FLOURIDE........WHATS WRONG WITH THIS PICTURE?

[Guest guest]

Fluoride—What's Wrong With This Picture?*

Andreas Schuld © 2000 PFPC

(First published by the Weston A. Price Foundation, Washington, DC

" Wise Traditions " , Vol.1, No.3, Fall 2000)

 

In 1999 the US Center for Disease Control (CDC) released a glowing

report on the fluoridation of public water supplies, citing the

procedure as one of the century's great public health successes (1).

 

Ironically, the same report hints that the alleged benefit from

fluorides may not be due to ingestion:

 

" Fluoride's caries-preventive properties initially were attributed to

changes in enamel during tooth development because of the association

between fluoride and cosmetic changes in enamel and a belief that

fluoride incorporated into enamel during tooth development would

result in a more acid-resistant mineral. "

The CDC report then acknowledges new studies which indicate that the

effects are ``topical " rather than " systemic: "

 

" However, laboratory and epidemiologic research suggests that

fluoride prevents dental caries predominately after eruption of the

tooth into the mouth, and its actions primarily are topical for both

adults and children. "

The obvious question is this: How can the CDC consider the

addition of fluoride to public water supplies to be a public health

success while admitting at the same time that fluoride's benefits are

not " systemic, " in other words, are not obtained from drinking it?

 

The truth, now becoming increasingly evident, is that fluoridation

and the proclaimed benefit of fluoride as a way of preventing dental

decay is perhaps the greatest " scientific " fraud ever perpetrated

upon an unsuspecting public.

 

Even worse, the relentless promotion of fluoride as a " dental

benefit " is responsible for the huge neglect in proper assessment of

its toxicity, an issue that has become a major concern for many

nations. As there is no substance as biochemically active in the

human organism as fluoride, excessive total intake of fluoride

compounds might well be contributing to many diseases currently

afflicting mankind, particularly those involving thyroid dysfunction.

In the United States, most citizens are kept entirely ignorant of any

adverse effect that might occur from exposure to fluorides. Dental

fluorosis, the first visible sign that fluoride poisoning has

occurred, is declared a mere " cosmetic effect " by the dental

profession, although the " biochemical events which result in dental

fluorosis are still unknown " (2,3,4). The quantity of fluoride needed

to prevent caries but avoid dental fluorosis is also unknown (5).

 

WHAT IS FLUORIDE?

 

Fluoride is any combination of elements containing the fluoride

ion. In its elemental form, fluorine is a pale yellow, highly toxic

and corrosive gas. In nature, fluorine is found combined with

minerals as fluorides. It is the most chemically active nonmetallic

element of all the elements and also has the most reactive electro-

negative ion. Because of this extreme reactivity, fluorine is never

found in nature as an uncombined element.

 

Fluorine is a member of group VIIa of the periodic table. It

readily displaces other halogens—such as chlorine, bromine and iodine—

from their mineral salts. With hydrogen it forms hydrogen fluoride

gas which, in a water solution, becomes hydrofluoric acid (6).

 

Fluorine compounds or fluorides are listed by the US Agency for

Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) as among the top 20 of

275 substances that pose the most significant threat to human health

(7). In Australia, the National Pollutant Inventory (NPI) recently

considered 400 substances for inclusion on the NPI reporting list. A

risk ranking was given based on health and environmental hazard

identification and human and environmental exposure to the substance.

Some substances were grouped together at the same rank to give a

total of 208 ranks. Fluoride compounds were ranked 27th out of the

208 ranks (8).

 

Fluorides, hydrogen fluoride and fluorine have been found in at

least 130, 19, and 28 sites, respectively, of 1,334 National

Priorities List sites identified by the Environmental Protection

Agency (EPA) (9). Consequently, under the provisions of the Superfund

Act (CRECLA, 1986), a compilation of information about fluorides,

hydrogen fluoride and fluorine and their effects on health was

required. This publication appeared in 1993 (9).

 

Fluorides are cumulative toxins. The fact that fluorides

accumulate in the body is the reason that US law requires the Surgeon

General to set a Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL) for fluoride content

in public water supplies as determined by the EPA. This requirement

is specifically aimed at avoiding a condition known as Crippling

Skeletal Fluorosis (CSF), a disease thought to progress through three

stages. The MCL, designed to prevent only the third and crippling

stage of this disease, is set at 4ppm or 4mg per liter. It is assumed

that people will retain half of this amount (2mg), and therefore 4mg

per liter is deemed ``safe. " Yet a daily dose of 2-8mg is known to

cause the third crippling stage of CSF (10,11).

 

In 1998 EPA scientists, whose job and legal duty it is to set the

Maximum Contaminant Level, declared that this 4ppm level was set

fraudulently by outside forces in a decision that omitted 90 percent

of the data showing the mutagenic properties of fluoride (12).

 

The Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products, 5th Edition (1984)

gives lead a toxicity rating of 3 to 4 (3 = moderately toxic, 4 =

very toxic) and the EPA has set 0.015 ppm as the MCL for lead in

drinking water—with a goal of 0.0ppm. The toxicity rating for

fluoride is 4, yet the MCL for fluoride is currently set at 4.0ppm,

over 250 times the permissable level for lead.

 

WATER FLUORIDATION

 

In 1939 a dentist named H. Trendley Dean, working for the U.S.

Public Health Service, examined water from 345 communities inTexas.

Dean determined that high concentrations of fluoride in the water in

these areas corresponded to a high incidence of mottled teeth. This

explained why dentists in the area found mottled teeth in so many of

their patients. Dean also claimed that there was a lower incidence

of dental cavities in communities having about 1 ppm fluoride in the

water supply. Among the native residents of these areas about 10

percent developed the very mildest forms of mottled enamel ( " dental

fluorosis " ), which Dean and others described as " beautiful white

teeth. "

 

Dean's report led to the initiation of artificial fluoridation of

drinking water at 1part-per-million (ppm) in order to supply the

``optimal dose " of 1mg fluoride per day—assuming that drinking four

glasses of water every day would duplicate Dean's ``optimal " intake

for most people. Now, according to the American Dental Association,

all people, rich or poor, could have ``beautiful white teeth " and be

free of caries at the same time. After all, the benefits of water

fluoridation had been documented " beyond any doubt " (13).

 

When other scientists investigated Dean's data, they did not reach

the same conclusions. In fact, Dean had engaged in " selective use of

data " , using findings from 21 cities that supported his case while

completely disregarding data from 272 other locations that did not

show a correlation (14). In court cases Dean was forced to admit

under oath that his data were invalid (15). In 1957 he had to admit

at AMA hearings that even waters containing a mere 0.1ppm (0.1 mg/l)

could cause dental fluorosis, the first visible sign of fluoride

overdose (16). Moreover, there is not one single double-blind study

to indicate that fluoridation is effective in reducing cavities (17).

 

SO WHAT'S THE TRUTH ABOUT TOOTH DECAY?

 

The truth is that more and more evidence shows that fluorides and

dental fluorosis are actually associated with increased tooth decay.

The most comprehensive US review was carried out by the National

Institute of Dental Research on 39,000 school children aged 5-17

years (18). It showed no significant differences in terms of DMF

(decayed, missing and filled teeth). What it did show was that high

decay cities (66.5-87.5 percent) have 9.34 percent more decay in the

children who drink fluoridated water. Furthermore, a 5.4 percent

increase in students with decay was observed when 1 ppm fluoride was

added to the water supply. Nine fluoridated cities with high decay

had 10 percent more decay than nine equivalent non-fluoridated cities.

 

The world's largest study on dental caries, which looked at

400,000 students, revealed that decay increased 27 percent with a

1ppm fluoride increase in drinking water (19). In Japan, fluoridation

caused decay increases of 7 percent in 22,000 students (20), while

in the US a decay increase of 43 percent occured in 29,000 students

when 1ppm fluoride was added to drinking water (21).

 

DENTAL FLUOROSIS: A " COSMETIC " DEFECT?

 

Dental fluorosis is a condition caused by an excessive intake of

fluorides, characterized mainly by mottling of the enamel (which

starts as " white spots " ), although the bones and virtually every

organ might also be affected due to fluoride's known anti-thyroid

characteristics. Dental fluorosis can only occur during the stage of

enamel formation and is therefore a sign that an overdose of fluoride

has occurred in a child during that period.

 

Dental fluorosis has been described as a subsurface enamel

hypomineralization, with porosity of the tooth positively correlated

with the degree of fluorosis (22). It is characterized by diffuse

opacities and under-mineralized enamel. Although identical enamel

defects occur in cases of thyroid dysfunction, the dental profession

describes the defect as merely " cosmetic " when it is caused by

exposure to fluoride.

 

What is now becoming apparent is that this " cosmetic " defect

actually predisposes to tooth decay. In 1988 Duncan (23) stated that

hypoplastic defects have a strong potential to become carious. In

1989, Silberman (24) - evaluating the same data of Head Start

children in fluoridated and non-fluoridated areas - wrote

that " preliminary data indicate that the presence of primary canine

hypoplasia [enamel defects] may result in an increased potential for

the tooth becoming carious. " In 1996 Li (25) wrote that children with

enamel hypoplasia demonstrated a significantly higher caries

experience than those who did not have such defects and, further,

that the " presence of enamel hypoplasia may be a predisposing factor

for initiation and progression of dental caries, and a predictor of

high caries susceptibility in a community. " In 1996 Ellwood &

O'Mullane (26) stated that " developmental enamel defects may be

useful markers of caries susceptibility, which should be considered

in the risk-benefit assessment for use of fluoride. "

 

Currently up to 80 percent of US children suffer from some degree

of dental fluorosis, while in Canada the figure is up to 71 percent.

A prevalence of 80.9 percent was reported in children 12-14 years old

in Augusta, Georgia, the highest prevalence yet reported in

an " optimally " fluoridated community in the United States. Moderate-

to-severe fluorosis was found in 14 percent of the children (27).

 

Before the push for fluoridation began, the dental profession

recognized that fluorides were not beneficial but detrimental to

dental health. In 1944, the Journal of the American Dental

Association reported:

 

" With 1.6 to 4 ppm fluoride in the water, 50 percent or more past

age 24 have false teeth because of fluoride damage to their own. " (28)

THE WONDER NUTRIENT?

 

On countless internet sites, fluoride is proclaimed as the " wonder

nutrient " , the " deficiency " symptom being increased dental caries

(29). It boggles the mind that a cumulative toxin and toxic waste

product can be described a " nutrient. " Nevertheless, such claims are

repeatedly made by pro-fluoridationists (30).

 

On March 16, 1979, the FDA deleted paragraphs 105.3© and 105.85(d)

(4) of Federal Register documents which had classified fluorine,

among other substances, as " essential " or " probably essential. " Since

that time, nowhere in the Federal Regulations is fluoride classified

as " essential " or " probably essential. " These deletions were the

immediate result of 1978 Court deliberations (31). No essential

function for fluoride has ever been proven in humans (32,33,34,35,36).

 

" NATURE THOUGHT OF IT FIRST "

 

A popular slogan employed by the ADA and other pro-fluoridation

organizations is, " Nature thought of it first! " This slogan creates

the impression that the fluoridation compounds used in water

fluoridation are the same as those discovered many years ago in the

water in some areas of the US (37). The fluoride compound

in " naturally " fluoridated waters is calcium fluoride. Sodium

fluoride, a common fluoridation agent, dissolves easily in water, but

calcium fluoride does not.

 

Animal studies performed by Kick and others in 1935 revealed that

sodium fluoride was much more toxic than calcium fluoride (38). Even

worse toxicity was recorded for hydrofluorosilicic acid, the compound

now used in over 90 percent of fluoridation programs.

Hydrofluorosilicic acid is a direct byproduct of pollution scrubbers

used in the phosphate fertilizer and aluminum industries. Our

government adds it to water supplies even though it is also involved

in getting rid of its own stockpile of fluoride compounds left over

from years and years of stockpiling fluorides for use in the process

of refining uranium for nuclear power and weapons (39).

 

In the Kick study, less than 2 percent of calcium fluoride was

absorbed and this was excreted quantitatively in the urine. But even

calcium fluoride is not benign. As the animals given calcium fluoride

also developed mottled teeth, it was a clear sign that such compounds

could produce changes on the teeth merely by passing through the

body, and not by being " stored in a tooth " or anywhere else. No

calcium fluoride was retained.

 

In 1946 Samuel Chase, one of the authors of the Kick study, became

president of the International Association for Dental Research

(IADR). This organization promoted the idea that only the fluoride

ion in the various fluoridation compounds was of importance. Yet he

well knew that sodium fluoride did not behave like calcium fluoride.

Unlike calcium fluoride, sodium fluoride was retained in great

amounts in the body and was very toxic. Rock phosphate and hydro-

fluorosilicic acid experiments yielded the same information.

 

New areas with " natural " fluoride are appearing all over the

world, as now all areas not " artificially " fluoridated are

considered " natural. " The problem is that this new " natural " fluoride

is the result of direct water and soil contamination from

petrochemical land treatment, uncontrolled fertilizer use, pesticide

applications, ground water contamination from industrial waste sites,

rocket fuel " burial grounds, " and so forth. Suddenly we

have " natural " fluorides showing up in areas previously

deemed " fluoride deficient " , such as in Sosnivka, Ukraine.

 

TOTAL INTAKE

 

It is well established that it is TOTAL fluoride intake from ALL

sources which must be considered for any adverse health effect

evaluation (40,41,42). This includes intake by ingestion, inhalation

and absorption through the skin. In 1971, the World Health

Organization (WHO) stated:

 

" In the assessment of the safety of a water supply with respect to

the fluoride concentration, the total daily fluoride intake by the

individual must be considered " (41).

Exposure to airborne fluorides from many diverse manufacturing

processes—pesticide applications, phosphate fertilizer production,

aluminum smelting, uranium enrichment facilities, coal-burning and

nuclear power plants, incinerators, glass etching, petroleum refining

and vehicle emissions—can be considerable.

 

In addition, many people consume fluorine-based medications such

as Prozac, which greatly adds to fluoride's anti-thyroid effects. ALL

fluoride compounds—organic and inorganic—have been shown to exert

anti-thyroid effects, often potentiating fluoride effects many-fold

(43).

 

Household exposures to fluorides can occur with the use of Teflon

pans, fluorine-based products, insecticides sprays and even residual

airborne fluorides from fluoridated drinking water. Decision-makers

at 3M Corporation recently announced a phase-out of Scotchgard

products after discovering that the product's primary ingredient—a

fluorinated compound called perfluorooctanyl sulfonate (PFOS)--was

found in all tested blood bank examinations (44). 3M's research

showed that the substance had strong tendencies to persist and

bioaccumulate in animal and human tissue.

 

In 1991 the US Public Health Service issued a report stating that

the range in total daily fluoride intake from water, dental products,

beverages and food items exceeded 6.5 milligrams daily (42). Thus,

the total intake from those sources alone already greatly exceeds the

levels known to cause the third stage of skeletal fluorosis.

 

Besides fluoridated water and toothpaste, many foods contain high

levels of flouride compounds due to pesticide applications. One of

the worse offenders is grapes (45). Grape juice was found to contain

more than 6.8 ppm fluoride. The EPA estimates total fluoride intake

from pesticide residues on food and fluoridated drinking water alone

to be 0.095 mg/kg/day, meaning a person weighing 70 kg takes in more

than 6.65 mg per day (45b). Soy infant formula is high in both

fluoride and aluminum, far surpassing the " optimal " dose (46,47) -

even when de-fluoridated water is used in preparation - and has been

shown to be a significant risk factor in dental fluorosis (48).

 

TEA

 

In their drive to fluoridate the public water supplies, dental

health officials continue to pretend that no other sources of

fluoride exist other than drinking water. This notion becomes absurd

when one looks at the fluoride content in tea. Tea is very high in

fluoride because tea leaves accumulate more fluoride (from pollution

of soil and air) than any other edible plant (49,50,51). It is well

established that fluoride in tea gets absorbed by the body in a

manner similar to the fluoride in drinking water (49,52).

 

Fluoride content in tea has risen dramatically over the last 20

years due to industry contamination. Recent analyses have revealed a

fluoride content of 22.2 mg per teabag or cup in Chinese green tea,

and 17.25 mg of soluble fluoride ions per teabag or cup in black tea.

Aluminum content was also high—over 8 mg. Normal steeping time was

five minutes. The longer a tea bag steeped, the more fluoride and

aluminum were released. After ten minutes, the measurable amounts of

fluoride and aluminum almost doubled (53).

 

A website by a pro-fluoridation infant medical group states that a

cup of black tea contains 7.8 mgs of fluoride (54) which is the

equivalent amount of fluoride from 7.8 litres of water in an area

fluoridated at the " optimal " concentraion of 1ppm. Some British and

African studies from the 1990s showed a daily fluoride intake of

between 5.8 mgs and 9 mgs a day from tea alone (55, 56, 57). Tea has

been found to be a primary cause of dental fluorosis in many

international studies (58-70).

 

In Britain, over three-quarters of the population over the age of

ten years consumes three cups of tea per day (71), thereby ingesting

far more than the " optimal " dose manyfold! Yet the UK government and

the British Dental Association are currently contemplating

fluoridation of public water supplies! In Ireland, average tea

consumption is four cups per day and the drinking water is heavily

fluoridated.

 

Next to water, tea is the most widely consumed beverage in the

world. Tea can be found in almost 80 percent of all US households and

on any given day, nearly 127 million people—half of all Americans—

drink tea (71).

 

The high content of both aluminum and fluoride in tea is cause for

great concern as aluminum greatly potentiates fluoride's effects on G

protein activation (72), the On/Off switches involved in cell

communication and of absolute necessity in thyroid hormone function

and regulation.

 

FLUORIDE AND THE THYROID

 

The recent re-discovery of hundreds of papers dealing with the use

of fluorides in effective anti-thyroid medication poses many

questions demanding answers (73,74). The enamel defects observed in

hypothyroidism are identical to " dental fluorosis. " Endemic fluorosis

areas have been shown to be the same as those affected with iodine

deficiency, considered to be the world's single most important and

preventable cause of mental retardation (75), affecting 740 million

people a year, according to the WHO. Iodine deficiency causes brain

disorders, cretinism, miscarriages and goiter, among many other

diseases. Synthroid, the drug most commonly prescribed for

hypothyroidism, became the top selling drug in the US in 1999,

according to Scott-Levin's Source Prescription Audit, clearly

indicating that hypothyroidism is a major health problem. Many more

millions are thought to have undiagnosed thyroid problems.

 

ENVIRONMENT

 

Every year hundreds and thousands of tons of fluorides are emitted

by industry. Industrial emissions of fluoride compounds produce

elevated concentrations in the atmosphere. Hydrogen fluoride can

exist as a particle, dissolving in clouds, fog, rain, dew, or snow.

In clouds and moist air it will travel along the air currents until

it is deposited as wet acid deposition (acid rain, acid fog, etc.) In

waterways it readily mixes with water.

 

Sulfur hexafluoride (SF6), emitted by the electric power industry,

is now among six greenhouse gases specifically targeted by the

international community, through the Kyoto protocol, for emission

reductions to control global warming. The others are carbon dioxide,

hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs), methane and

nitrous oxide (N2O).

 

SF6 is about 23,900 times more destructive, pound for pound, than

carbon dioxide over the course of 100 years. EPA estimates that some

seven-million metric tons of carbon equivalent (MMTCE) escaped from

electric power systems in 1996 alone. The concentration of SF6 in the

atmosphere has reportedly increased by two orders of magnitude since

1970. Atmospheric models have indicated that the lifetime of an SF6

molecule in the atmosphere may be over 3000 years.(76)

 

The ever-increasing fluoride levels in food, water and air pose a

great threat to human health and to the environment as evidenced by

the endemic of fluorosis worldwide. It is of utmost urgency that

public health officials cease promoting fluoride as beneficial to our

health and address instead the issue of its toxicity.

 

 

Andreas Schuld is head of Parents of Fluoride Poisoned Children

(PFPC), an organization of parents whose children have been poisoned

by excessive fluoride intake. The group includes educators, artists,

scientists, journalists and authors, lawyers, researchers and

nutritionists. It is active in worldwide efforts to have the toxicity

of fluoride properly assessed. For further information, visit their

website at http://64.177.90.157/pfpc/index.html

 

REFERENCES

 

1.CDC: " Achievements in Public Health, 1900-1999 - Fluoridation of

Drinking Water to Prevent Dental Caries " MMWR 48(41);933-940 (1999),

http://www.cdc.gov/epo/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm4841a1.ht m

 

2.Gerlach RF, de Souza AP, Cury JA, Line SR - " Fluoride effect on the

activity of enamel matrix proteinases in vitro " Eur J Oral Sci 108

(1):48-53 (2000)

 

3.Limeback H - " Enamel formation and the effects of fluoride "

Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 22(3):144-7 (1994)

 

4.Wright JT, Chen SC, Hall KI, Yamauchi M, Bawden JW - " Protein

characterization of fluorosed human enamel. " Dent Res 75(12):1936-41

(1996)

 

5.Shulman JD, Lalumandier JA, Grabenstein JD - " The average daily dose

of fluoride: a model based on fluid consumption " Pediatr Dent 17

(1):13-8 (1995)

 

6.The Columbia Encyclopedia: Sixth Edition (2000),

http://www.bartleby.com/65/fl/fluorine.html

 

7.Phosphoric Acid Waste Dialogue,Report on Phosphoric Wastes Dialogue

Committee, Activities and Recommendations, September 1995; Southeast

Negotiation Network, Prepared by Gregory Borne for EPA stakeholders

review

 

8.Government of Australia, National Pollutant Inventory,

http://www.environment.gov.au/epg/npi/contextual_info/context/

fluoride.html

 

9.ATSDR/USPHS - " Toxicological Profile for Fluorides, Hydrogen

Fluoride and Fluorine (F) " CAS# 16984-48-8, 7664-39-3, 7782-41-4

(1993), http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts11.html

 

10.Health Effects of Ingested Fluoride, Subcommittee on Health

Effects of Ingested Fluoride, Committee on Toxicology, Board on

Environmental Studies and Toxicology, Commission on Life Sciences,

National Research Council, August 1993, p.59

 

11.World Health Organization - Fluorides and Human Health, p. 239

(1970)

 

12.Carton RJ, Hirzy JW - " Applying the NAEP code of ethics to the

Environmental Protection Agency and the fluoride in drinking water

standard " Proceedings of the 23rd Ann. Conf. of the National

Association of Environmental Professionals. 20-24 June, 1998. GEN 51-

61, http://rvi.net/fluoride/naep.htm

 

13.American Dental

Association,http://www.ada.org/consumer/fluoride/facts/benefits.

html#2

 

14.J.Colquhoun, Chief Dental Officer, NZ, International Symposium on

Fluoridation, Porte Alegre, Brazil, September 1988

 

15.Proceedings, City of Orville Vs. Public Utilities Commission of

the State of Carlifornia, Orville, CA, October 20-21 (1955)

 

16.AMA Council Hearing, Chicago, August 7, 1957

 

17.NTEU - " Why EPA's Headquarters Union of Scientists Opposes

Fluoridation " , Prepared on behalf of the National Treasury Employees

Union Chapter 280 by Chapter Senior Vice-President J. William Hirzy,

Ph.D. , http://www.bruha.com/fluoride/html/nteu_paper.htmhttp://www.

cadvision.com/fluoride/epa2.htm

 

18.Yiamouyannis, J - " Water fluoridation and tooth decay: Results

from the 1986-1987 national survey of U.S. school children " Fluoride

23:55-67 (1990). Data also analyzed by Gerard Judd, Ph.D., in:Judd G -

``Good Teeth Birth To Death " , Research Publications, Glendale

Arizona (1997), EPA Research #2 (1994)

 

19.Teotia SPS, Teotia M - " Dental Caries: A Disorder of High Fluoride

And Low Dietary Calcium Interactions (30 years of Personal Research),

Fluoride, 1994 27:59-66 (1994)

 

20.Imai Y - " Study of the relationship between fluorine ions in

drinking water and dental caries in Japan " . Koku Eisei Gakkai Zasshi

22(2):144-96 (1972)

 

21.Steelink, Cornelius, PhD, U of AZ Chem Department, in: Chem and

Eng News, Jan 27, 1992, p.2; Sci News March 5, 1994, p.159

 

22.Giambro NJ, Prostak K, Denbesten PK - " Characterization Of

Fluorosed Human Enamel By Color Reflectance, Ultrastructure, And

Elemental Composition " Fluoride 28:4, 216 (1995) also Caries Research

29 (4) 251-257 (1995)

 

23.Duncan WK, Silberman SL, Trubman A - " Labial hypoplasia of primary

canines in black Head Start children " ASDC J Dent Child 55(6):423-6

(1988)

 

24.Silberman SL, Duncan WK, Trubman A, Meydrech EF - " Primary canine

hypoplasia in Head Start children " J Public Health Dent 49(1):15-8

(1989)

 

25.Li Y, Navia JM, Bian JY - " Caries experience in deciduous

dentition of rural Chinese children 3-5 years old in relation to the

presence or absence of enamel hypoplasia " Caries Res 30(1):8-15 (1996)

 

26.Ellwood RP, O'Mullane D - ``The association between developmental

enamel defects and caries in populations with and without fluoride in

their drinking water " J Public Health Dent 56(2):76-80(1996)

 

27.Health Effects of Ingested Fluoride, Subcommittee on Health

Effects of Ingested Fluoride, Committee on Toxicology, Board on

Environmental Studies and Toxicology, Commission on LifeSciences,

National Research Council, August 1993 p 47-48

 

28. " The Effect of Fluorine On Dental Caries " Journal American Dental

Association 31:1360 (1944)

 

29.Examples:

 

http://ificinfo.health.org/insight/septoct97/flouride.htm

 

http://www.wvda.org/nutrient/fluoride.html

 

30.Barrett S, Rovin S (Eds) - " The Tooth Robbers: a Pro-Fluoridation

Handbook " George F Stickley Co, Philadelphia pp 44-65 (1980)

 

31.Federal Register, 3/16/79, page 16006

 

32.Federal Register: December 28, 1995 (Volume 60, Number 249)] Rules

and Regulations , Page 67163-67175 DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN

SERVICES Food and Drug Administration, 21 CFR Part 101 Docket No. 90N-

0134, RIN 0910-AA19

 

33.The Report of the Department of Health and Social Subjects, No.

41, Dietary Reference Values, Chapter 36 on fluoride (HMSO 1996).

``No essential function for fluoride has been proven in humans. "

 

34. " Is Fluoride an Essential Element? " Fluorides, Washington, DC:

National Academy of Sciences, 66-68 (1971)

 

35.Richard Maurer and Harry Day - " The Non-Essentiality of Fluorine

in Nutrition, " Journal of Nutrition, 62: 61-57(1957)

 

36. " Applied Chemistry " , Second Edition, by Prof. William R. Stine,

Chapter 19 (see pp. 413 & 416) Allyn and Bacon, Inc, publishers.

" Fluoride has not been shown to be required for normal growth or

reproduction in animals or humans consuming an otherwise adequate

diet, nor for any specific biological function or mechanism. "

 

37.National Center for Fluoridation Policy & Research (NCFPR)

http://fluoride.oralhealth.org/

 

38.Kick CH, Bethke RM, Edgington BH, Wilder OHM, Record PR, Wilder W,

Hill TJ, Chase SW - " Fluorine in Animal Nutrition " Bulletin 558, US

Agricultural Experiment Station, Wooster, Ohio (1935)

 

39.US MINERALS/COMMODITIES DATABASE

http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/fluorspar/2803 96.txt

 

40. " The problem of providing optimum fluoride intake for prevention

of dental caries " - Food and Nutrition Board, Division of Biology and

Agriculture, National Academy of Sciences, National Research Council,

Pub.#294, (1953)

" .. a person drinking fluoridated water may be assumed to ingest only

about 1 milligram per day from this source ... the development of

mottled enamel is, however, a potential hazard of adding fluorides to

food. The total daily intake of fluoride is the critical quantity. "

 

41.World Health Organization, International Drinking Water

Standards, 1971.

" In the assessment of the safety of a water supply with respect to

the fluoride concentration, the total daily fluoride intake by the

individual must be considered. Apart from variations in climatic

conditions, it is well known that in certain areas, fluoride

containing foods form an important part of the diet. The facts should

be borne in mind in deciding the concentration of fluoride to be

permitted in drinking water. "

 

42.Review of Fluoride Benefits and Risks, Department of Health and

Human Services, p.45 (1991)

 

43.Over 1200 papers posted at: http://www.bruha.com/fluoride

 

44.Washington Post - ``3M to pare Scotchgard products, " May 16, 2000

http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A15648-2000Ma y16.html

 

45.(a) FLUORIDE IN FOODhttp://www.bruha.com/fluoride/html/f-

_in_food.htm

 

45.(b) Federal Register: August 7, 1997 (Volume 62, Number 152),

Notices, Page 42546-42551

 

46.Silva M, Reynolds EC - " Fluoride content of infant formulae in

Australia " Aust Dent J 41(1):37-42 (1996)

 

47.Dabeka RW, McKenzie AD - " Lead, cadmium, and fluoride levels in

market milk and infant formulas in Canada. " J Assoc Off Anal Chem 70

(4):754-7 (1987)

 

48.Pendrys DG, Katz RV, Morse DE - " Risk factors for enamel fluorosis

in a fluoridated population " Am J Epidemiol 140(5):461-71(1994)

 

49.Meiers P - " Zur Toxizität von Fluorverbindungen, mit besonderer

Berücksichtigung der Onkogenese " , Verlag für Medizin Dr. Ewald

Fischer, Heidelberg (1984)

 

50.Waldbott GL; Burgstahler AW; McKinney HL - " Fluoridation:The Great

Dilemma " Coronado Press (1978)

 

51.Srebnik-Friszman S, Van der Miynsbrugge F - " Teneur en Fluor de

quelques thØs prØlevØs sur le MarchØ et de leurs Infusions " Arch Belg

Med Soc Hyg Med Trav Med Leg 33:551-556 (1976)

 

52.Rüh K - " Resorbierbarkeit und Retention von in Mineralwässern und

Erfrischungsgetränken enthaltenem Fluorid bei Mensch und

Laboratoriumsratte " Diss. Würzburg (1968)

 

53.Analyses conducted by Parents of Fluoride Poisoned Children (PFPC)

at Gov't -approved labs.Contact: pfpc

 

54.BabyCenter Editorial Team w/ Medical Advisory Board

(http://www.babycenter.com/refcap/674.html#3

 

55.Jenkins GN - " Fluoride intake and its safety among heavy tea

drinkers in a British fluoridated city " Proc Finn Dent Soc 87(4):571-

9 (1991) Department of Oral Biology, Dental School, Newcastle upon

Tyne, United Kingdom.

 

56.Opinya GN, Bwibo N, Valderhaug J, Birkeland JM, Lokken P - " Intake

of fluoride and excretion in mothers' milk in a high fluoride (9ppm)

area in Kenya " Eur J Clin Nutr 45(1):37-41 (1991) Department of

Dental Surgery, University of Nairobi, Kenya

 

57.Diouf A, Sy FO, Niane B, Ba D, Ciss M - " Dietary intake of

fluorine through of tea prepared by the traditional method in

Senegal " Dakar Med 39(2):227-30 (1994)

 

58.Cao J, Zhao Y, Liu J - " Brick tea consumption as the cause of

dental fluorosis among children from Mongol, Kazak and Yugu

populations in China " Food Chem Toxicol 35(8):827-33 (1997)

 

59.Cao J, Bai X, Zhao Y, Liu J, Zhou D, Fang S, Jia M, Wu J - " The

relationship of fluorosis and brick tea drinking in Chinese Tibetans "

Environ Health Perspect 104(12):1340-3 (1996)

 

60.Sergio Gomez S, Weber A, Torres C - " Fluoride content of tea and

amount ingested by children " Odontol Chil 37(2):251-5 (1989)

 

61.Cao J, Zhao Y, Liu JW - " Safety evaluation and fluorine

concentration of Pu'er brick tea and Bianxiao brick tea " Food Chem

Toxicol 36(12):1061-3(1998)

 

62.Wang LF, Huang JZ- " Outline of control practice of endemic

fluorosis in China. " Soc Sci Med 41(8):1191-5 (1995)

 

63.Olsson B - " Dental caries and fluorosis in Arussi province,

Ethiopia " Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 6(6):338-43 (1978)

 

64.Diouf A, Sy FO, Niane B, Ba D, Ciss M - " Dietary intake of

fluorine through use of tea prepared by the traditional method in

Senegal " DakarMed 39(2):227-30 (1994)

 

65.Fraysse C, Bilbeissi MW, Mitre D, Kerebel B - " The role of tea

consumption in dental fluorosis in Jordan " Bull Group Int Rech Sci

Stomatol Odontol 32(1):39-46 (1989)

 

66.Fraysse C, Bilbeissi W, Benamghar L, Kerebel B - " Comparison of

the dental health status of 8 to 14-year-old children in France and

in Jordan, a country of endemic fluorosis. " Bull Group Int Rech Sci

Stomatol Odontol 32(3):169-75 (1989)

 

67.Villa AE, Guerrero S - " Caries experience and fluorosis prevalence

in Chilean children from different socio-economic status. " Community

Dent Oral Epidemiol 24(3):225-7 (1996)

 

68.Chan JT, Yip TT, Jeske AH - " The role of caffeinated beverages in

dental fluorosis " Med Hypotheses 33(1):21-2 (1990)

 

69.Mann J, Sgan-Cohen HD, Dakuar A, Gedalia I - ``Tea drinking,

caries prevalence, and fluorosis among northern Israeli Arab

youth. " Clin Prev Dent 7(6):23-6 (1985)

 

70.Schmidt CW, Leuschke W - " Fluoride content of deciduous teeth

after regular intake of black tea " Dtsch Stomatol 40(10):441 (1990)

 

71.Press Releases/Market Figures - Tea Council

http://www.stashtea.com/tt060595.htm

 

72.Strunecka, A; Patocka, J - " Aluminofluoride complexes: new

phosphate analogues for laboratory investigations and potential

danger for living organisms " Charles University, Faculty of Sciences,

Department of Physiology and Developmental Physiology,

Prague/Department of Toxicology, Purkynì Military Medical Academy,

Hradec KrßlovØ, Czech Republic

http://www.cadvision.com/fluoride/brain3.htm

 

73.History: Fluoride - Iodine Antagonism

http://www.bruha.com/fluoride/html/history_th.htm

 

74.Fluorides - Anti-thyroid Medication

http://www.bruha.com/fluoride/html/pfpc__3.htm

 

75.WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION PRESS RELEASE, May 25,1999 Iodine

Deficiency

 

76.Miller AE, Miller TM, Viggiano AA, Morris RA, Vazn Doren JM -

" Negative Ion Chemistry of SF sub 4 " Journal of Chemical Physics 102

(22):8865-8873 (1995)

 

*This article first appeared under the title ``Fluoride - Worse Than

We Thought " in the Fall 2000 issue of " Wise Traditions " , the Journal

of the Weston A. Price Foundation.

 

Weston A. Price Foundation, Vol.1, No.3, Fall 2000 , PMB 106-380,

4200 Wisconsin Avenue, NWWashington, DC 20016,(202) 333 - 4325,

http://westonaprice.org/