthy 27-year old volunteer, > dies in challenge study at Johns Hopkins University > in Baltimore, Maryland. > > 2001: April 4, Elaine Holden-Able, a healthy retired > nurse, consumed a glass of orange juice that had > been mixed with a dietary supplement for the sake of > medical research. This Case Western University > Alzheimer's experiment, financed by the tobacco > industry, wound up killing her in what was called a > ''tragic human error.'' Federal Office of Human > Research Protections did not interview hospital > staff, mostly accepted hospital's internal report, > imposed no penalty, and closed the case and did not > mention the death in its letter of determination. > http://ohrp.osophs.dhhs.gov/detrm_letrs/nov01f.pdf > > 2001: Maryland Court of Appeals renders a landmark > decision affirming " best interest of the individual > child " as a standard for medical research involving > children. The Court unequivocally prohibited > nontherapeutic experimentation on children. (Higgins > and Grimes v. Kennedy Krieger Institute).The case > involved exposure of babies and small children to > lead poisoning in EPA funded experiment. > (http://www.courts.state.md.us/opinions/coa/2001/128a00.pdf) > [Non-text portions of this message have been > removed] > > > Quote Link to comment Share on other sites More sharing options...
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