Guest guest Posted March 15, 2004 Report Share Posted March 15, 2004 But what does the American Psycological Association say about these antidepressants? Well, to put it politely they think that their main effects are placebo effects. I tend to agree, but less kindly because I found them harmful. In the abstract of their report, they found that the mean effect sizes for changes in depression were calculated for 2,318 patients who had been randomly assigned to either antidepressant medication or placebo in 19 double-blind clinical trials. As a proportion of the drug response, the placebo response was constant across different types of medication (75%), and the correlation between placebo effect and drug effect was 0.90 (extremely high correlation). Their data indicated that virtually all of the variation in drug effect size was due to the placebo characteristics of the studies. The effect size for active medications that are not regarded to be antidepressants was as large as that for those classified as antidepressants, and in both cases, the inactive placebos produced improvement that was 75% of the effect of the active drug. Their data raised the possibility that the apparent drug effect (25% of the drug response) is actually an active placebo effect. Examination of pre–post effect sizes among depressed individuals assigned to no-treatment or wait-list control groups suggested that approximately one quarter of the drug response is due to the administration of an active medication, one half is a placebo effect, and the remaining quarter is due to other nonspecific factors. Succeed! Depression is not a psychosis! DHEA DHEA, dehydroepiandrosterone, is the most prevalent and one of the most essential hormones in human health. Unfortunately, most Americans lose 80-90% of their optimal DHEA between ages 30 and 80. According to Dr. Norman Shealy, MD, PhD, every known human illness is associated with both a magnesium deficiency and low levels of the hormone DHEA. DHEA is the health and youth hormone in humans. If DHEA is low, magnesium is low. They go together. Even a 10% increase in magnesium and DHEA serum levels is associated with a 48% decrease in death from cardiovascular disease and a 36% decrease in mortality from all causes. Humans have the only body that has significant levels of DHEA. Low levels of both DHEA and magnesium characterize most human illnesses. A connection between these essential chemicals appears to be basic to the understanding of health, wellness and the restoring and maintaining of youth. Low levels of DHEA are found in women up to nine years BEFORE development of breast cancer. And men may have low DHEA levels for four or more years prior to development of prostate cancer There is a long list of DHEA/magnesium deficiency symptoms. They are anxiety, hyperactivity, confusion, depression, diarrhea or constipation, faintness, fatigue, hyperventilation, lack of coordination, insomnia, intestinal problems, muscle cramps, muscle tightness, pain, poor memory, seizures, tinnitus and vertigo; and these are just the symptoms! All of which are associated with depression, and all of which are markers for worsened future health without intervention with magnesium. Major diseases associated with DHEA and magnesium deficiencies are: angina pectoris, arrhythmia, asthma, atherosclerosis, Attention Deficit Disorder (ADHD), auricular fibrillation, bulimia, cancer, cardiomyopathy, chronic fatigue, chronic bronchitis, congestive heart failure, cirrhosis, depression, diabetes, emphysema, gall bladder infections and stones, hearing loss, heart attack, high cholesterol, hypertension, hypoglycemia, chronic infection (viral and bacterial) intermittent claudication (leg calf pain), kidney stones, migraine, mitral-valve prolapse, osteoporosis, panic attacks, PMS (premenstrual syndrome), benign prostate hypertrophy, PVC's and strokes. In no illness is DHEA /magnesium deficiency more prevalent than myocardial infarction (acute heart attack). On average, patients given magnesium intravenously have a 70% greater survival rate. Can we take DHEA supplements? Yes, but in people that don't need DHEA, an increase in cancer risk occurs. Dr. Shealy believes that raising magnesium concentration inside cells will also raise DHEA concentrations and is much safer than taking DHEA supplements. Research PubMed and Google.com for " DHEA " and " magnesium " . Interestingly, there are only 20 items on PubMed citing " magnesium " and " DHEA " , over 7000 on DHEA, and over 63,000 on magnesium. Why, if these arguments are correct, are their so few on the combination? Succeed! Depression is not a psychosis! Veterinary Uses We compete one of our horses in national competitions. Loss of appetite, exhaustion, poor condition, excessive excitability (ever try to ride an excited horse?), nervousness (this condition can get the rider killed), sweating, muscular tremor, cillosis, muscle strains, cramps, tetanies, and cardiovascular disturbances are prevented using horse magnesium supplements. Also, taurine (two heaping tablespoons with each of four meals per day) benefits horses similarly, making the hottest, wildest thoroughbred horses docile and well mannered even for the dressage arena, even though their energy levels increase. It seems to me that veterinary medicine is far ahead of psychiatric medicine! Succeed! Depression is not a psychosis! Our Prognosis and Caveats The diagnosis of manic depression (bi-polar disorder) or depression is devastating. What is the prognosis for those of us that are responsive to magnesium taurate and not pharmaceutical drugs? Will we be permanently cured of our condition using magnesium supplements? My prediction is PROBABLY NOT, BUT VERY, VERY CLOSE TO BEING CURED. I base that point of view on personal observations after using magnesium for over three years (with a few lapses), and the many reports of others that have used magnesium successfully to rapidly terminate their symptoms and who have later gone off magnesium. The results of going off magnesium are similar to a manic depressive or depressive going off his/her prescription " meds " . The symptoms come back, albeit much more rapidly than with drugs having a long half-life. And, they go away equally fast upon resumption of magnesium. What does this mean? Perhaps we have developed a permanent condition, which is best described as an inability to properly process, manage, store, assimilate, utilize and metabolize magnesium from our diet. However, judiciously adding boron and Omega-3 EFAs, chromium and vanadium, and cutting out high glycemic index foods and cutting out calcium and glutamates seem to greatly improve our ability to use magnesium and the combination appears much more curative. Reducing stress in our lives to lower our adrenalin levels (one of the magnesium depleting agents) that is normal to the " fight or flight " reaction is also helpful. Remember, stress (disabling emotion) builds up when we cannot fight or flight, and magnesium acts like an " aspirin for the emotions " . Lowering catecholamine levels (several magnesium depleting stress hormones released during stress) should reduce the loss of magnesium and prevent depression. However, those of us with a history of depression react to catecholamine depleting agents very differently than people who have never been depressed. We become more depressed, not better, while people having never been depressed have little or no response to catecholamine depletion. Worse, catecholamine depletion adversely affects the immune system and makes us vulnerable to infectious diseases and cancer. We are different - WE NEED MORE MAGNESIUM THAN OTHER PEOPLE. I hope people will respect our civil rights and not discriminate in employment or insurance by using the catecholamine test to test for a history of depression. On the other hand, our prognosis is vastly better than before. Not only does our depression disappear and remain absent while taking the right amount of magnesium, but we gain many other well known benefits from elevated magnesium intake. Some other benefits of magnesium repletion in aging were briefly compiled by the Novartis Foundation for Gerontology. The foundation shows that magnesium will: Prevent hardening of the arteries (arteriosclerosis) Prevent strokes and heart attacks Reduce your blood pressure Lower your cholesterol and triglyceride levels Correct heart arrhythmias Stop acute asthma attacks Decrease your insulin needs if you have diabetes and can cure diabetes Prevent kidney stones Treat Crohn's disease Treat noise-induced hearing loss Improve your vision if you have glaucoma Reduce cramps, irritability, fatigue, depression, and water retention associated with menstruation Prevent serious complications of pregnancy, such as preeclampsia and eclampsia Restore your normal energy level Improve your sleep Reduce anxiety and depression Reduce the effects of stress Succeed! Depression is not a psychosis! Codex Alimentarius: Will It Kill Us or Save Us? Codex Alimentarius (Codex) is something that we will need to consider. Will it kill us or save us? I don't know, but we all need to be aware of the issue. Codex is a world-wide set of rules that are supposed to " harmonize " all foods and food substances throughout the world as part of the World Trade Organization treaty. The United States signed the treaty under the belief that it would not harm the health and well being of United States citizens, and that it would be beneficial to Americans and trade generally. One part of these rules is " harmonization " of the content of vitamin, mineral, amino acid, and herbal supplements. The net effect of Codex concerning these nutrients is that the total amounts of these food supplements would likely be greatly reduced or eliminated. In other words, if you wanted to go down to your neighborhood health food store and buy a bottle of 500 mg Vitamin C tablets, sorry, the Codex would not allow sales of more than about 30 mg tablets at about the same price that we now pay for the 500 mg tablets. Other examples include total disallowance of many commercial vitamin, mineral, amino acid and herbal products. I have heard that about 90% of products currently available in health food stores would be abolished, and heavy criminal fines, and jail terms, would be established. Five-hundred mg Vitamin C tablets, magnesium supplements and many other seemingly innocuous products and combinations would be as illegal as sale of heroin or ephedra. Only approved nutrient supplements and dosages would be available over the counter. The theory being that some of these dosages and combinations are " hazardous " and that the rules are needed to preserve the public health world-wide, which makes as much sense as restricting computers to no more than a 286 microprocessor, because the Pentium class processors are " national security " risks. However, really dangerous and clearly harmful food supplements like table salt (sodium chloride), excesses of which without sufficient potassium to balance it, cause an enormous number of heart attacks, and sugar (sucrose), excesses of which causes sugar diabetes (curable with large doses of magnesium), and flower (essentially gluten), nutrient depleted for shelf-life reasons, would not be regulated because they are part of our establishment " culture " . Implementation of Codex would bypass current United States laws, and eliminate important choices for Americans and others world-wide primarily to benefit the international pharmaceutical companies. International pharmaceutical companies have been totally unable to commercialize nutrients as treatments for diseases, mainly because of the wide availability of low price nutritional supplements. Even though pharmaceutical companies are as aware of their health benefits as any well-trained nutritionist, they can not compete financially with the dietary supplement industry. There have been FDA movements to prevent people and companies from telling the truth about the value of nutrients in treating diseases and preserving health. Even though a very famous Supreme Court case (Pearson vs. Shalala) forced the FDA to back off (sort-of), the FDA has tried to make statements that " nutrients cure, prevent or treat diseases " illegal. This is in deference to the will of pharmaceutical drug pushers. Foods and nutrients prevent and cure many " diseases " that are really nutrient deficiencies in disguise. For example, severe depression can be considered the " symptom " of magnesium wasting disease, which is the real illness. Without some of the to-be-disallowed nutrients, there exists the clear possibility that people will die, become or remain ill with no legal way to recover. The idea of individual differences in nutrient demands of people, well established by many nutritionist and other scientists, would be thrown out the door. On the other hand, food producers, mainly grain refiners and the entire industry that relies on grains to produce everything from Twinkies to waffles seems unable and unwilling to fortify flower and flower products with the minerals, vitamins and amino acids removed from these food products during refining. Consequently, many nutrient deficiency diseases have occurred and are greatly affecting the quality of life and shortening the life span of people who rely upon these low-cost " foods " . Perhaps they are not " low-cost " at all when their adverse impacts on health are considered. Now, enter Codex rules! Consider the actual effect of these rules. The food producers get to prepare nutrient depleted foods, which results in many nutrient deficiency diseases, while the pharmaceutical companies will have no competition to sell nutrients to treat the diseases that would otherwise be prevented if people could retain access to truly wholesome foods and supplements. The pharmaceutical companies would prepare expensive (half-billion dollar) New Drug Applications and work with the FDA and other national drug regulatory groups to prepare those same nutrients that will be taken away from us, and then sell them back to us at about 10 to 50 times the price that they are available to us now. I really wonder if this is what Congress and the Administration had in mind when they approved the World Trade Organization treaty. I think the grain and food refiners and the pharmaceutical drug companies are really pulling a fast one over America and the Western world. What will happen if, overnight, all of the nutrients that we have come to rely upon are taken away from us? Well, John C. Hammell, Legislative Advocate and founder of the International Advocates for Health Freedom seems to believe that it will cause a grass roots rebellion. Indeed, they actively seek rebellion world-wide. See their extensive files and contribution towards protecting our health freedom at their web site. Read their most recent situational report and about their lawsuit at " RIPPING UP THE RAILROAD TRACKS TO AUSCHWITZ " . Much more here. A Google.com search for Codex Alimentarius. What do I think? Since the Internet is most actively sought source of on health and illness, I suspect that the supply of really effective vitamins, minerals, amino acids, and herbs will move underground and be sold via the Internet. If federal prosecutions become as serious as opponents of Codex predict, then suppliers will need to move off shore, and smuggling of nutrients will become the business of international drug smugglers. Heck, if that is the case, why buy ephedra when the same source will sell you cocaine? Is this the intent of Congress? To drive us into the hands of international drug smugglers? Maybe we need to have U. S. regulation of dietary supplements transferred from the Food and Drug Administration to the Department of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms. I suspect they would be better treated there, compared with commodities that are truly dangerous but allowed. The best review of this horrific situation that I have found is at the Australian GetALife site. Tips for Diarrhea Magnesium can cause diarrhea at the high dosages needed to treat depression effectively and stabilize mood. Diarrhea causes loss of magnesium and other nutrients worsening depression and creating other serious side effects. Preventing diarrhea is absolutely mandatory. Perhaps the best idea is to try combinations of the following natural and drug means of controlling diarrhea. Try a heaping tablespoon of coconut oil every 4 hours. Coconut oil is extremely rich in antifungal lauric and capric oils. These kill off candida yeast and often terminate irritable bowel syndrome, thus terminating diarrhea, thus terminating a number of disease including heart and mental illneses. Try an injection or rectal form of magnesium administration. These do not cause " diarrhea " , but may cause some localized water attraction. Oral magnesium supplement are wide spectrum antibiotics. Good bacteria in the intestines are vital in nature's plan to prevent diarrhea, but magnesium in the gut can kill them. Use very large amounts of probiotics such as acidophilus lactobacillus (available at pharmacies, health food and grocery stores) to maintain and replace your intestinal flora. Try using the strongest fresh (refrigerated) source you can find, and take a sufficient amount (several billion viable microorganisms) and at a frequency (3 to 5 times a day) to terminate diarrhea overnight. Take probiotics at times different from magnesium. There seems to be zero risk of overdosage using quality products, but may loose their strength if not refrigerated. Learn how and why treating Leaky Gut Syndrome is vital to recovery. Try Coenzyme Q-10 (100 mg am and pm), which for me along with magnesium taurate greatly cured my leaky gut syndrome and cardiac arrhythmias (PVCs and PACs). Perhaps the most significant cause of irritable gut syndrome and diarrhea is consumption of refined sugars, corn syrup, dextrose and all foods with a high glycemic index. These soluble carbohydrates should be eliminated from the diet, and consumption of other foods having a high glycemic index greatly reduced. Use magnesium taurate rather than other forms of oral magnesium. Try psyllium husk fiber or bars (other sources of soluble fiber) without sugars. Try boron supplements (3 to 12 mg/day), which help stimulate mental alertness, taken with magnesium. Try to avoid milk products, non-soluble fiber, greasy foods or foods high in sugar. They can aggravate diarrhea. Prevent dehydration by drinking sufficient fluids. The usual way to stop diarrhea using drugs is to stop the back flow of water from plasma to intestine. Opiate agonist drugs like Imodium are used to that specific purpose. (One capsule after each liquid stool.) These drugs can cause drowsiness and provoke allergies. If the above fail, terminating diarrhea with drugs such as Lomotil® will be mandatory, but do not overdose. Succeed! Depression is not a psychosis! Magnesium per Injection or Rectum - No Diarrhea The limitation of diarrhea from the oral route will force some people to use alternative routes of administering magnesium. There are three other approaches that absolutely will not cause diarrhea. The first two require the assistance of a physician. The first route is intramuscular, by injections. According to Dr. Ruth Nyhill, M.D., the usual regime is an injection of 2 ml of 50% magnesium sulphate (1 gram magnesium sulfate, equaling 100 mg elemental magnesium). If you want more information on this route of administration be certain to read Dr. Myhill's article on treating CFS with magnesium injections. The second way is by an intravenous infusion (IV) of magnesium sulfate. IV magnesium treatment is often given in a hospital emergency room for treatment of cardiac pain, and more recently for migrane headaches. There is no reason that IVs of magnesium sulfate could not be given by a physician as an outpatient treatment. The dosage is the same as intramuscular, but without the pain. Magnesium per rectum may become the preferred means of administering magnesium in therapeutic doses for any illness requiring magnesium therapy. This treatment is sufficiently new that there is very little information on it. A google.com search shows these articles. Other similar searches showed nothing. Dr. Myhill, about treating chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) with intra-rectal magnesium sulfate, writes: " At a recent conference in Australia I spoke to a doctor who had been trying magnesium sulphate given PR (per rectum - i.e. up the backside! Like a suppository) with some success. If this technique works, then it would be a cheap, safe, do-it-yourself at home technique which could replace uncomfortable injections. I have now tried magnesium PR with quite a few of my patients and it has been as effective as the injections in some of them. " " To try this at home, you need some Epsom salts, a 10 ml syringe (Eby's NOTE: 10 ml is less than a teaspoon in volume) and a small length of soft plastic tubing. Epsom salts are virtually pure magnesium sulphate and are available from chemists (at Boots a 500g bag costs £1.10, 3kg bags are also available). The syringe and tubing can be ordered from me (Dr. Myhill) and can be re-used so long as sensible hygienic precautions are taken between doses. " " Dissolve 100g (4 oz) of Epsom salts in 200 ml (a mug) of lukewarm water. This solution can be stored in the fridge for six months, but do not forget to warm up before use. " " The soft plastic tubing is meant to be cut into a short length, say 3 " and pushed over the end of the syringe to allow insertion into the rectum. " " To load the syringe, simply push all the air out, dip the plastic tube into the magnesium solution, and draw some magnesium sulphate back into the syringe. The exact amount is not important and I am happy for patients to experiment with smaller or larger amounts, perhaps every two to three days, according to their response. Some patients find it easier to hold the magnesium in by starting with 1 ml of the liquid and slowly increasing the dose, thus giving the back passage time to get used to the experience! If you find that you are tolerating this well, you may want to increase the concentration of Epsom salts in the water, i.e. dissolve an extra amount of the salts in the same amount of water. " " If you can find somebody to insert the tube tip into your bottom, then this makes life easier! (It may need greasing with a little oil, margarine or soap). However it is perfectly possible to do it yourself. Once the tube is in position, slowly push in the plunger of the syringe and the contents will pass into the rectum. Don't then dash off to the loo or it will all be lost! " " If the magnesium is being absorbed, then I would expect patients to get the same response as from a magnesium injection, but of course without the pain. It does work for a useful proportion of CFSs so well worth trying if you get benefit from the magnesium injections. " Clearly, these techniques are highly experimental. On the other hand, enemas have been used for hundreds of years to treat constipation. Why not try one of these methods when oral supplements are insufficient or if they cause diarrhea? The ten milliliter syringe shown on the right would contain less than a teaspoon of solution, so there is little risk of leakage if left inside without further attention. The yellow plastic tubing was found at a hobby store, and is model aircraft fuel line. The darkened tip has been heated with a match to combustion, thus rounding the tip and eliminating sharp edges. Alternatively, ask your physician to prescribe 1,000 mg magnesium sulfate (100 mg elemental magnesium) rectal suppositories. I repeat, magnesium sulfate is 10% elemental magnesium. Then ask a local compounding pharmacist to fill your magnesium suppository order. Be certain that the grade of magnesium sulfate is pharmaceutical, and that it is amorphous or powder and not crystalline. These suppositories are stock items for compounding pharmacists and they only need to know what you want incorporated within them. In this case we need magnesium sulfate added. These suppositories come in packages of 12 and remain in their molds until you are ready to use them. They must be kept refrigerated for them to keep their shape. If you don't know how to use rectal suppositories visit DrugDigest.org. In view of the fact that these rectal methods might suggest use of an enema bag, be aware that there is considerable risk of overdose which might result in significant sedation, or worse, due to the large capacity of the bag. A reasonable enema bag preparation might be about one-half gram of magnesium from five grams of magnesium sulfate (1/2 level teaspoon of Epsom Salts) in 1/2 cup of warm water. Do not give more than 1/5 of the full preparation (100 mg of elemental magnesium). The enema bag technique is only for true emergencies and is quite likely to produce overdose. The enema bag technique is also likely to leak unless a conscious effort is made to hold it in. Remember that Weston in 1921 used the injection technique in these dosage sizes (about 100 to 200 mg magnesium) as a sedative. Notice from Weston the effect of multiple treatments. It occurs to me that these would be wonderful for inducing sleep at bedtime. These non-oral dosages should be administered or prescribed only by a physician or other appropriate health-care worker. These 100 mg magnesium doses appear to be the rough equivalent of 1000 mg oral magnesium doses in terms of efficacy from what I can ascertain from the very limited literature on the subject. People report a warming sensation (vasodilation) from the magnesium rectal treatments. The antidote is an equal amount of calcium gluconate. The calcium content of calcium gluconate is 9 percent. NOTE: Sarah Mayhill, M.D., is a British doctor working both for the British National Health Service and with a private practice. About 10% of her NHS patients suffer from CFS and approximately 70% in her private practice have it. Dr. Myhill is a medical advisor to Action for ME, a national support organization in the UK for ME/CFS sufferers. She is also the Honorary Secretary of the British Society for Allergy Environmental and Nutritional Medicine. She uses a lot of magnesium in her treatment of CFS. Her homepage is http://www.drmyhill.co.uk. What About YOU? First things first. Although unfortunate, being clinically depressed or manic-depressive is not something to be ashamed about. Seriously consider trying magnesium taurate (preferably with the other nutrients discussed in this essay) in the doses that I used if your prescription antidepressants are not working. Talk about your condition and get all the family and professional help you can. Talk it over with your physician, but be aware, he/she will likely have no knowledge of magnesium or its role in human health and especially depression. Quiz him/her and note his/her response. It is certain to be at least entertaining! (My doctor called poison control for information!) Remember what you are dealing with. In the order of illness severity, only a heart attack and death are more debilitating to a person and his/her family. You didn't purposefully cause it. Perhaps you could have avoided it by relieving stress before it bit you hard, but you didn't. Perhaps you didn't understand the significance of stress, or know about the role of magnesium in managing stress, or that you may have a biochemistry that requires more magnesium than most people. Remember, depression is just a short little time in one's long life where everything really seems to be going wrong. But that too will pass, if we handle ourselves correctly. For many of us, all we need to do is relieve stress and supplement our diets with magnesium taurate and these other ingredients. Believe me - I am not a physician, and I am not offering medical advice (either intentionally or unintentionally) in this page or in e-mail. This page and my comments are presented only for educational purposes, which might be useful to you and your physician in his or her treatment of your depression or bi-polar disorder. Actually, this page was written to myself as a form of personal " note keeping " , since I can't remember what I had for breakfast, let alone remember complicated biochemistry and medical stuff. I know magnesium was useful to me and countless others who were non-responders to classical antidepressants, but it remains to be seen what magnesium will do for you; although from the amount of e-mail that I am receiving in response to this page, you too can be reasonably assured that if you start magnesium taurate treatment and stay on it, such can be of enormous, life saving benefit. Concerning how much magnesium taurate is enough, I can only tell you what I took. In a way I let my bowels tell me what was too much. At first, 1200 mg a day (in split doses) for an extended period was too much for me, but not too much for me later or for others who have successfully, and rapidly eliminated their depression following my lead. There are some in the FDA who believe the RDA of 400 mg for men and 350 for women is too low, and that many persons need as much as 900 a day in their diet for a normal life. This may not seem too much when compared with the Canadian RDA. In canada, the RDA is 600 mg, (and us Yankees know how laid back those strange folks are - we just can't get them excited - even about terrorists trying to get us). People ask me how much magnesium they should take. In 2001 through half of 2003, I took 200 mg magnesium with breakfast, 200 mg with lunch, 200 mg with supper and 400 mg at bedtime. Occasionally I took more if I felt like I needed it, sometimes another dosage at about 3 AM, if I woke up too early. In the later half of 2003 and early 2004, I reduced my dosage by more than 50% due to my use of large amounts of coconut oil to eliminate yeast that impaired magnesium absorption. Each person must determine the cause of low magnesium and correct that problem. Review the dosage issues that cause magnesium absorption and cellular retention to fail, and review the non dietary causes of hypomagnesia. Remember my comments that magnesium taurate can be used as an " aspirin for the emotions " . I can't advise anyone concerning how much is right for him or her. I don't know, and only the individual can determine how much is too much, and back down a bit if side-effects like diarrhea occur. Since magnesium is easily lost in the urine, doses a half hour or so before meals and at bedtime probably produce best results. Manic behavior in manic depression is often much more destructive, can lead to violence, criminal behavior and financial ruin; but depression just sucks. Magnesium definitely helps both extremes like lithium (actually, lithium is substituting for magnesium and should no longer be used in preference to magnesium). The list of Famous Names & Faces with Manic Depressive Disorder (bibliography) is staggering. They dealt with it and had successful lives. Many of them did so before the advent of antidepressants or lithium. If they made it, so can you. Succeed! Depression is not a psychosis! Dead Doctors Don't Lie! We have seen before at this link that physicians, and especially psychiatrists commit suicide more frequently than the rest of the population. Why? Perhaps they actually believe that their medicine is their " cure " . Who knows. We know this is preposterous and that proper nutrition is the only way to actual health, barring accidental injury or infection. I am not the first to expound upon this subject. Many others have spoken too. Perhaps one of the most eloquent was Dr. Joel Wallach, author of the popular audio tape " Dead Doctors Don't Lie: But Live Ones Do " . In 1991, he was nominated for a Nobel Prize in Medicine (meaning a person having already won one, nominated him). Did he get it? No. Perhaps if he had, medicine would be vastly better today. Instead, pigs get better health care than humans, and Dr. Wallach was vilified. Why? Veterinarians and farmers know that the only way to profit is from healthy pigs through nutrition, not drugs. On the other hand, it seems to me that physicians and our government [perhaps biased by the trillion dollar health(sic) industry] place economic concerns ahead of people, by emphasizing drugs and demeaning nutrition. Does it make sense for the government to prohibit saying, " nutrients can not cure, prevent or treat disease, and that only drugs do that " ? I don't think so unless one is ready to call scurvy a non-disease. Do you know how much a pork chop would cost if medical doctors were in charge of animal health? Dr. Wallach pegs it at over $325 per pork chop. Get the idea? If I get sick, sent me to a veterinarian! If you have never heard his eloquent call for medical doctors to exercise logic concerning nutrition and long life, or if you are an old admirer who want to again hear his world-famous lecture series, go to this page and follow the links to his 5-part audio tape. At his peek, he made 300 lectures a year. If you want to visit his site go to http://www.deaddoctors.com/ and see a truly caring man's work. See why he says that all people and animals that die of " natural causes " actually die of malnutrition. Listen to his tapes at learn which profession kills 300,000 people a year in the U.S. and gets paid for it! He says, " don't ever go to a physician if you want to live a long life " . Why? You need to listen to his tapes. I don't know anything about his products, but I trust him. Succeed! Depression is not a psychosis! Drug Interactions If you decide the " magnesium repletion to cure depression and other related symptoms " idea sounds promising, talk it over with your own physician. Let him or her consider if there are any side effects or drug / magnesium interaction side effects that he or she would want to consider. However, if your physician was like mine, he won't have a clue about magnesium, and you must decide what to do yourself. If he has no clue, I would find out about the possible interactions from him and his Physician's Desk REference (PDR), and then seek the advise of a naturopathic physician concerning magnesium and other nutrients as discussed here. Just because lithium and magnesium seemed to work together, doesn't mean that other drugs and magnesium will. Since lithium pulls magnesium out of cells and into the blood stream, the combination can cause diarrhea. The Natural Pharmacist has a very helpful drug interaction site, allowing criteria such as age and gender also to be considered. Clearly tetracycline is rendered ineffective by magnesium, and they must be taken at least two hours apart. Other magnesium/drug interactions are known. For example, magnesium should not be taken with calcium channel blockers, because magnesium is a calcium channel blocker. Drugs that decrease the bioavailability of magnesium include: quinidine sulphate, loop diuretics, neomycin, tetracycline, aminoglycosides, strophanthin, cisplatin, ethacrynic acid, furosemide, thiazides, disopyramide, digoxin, cyclosporin, iron, fluoride, calcium, amphotericin B, corticosteroids, cycloserine, cyclosporine, erythromycin, isoniazid, losartan, oral contraceptives, sulfamethoxazole, sulphonamides and warfarin. Drugs that are known to deplete magnesium include: Premarin (conjugated estrogens), Lasix (furosemide), Hydrochlorothiazide, Triamterene/HCTZ, Prednisone, Ortho Tri-Cyclen (norgestimate/ethinyl estradiol), Prempro (conjugated estrogens/medroxyprogesterone) and Flovent (fluticasone). Drugs that are decreased in effectiveness by magnesium include: atorvastatin, azithromycin, cimetidine, ciprofloxin (Cipro), famotidine, nitrofurantoin, nizatidine, ranitidine (by magnesium hydroxide only), tetracycline and warfarin. Drugs and nutrients that are increased in effectiveness by magnesium include: Benzodiazepines including Valium®, oral anticoagulants, calcium channel blockers, zinc, thiamine, potassium, and glipizide. Drugs that help the body retain magnesium (and are used to prevent and treat heart attacks) include aspirin, Beta-blockers, and ACE Inhibitors. Aspirin increases absorption of magnesium in the body and decreases the excretion of magnesium in the urine. Interestingly though, the reports of aspirin being helpful in preventing heart attacks used " Bufferin " , which contained large amounts of magnesium. Treating patients with aspirin only did not have a similar beneficial function. Beta-blockers are used to prevent potassium and magnesium losses in people taking diuretics (water pills), undergoing cardiac surgery and in individuals who have had a heart attack. They are also used as anti-anxiety drugs. Beta-blockers inhibit the effects of one of the catcholomines, the stress hormone adrenaline. ACE (angiotensin-concerting enzyme) inhibitors that also have antioxidant activity help retain magnesium. Your doctor using the Physician's Desk Reference and the drug insert are the gold standards for checking drug interaction. Be very careful using magnesium if you have kidney disease, because the main occurrence of side effect will be in kidney patients that retain too much magnesium (rarely applies to us). Succeed! Depression is not a psychosis! Magnesium Compounds That Work, That Are Ineffective, or That Injure ON A PRECAUTIONARY NOTE, two amino acid chelates of magnesium (magnesium aspartate, magnesium glutamate) MUST be avoided in treating depression. Each of these amino acid complexes of magnesium has been reported to worsen depression. Aspartate and glutamate act as neurotransmitters in the brain and retina by facilitating the transmission of from neuron to neuron. Too much aspartate or glutamate in the brain kills certain neurons by allowing the influx of too much calcium into the cells. This influx triggers excessive amounts of free radicals, which kill the cells. The neural cell damage that can be caused by excessive aspartate and glutamate is why they are referred to as " excitotoxins. " They " excite " or stimulate the neural cells to death. Aspartate is a principal ingredient in the highly maligned Aspartame sweetener. To avoid aggravating depression with super-sweeteners, instead use Stevia. Succeed! Depression is not a psychosis! Toxicology The Dictionary of Minerals reports toxicity of magnesium is rare when taken as dietary supplements. Even so, there are some important toxicology concerns: Magnesium hydroxide (such as Milk of Magnesia) is ABSOLUTELY CONTRAINDICATED in the treatment of depression because of poor bioavailability, because it has no known use other than as a laxative and de-acidifier, which will impair mineral absorption. Magnesium toxicity is common in those with kidney failure. High dosage magnesium is contraindicated with kidney or adrenal failure, or in severe hypothyroidism (but only in cases where the thyroid disease has caused hypermagnesia). Magnesium aspartate and magnesium glutamate worsen depression. If you are taking a magnesium product identified as " Magnesium Amino Acid Chelate " and your depression worsens greatly, you probably are taking one of these amino acid chelates of magnesium. Be VERY careful. Magnesium glycinate taken for extended periods of time, perhaps 6 months to a year, may alter taurine balance and may result in cardiac arrhythmias (PVCs and PACs), which are treatable by stopping glycine intake and taking an equivalent dose of taurine and perhaps therapeutic doses of taurine and CoQ10 supplements. Magnesium sulfate, a purgative, must not be taken by those with kidney problems, and probably should not be taken internally by anyone in large doses, unless they want diarrhea. Magnesium sulfate, commonly called Epsom Salts, is readily available at nearly every pharmacy with directions for preparing a relaxing bath. These baths are capable of causing people to relax to the point that they fall asleep - thus the potential for drowning (and diarrhea if the bath are VERY strong and lasts more than an hour). People having hypermagnesia from any disorder must not supplement magnesium (no need). Magnesium supplements usually worsen myasthenia gravis because it appears to be a symptom of manganese deficiency. Large amounts of magnesium, of course, can lower manganese in the body. Known symptoms of magnesium toxicity include flushing of the skin, thirst, low blood pressure, loss of reflexes and respiratory depression. Excessively high blood levels lead to anesthesia and eventually heart failure. Treatment of severe magnesium intoxication is a purely medical matter involving circulatory and respiratory support combined with intravenous administration of calcium gluconate. Regardless of any claimed toxicity for magnesium by prescription drug enthusiasts (physicians), all of us need to remember that our livers see all drugs (prescription, OTC and illegal) as foreign and tries to detoxify them. Consequently, about 50 times the amount needed in vitro is often prescribed to defeat this liver function, sometimes resulting in serious liver damage and death. This does not happen with magnesium and other nutrients. Am I afraid that in the long run we (meaning those of us that have magnesium responsive mood disorders) will overdose on magnesium? No. Not at the dosages considered on this page. We leak magnesium through our sweat, urine and feces (particularly when we have diarrhea) more than other people. Think of us as being water (magnesium) tanks, and that we have allowed the tank to become nearly empty. We have the dual problem of filling the tank back up to normal levels as well as getting our daily usage (leakage) met at the same time. Our health was not built in a day, but over a lifetime; and it may take years to refill our tanks. We leak. However, chromium, taurine, vanadium, boron, Omega-3 EFA and lecithin are important plug-like nutrients, capable of stopping that leakage (if sugars and calcium are kept low) and allowing our magnesium reserves to be restored to normal. If, after taking magnesium for a year or two at high dosages, daytime sleepiness becomes a problem, one can be assured that magnesium reserves have been restored and intake of supplemental magnesium can be reduced or replaced totally with high magnesium content foods. However, some people will require supplemental magnesium for the rest of their lives to maintain a good mood. Succeed! Depression is not a psychosis! Economic Sources of Magnesium Magnesium chloride has been used for about 85 years to treat and cure a wide variety of " diseases " including depression. See this link for the remarkable history and uses of use of magnesium chloride in medicine and health. It is an inexpensive form of magnesium often used as an industrial chemical, fertilizer, human and animal nutrient. It is also a powerful and natural antibacterial agent. This form of magnesium can often be purchased in parts of the world where more expensive organic compounds of magnesium (such as magnesium taurate) are unavailable and emergency services from me are unavailable or much too expensive due to distance. NOTE: I have shipped long distances, for example to a prince in Africa, but it was very expensive and not advised unless absolutely necessary. Magnesium chloride is sufficiently inexpensive that it is used by the hundreds of truckloads to prevent icing and to de-ice airport runways, public roads and highways. Follow this link for " magnesium chloride " " dietary supplements " . Magnesium chloride is the most absorbable form of magnesium for human use, because stomach acid (hydrochloric acid) converts all other biologically available compounds of magnesium to magnesium chloride before they are absorbed. Magnesium chloride breaks down into magnesium ions and chloride upon absorption, and tastes terrible - requiring dilution in water. If taurine can be obtained, addition of taurine (10 grams a day) should equal the effect of 1000 mg of magnesium from magnesium taurate. This link will take you to sources of " glycine dietary supplements " . Succeed! Depression is not a psychosis! Naturopathic Medicine After the question of dosage, the most frequent question that people ask me is, " Why don't physicians know about this? " Well, the answer to that question could easily cause me to write another web page at least as long and tedious as this one. Some of them know and are very sympathetic and/or knowledgeable about nutritional healing. A wonderful example is Dr. Joseph Mercola, MD. Whatever he says, you can bet your life and your family's lives that he is correct. I know of no other medical doctor that I would trust more. Others have a layman's understanding of nutrition and generally are supportive, while most seem to to the American Medical Association's position that, " You get all the nutrition you need from your food " . Are medical doctors [mainly general practicioners (GPs)] correct on this matter? No. Particularly as the question relates to magnesium and its depletion from grains during the last 100 years of grain refining, with massive injury to both mental and physical health. In fact, the entire field of medicine in the United States and the West in general is built upon the incorrect ratio of dietary calcium to magnesium. This single error accounts for about 60% of our medical expenses, morbidity and mortality. Will this change? I wonder. From the large number of inquiries that I receive from chiropractors, pharmacists, nutritionists, psychologists, psychiatrists and faculty, I think there is a some hope for change, but perhaps as a trickle-down effect from these leaders. However, in the defense of modern medical doctors and medical science, no profession in history has done a better job of rescuing us in emergencies and saving our lives from acute illnesses. PERIOD! I gladly and gratefully tip my hat to those brave hospital cardiologists that are rescuing people with IV magnesium sulfate. However, the vast majority of chronic diseases, particularly mental, cardiac and circulatory disorders, and deaths by " natural causes " remain nutritional deficiencies in disguise, for which most general practice physicians have either no training or very little training and apparently no or little interest, thus making many cardiologists feed magnesium to people by IV drip! How unfortunate! But sadly, doctors still remain the number 3 cause of death in the United States. If GPs knew better, I feel certain that their attitudes would be different, but they are the willing victims of billion dollar physician educational (propaganda) programs by pharmaceutical drug pushers, and trillion dollar hospital therapeutic treatment programs. Physicians and hospitals have enormous financial incentives that steer them away from no-cost-prevention-of-disease and towards expensive-treatment-of-diseases at our expense. They have no financial incentive under our economic system to keep you well, or to get you totally well. Their role seems to be to keep you sufficiently well so that you can get to their office or the hospital, perhaps because they no longer make house calls. They are unlikely to make nutritional recommendations that are sufficiently specific that would benefit the patient's particular illness. In other words, they are not likely to recommend nutrients to do the work of pharmaceutical drugs. Some day, if we are lucky, the playing field will reverse, and it will be illegal to prescribe a prescription drug to treat an illness caused by a nutritional deficit - as many of today's chronic diseases are. The international pharmaceutical drug pushers are very much aware of this major health-care issue, and they desperately want control of all nutrients (herbs, vitamins, minerals, and amino acids), thus their behind the scenes push to have CODEX implemented. At that time, these agents will miraculously be discovered by physicians to " cure everything " ! However, you will be paying your 15% annual tithe to the pharmaceutical companies from then on. In a concession to international pharmaceutical drug pushers when passing the Dietary Supplement and Health Education Act of 1984 (DSHEA), which took herbs, vitamins, minerals and amino acids out of effective control of the U.S. FDA, an outright lie was written into law by the Congress. What lie? The lie that you see on nearly every package of vitamins, minerals, herbs, and amino acids that " support " a bodily structure or function. Those infamous words, " This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease " . In fact, these words are directly from the DSHEA: " The DSHEA provides for the use of various types of statements on the label of dietary supplements, although claims may not be made about the use of a dietary supplement to diagnose, prevent, mitigate, treat, or cure a specific disease (unless approved under the new drug provisions of the FD & C Act). For example, a product may not carry the claim " cures cancer " or " treats arthritis. " Appropriate health claims authorized by FDA--such as the claim linking folic acid and reduce risk of neural tube birth defects and the claim that calcium may reduce the risk of osteoporosis--may be made in supplement labeling if the product qualifies to bear the claim. Under DSHEA, firms can make statements about classical nutrient deficiency diseases--as long as these statements disclose the prevalence of the disease in the United States. In addition, manufacturers may describe the supplement's effects on " structure or function " of the body or the " well-being " achieved by consuming the dietary ingredient. To use these claims, manufacturers must have substantiation that the statements are truthful and not misleading and the product label must bear the statement " This statement has not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease. " Unlike health claims, nutritional support statements need not be approved by FDA before manufacturers market products bearing the statements, however, the agency must be notified no later than 30 days after a product that bears the claim is first marketed. Consequently, the Congress, even though it had to lie, wisely made these elements-of-life the property of the public and not the property of the pharmaceutical drug pushers. I note here the comment in DSHEA, " calcium may reduce the risk of osteoporosis, is another lie, which probably has set the nation's nutritional supplement companies, nutitionists, MDs, NDs, and nearly all of American health care system off onto the wrong path. As we now know, the real cure for osteoporosis is magnesium. On the other hand, lets look at another type of physician, the naturopathic physician, naturopath or ND. They are interested in nutritional and natural therapies and specifically non-pharmaceutical approaches to taking care of people's health care needs, whether they be acute or chronic illnesses, conditions or injuries. However, as a concession to " medical doctors " and the extremely powerful American Medical Association, they are not allowed to prescribe drugs, and are not called " medical doctors " , nor are they listed in the yellow pages of telephone books along with " medical doctors " . They are listed separately as " naturopathic physicians " or " naturopaths " in most yellow pages, a practice which I think is is highly prejudicial. They definitely do not make as much money as do medical doctors, and as a rule don't advertise. Of course, medical doctors belittle them, even though some NDs have more training and education than MDs in the areas of biomedicine that we need the most. The original intention of medicine as advocated by Hippocrates is no longer reflected in the way many medical doctors practice medicine (due to their use of drugs and not nutrition). The word " physician " is from the Greek root meaning " nature " . Hippocrates, a Greek physician who lived 2400 years ago, should be considered the earliest predecessor of " naturopathic " physicians, not of " medical " physicians. Hippocrates taught that nature is healer of all diseases, thus his formulation of the concept " vis medicatrix naturae " -- meaning the healing power of nature. This concept has long been at the core of indigenous medicine in many cultures around the world and remains one of the central themes of naturopathic philosophy even in the United States to this day. The word " naturopathy " was first used in the US over 100 years ago. But the natural therapies and the philosophy on which naturopathy are based have been effectively used to treat diseases since ancient times. American naturopathic physicians (NDs) receive extensive training in and use therapies that are primarily natural (hence the name naturopathic) and nontoxic, including clinical nutrition, homeopathy, botanical medicine, hydrotherapy, physical medicine, and counseling. Many NDs have additional training and certification in acupuncture and home birthing. These NDs, who have attended naturopathic medical colleges recognized by the US Department of Education, practice medicine as primary health care providers and are increasingly acknowledged as leaders in bringing about progressive changes in the nation's medical system. You can find a naturopathic physician in your area by accessing the American Association of Naturopathic Physicians web site and searching their directory. I personally encourage anyone with a chronic illness or chronic health condition, even cancer, to seek the advise and knowledge of these fine, caring people. Yes, even cancer. Naturopathic medicine is also at the foreground of cancer prevention and treatment, and when used with cancer chemotherapy, it is very effective. This is what the " Cancer Treatment Centers of America " program is all about. Yes, the same outfit that you see on cable TV advertising that they " have treatment options that you don't know about " . Clearly, if our immune system functions are restored with nutrients (many chemotheraphy agents deplete one or more nutrients or harm our ability to absorb nutrients), we have a much better chance of surviving cancer. In fact, my career in medical and biomedical research started with my observation that supplemental zinc with appropriate chemotherapy cured my 3-year old daughter's acute lymphocytic leukemia in 2 weeks. See my original cure for leukemia with zinc research report here, which led to my cure for common colds, which led to my cure for herpes, and my cure for mononucleosis and so forth... Succeed! Depression is not a psychosis! Concluding Remarks - Drugs Substituting for Magnesium In conclusion, I believe magnesium should be an essential component of treatment for depression, bi-polar disorder, attention deficit disorder and many other related hyperemotional mental conditions. It may be the only treatment needed, or taurine, boron, Omega-3 EFAs, CoQ10 and lecithin may also be required. A sound nutrition program limited in calcium intake appears essential for our mental health. Psychiatric drugs may also be needed, particularly at the beginning, but some effective drug treatments act simply by moving magnesium from storage depots (usually bone) into the blood where it can be utilized by the brain, and other drugs simply work due to their placebo effect. Perhaps the drug-related points that I would like the reader to remember from this essay are as follows: Magnesium is not a drug, but a nutrient critical to cellular and neurocellular health. It works inside the cells and tests for it using serum (obviously outside of cells) are totally misleading. Intracellular spectroscopy testing is the only truly reliable way to determine intracellular magnesium concentrations. Magnesium has been known to relax nearly all " hyperexcitability " neurological conditions including depression since Weston's article written in 1921. Magnesium ion is nature's natural calcium channel blocker, and prevents neurotoxicity from excess dietary calcium. Aspirin, Beta-blockers and ACE inhibitors each raise magnesium in the body as part of their drug effect. Magnesium is released into the blood from body stores by several anti-depressive psychiatric drugs, including lithium for bi-polar and other disorders, and the amphetamine dextroamphetamine for treatment of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Electroconvulsive shock treatment (ECT) lowers calcium concentrations thus promoting a more healthful calcium/magnesium ratio. Magnesium helps people fall asleep, a critical component in treating depression, anxiety and insomnia. Magnesium deficiency, whether induced by stress or poor diet is known to the NIH and many researchers to cause depression and other severe mental health conditions. Omega-3 EFAs, taurine and boron are helpful in increasing the effectiveness of magnesium in treating depression and especially anxiety. Calcium and glutamate are serious neurotoxins in excess (we are hypersensitive to them), and must be greatly reduced in our diets for the beneficial effect of magnesium to be observable. Malabsorption factors such as Leaky Gut Syndrome " , curable using probiotics and CoQ10, must be addressed. Zinc, chromium and vanadium may be extremely helpful in protecting magnesium intracellular levels. Our future as intelligent, rational people and as technological nation is at risk to magnesium deficiency. Remember, there are no nutritional requirements (RDAs) for any psychiatric drug, but there is for magnesium. Drugs may help patch a problem for a while, but they, by themselves, cannot sustain health and mental function. Only nutrients can sustain health and mental function. I conclude my essay with one perfect sentence by one perfect American: " Be happy and have fun. " - John Wayne Internet Resources Naturopathic Medicine COMPREHENSIVE NUTRIENT REVIEW - Gary Null VITAL! Anti-Aging Nutrition & Education Center The Multifaceted and widespread pathology of magnesium deficiency Facinating! The Natural Way to Heal - by Walter Last - 66 Ways to Create Superior Health. Magnesium (multi-part series) Zoloft Side Effects lawyers Prozac Truth - about issues related to this drug's US licensing. Also describes the side effects of SSRIs and other antidepressants and psychiatric medication, and recommends nutritional supplements and other strategies to counteract side effects and assist with withdrawal. Antidepressant Facts Psychiatry On-Line - International Forum for Psychiatry Key Psychiatry Kills - Documented Proof Psychiatric Drugs Shorten Life Span Peter R. Breggin, MD. and Psychiatric Drug Facts (much data about various drugs and their effects and side effects) The Antipsychiatry Coalition Psychological Self Help Diagnosis - Bipolar Behavior Magnesium - Life Extension Foundation Magnesium Research Articles 21st Century Nutrition Basics - Magnesium Antidepressant Side Effects and Registry Magnesium and Health Magnesium content of some foods Magnesium Magnesium Update (lots of uses of magnesium) Magnesium. What does it do? Cure for Tetanus (Lock Jaw) Consequences of Magnesium Deficiency on the Enhancement of Stress Reactions; Preventive and Therapeutic Implications (A Review) Magnesium Content of Foods Magnesium and Depression The Responsible Parent's Guide To Healthy Mood-Boosters For All The Family Manic's Dance: Dedicated to Manic Depressive 'Dancers' and to the Loved Ones at Their Sides General information about Magnesium Magnesium, Heart Attacks, and Drinking Water Mitral valve prolapse caused by magnesium deficiency Magnesium Deficiency in the Pathogenesis of Mitral Valve Prolapse All about magnesium biochemistry, compounds, uses, drug interactions, deficiency, overdosage More about magnesium's role in depression and other conditions Paul Mason's master magnesium site (mandatory for the serious student of magnesium and health) The Medical Basis of Stress, Depression, Anxiety, Sleep Problems, and Drug Use Headache Pain Free Opioids In Common Food Products-Addictive Peptides In Meat, Dairy and Grains Depression and Antidepressants (some resources) Encyclopaedia Britannica and other Resources on Depression Basics of Cognitive Therapy Recent magazine article on magnesium and depression More on Cognitive Therapy The Biochemistry of Neurotransmitters Crack cocaine (and other goodies), and the best time to use crack cocaine Magnesium links: Dr. B. M. Altura (a magnesium biochemistry pioneer) Magnesium links: Dr. Jean Durlach (a magnesium biochemistry pioneer) Intracellular Magnesium: Transport and Regulation in Epithelial Secretory Cells Hypomagnesemic Disorders Disorders of Magnesium metabolism Two Hundred Articles About Magnesium This link references medical literature on the beneficial effects of magnesium on: AGING, AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR, ALCOHOLISM, ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE, AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS, ARRHYTHMIA, ASTHMA, ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER, CANCER, CEREBRAL PALSY, CEREBROVASCULAR STROKE, CHRONIC FATIGUE, CLUSTER HEADACHES, CONSTIPATION, DIABETES, FIBROMYALGIA, FLUORIDE TOXICITY, HEAD INJURIES, HEART-RELATED, HIV, HYPERTENSION, KIDNEY STONES, MAGNESIUM DEFICIENCY, MENOPAUSE, MIGRAINE, MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, OSTEOPOROSIS, PREGNANCY, PREMENSTRUAL SYNDROME, PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS, RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS, SICKLE CELL DISEASE, SIDS, SPORTS, STRESS, STROKE, and TOXIC SHOCK. 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