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_Fluoride—What's_Wrong_With_This

_Picture?__HFCS

 

 http://www.bruha.com/fluoride/ " http://www.bruha.com/fluoride

 

Fluoride—What's Wrong With This Picture? Andreas Schuld © PFPC

 

In 1999 the US Center for Disease Control (CDC) released a glowing report on the

fluoridation of public water supplies, citing the procedure as one of the

century's great public health successes.(1)

 

Ironically, the same report hints that the alleged benefit from fluorides may

not be due to ingestion:

 

``Fluoride's caries-preventive properties initially were attributed to changes

in enamel during tooth development because of the association between fluoride

and cosmetic changes in enamel and a belief that fluoride incorporated into

enamel during tooth development would result in a more acid-resistant mineral. "

 

The CDC report then acknowledges new studies which indicate that the effects are

``topical " rather than ``systemic. "

 

``However, laboratory and epidemiologic research suggests that fluoride prevents

dental caries predominately after eruption of the tooth into the mouth, and its

actions primarily are topical for both adults and children. "

 

The obvious question is this: How can the CDC consider the addition of fluoride

to public water supplies to be a public health success while admitting at the

same time that fluoride's benefits are not ``systemic, " in other words, are not

obtained from drinking it?

 

The truth, now becoming increasingly evident, is that fluoridation and the

proclaimed benefit of fluoride as a way of preventing dental decay is perhaps

the greatest ``scientific " fraud ever perpetrated upon an unsuspecting public.

 

Even worse, the relentless promotion of fluoride as a ``dental benefit " is

responsible for the huge neglect in proper assessment of its toxicity, an issue

that has become a major concern for many nations. As there is no substance as

biochemically active in the human organism as fluoride, excessive total intake

of fluoride compounds might well be contributing to many diseases currently

afflicting mankind, particularly those involving thyroid dysfunction. In the

United States, most citizens are kept entirely ignorant of any adverse effect

that might occur from exposure to fluorides. Dental fluorosis, the first visible

sign that fluoride poisoning has occurred, is declared a mere ``cosmetic effect "

by the dental profession, although the ``biochemical events which result in

dental fluorosis are still unknown. " (2,3,4) The quantity of fluoride needed to

prevent caries but avoid dental fluorosis is also unknown.(5)

 

WHAT IS FLUORIDE?

 

Fluoride is any combination of elements containing the fluoride ion. In its

elemental form, fluorine is a pale yellow, highly toxic and corrosive gas. In

nature, fluorine is found combined with minerals as fluorides. It is the most

chemically active nonmetallic element of all the elements and also has the most

reactive electro-negative ion. Because of this extreme reactivity, fluorine is

never found in nature as an uncombined element.

 

Fluorine is a member of group VIIa of the periodic table. It readily displaces

other halogens—such as chlorine, bromine and iodine—from their mineral

salts. With hydrogen it forms hydrogen fluoride gas which, in a water solution,

becomes hydrofluoric acid.

 

There was no US commercial production of fluorine before World War II. A

requirement for fluorine in the processing of uranium ores, needed for the

atomic bomb, prompted its manufacture.(6)

 

Fluorine compounds or fluorides are listed by the US Agency for Toxic Substances

and Disease Registry (ATSDR) as among the top 20 of 275 substances that pose the

most significant threat to human health.(7) In Australia, the National Pollutant

Inventory (NPI) recently considered 400 substances for inclusion on the NPI

reporting list. A risk ranking was given based on health and environmental

hazard identification and human and environmental exposure to the substance.

Some substances were grouped together at the same rank to give a total of 208

ranks. Fluoride compounds were ranked 27th out of the 208 ranks.(8)

 

Fluorides, hydrogen fluoride and fluorine have been found in at least 130,

19, and 28 sites, respectively, of 1,334 National Priorities List sites

identified by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).9 Consequently, under

the provisions of the Superfund Act (CRECLA, 1986), a compilation of information

about fluorides, hydrogen fluoride and fluorine and their effects on health was

required. This publication appeared in 1993.(9)

 

Fluorides are cumulative toxins. The fact that fluorides accumulate in the body

is the reason that US law requires the Surgeon General to set a Maximum

Contaminant Level (MCL) for fluoride content in public water supplies as

determined by the EPA. This requirement is specifically aimed at avoiding a

condition known as Crippling Skeletal Fluorosis (CSF), a disease thought to

progress through three stages. The MCL, designed to prevent only the third and

crippling stage of this disease, is set at 4ppm or 4mg per liter. It is assumed

that people will retain half of this amount (2mg), and therefore 4mg per liter

is deemed ``safe. " Yet a daily dose of 2-8mg is known to cause the third

crippling stage of CSF.(10,11)

 

In 1998 EPA scientists, whose job and legal duty it is to set the Maximum

Contaminant Level, declared that this 4ppm level was set fraudulently by outside

forces in a decision that omitted 90 percent of the data showing the mutagenic

properties of fluoride.(12)

 

The Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products, 5th Edition (1984) gives lead a

toxicity rating of 3 to 4 (3 = moderately toxic, 4 = very toxic) and the EPA has

set 0.015 ppm as the MCL for lead in drinking water—with a goal of

0.0ppm. The toxicity rating for fluoride is 4, yet the MCL for fluoride is

currently set at 4.0ppm, over 250 times the permissable level for lead.

 

WATER FLUORIDATION

 

In 1939 a dentist named H. Trendley Dean, working for the U. S. Public Health

Service, examined water from 345 communities inTexas. Dean determined that high

concentrations of fluoride in the water in these areas corresponded to a high

incidence of mottled teeth. This explained why dentists in the area found

mottled teeth in so many of their patients. Dean also claimed that there was a

lower incidence of dental cavities in communities having about 1 ppm fluoride in

the water supply. Among the native residents of these areas about 10 percent

developed the very mildest forms of mottled enamel (``dental fluorosis " ), which

Dean and others described as ``beautiful white teeth. "

 

Dean's report led to the initiation of artificial fluoridation of drinking water

at 1part-per-million (ppm) in order to supply the ``optimal dose " of

1mg fluoride per day—assuming that drinking four glasses of water every day

would duplicate Dean's ``optimal " intake for most people. Now, according to the

American Dental Association, all people, rich or poor, could have ``beautiful

white teeth " and be free of caries at the same time. After all, the benefits of

water fluoridation had been documented ``beyond any doubt. " (13)

 

When other scientists investigated Dean's data, they did not reach the same

conclusions. In fact, Dean had engaged in ``selective use of data, " using

findings from 21 cities that supported his case while completely disregarding

data from 272 other locations that did not show a correlation.(14) In court

cases Dean was forced to admit under oath that his data were invalid.(15) In

1957 he had to admit at AMA hearings that even waters containing a mere

0.1ppm (0.1 mg/l) could cause dental fluorosis, the first visible sign of

fluoride overdose.(16) Moreover, there is not one single double-blind study to

indicate that fluoridation is effective in reducing cavities.(17)

 

SO WHAT'S THE TRUTH ABOUT TOOTH DECAY?

 

The truth is that more and more evidence shows that fluorides and dental

fluorosis are actually associated with increased tooth decay. The most

comprehensive US review was carried out by the National Institute of Dental

Research on 39,000 school children aged 5-17 years.(18) It showed no significant

differences in terms of DMF (decayed, missing and filled teeth). What it did

show was that high decay cities (66.5-87.5 percent) have 9.34 percent more decay

in the children who drink fluoridated water. Furthermore, a 5.4 percent increase

in students with decay was observed when 1 ppm fluoride was added to the water

supply. Nine fluoridated cities with high decay had 10 percent more decay than

nine equivalent non-fluoridated cities.

 

The world's largest study on dental caries, which looked at 400,000 students,

revealed that decay increased 27 percent with a 1ppm fluoride increase in

drinking water.(19) In Japan, fluoridation caused decay increases of 7 percent

in 22,000 students,(20) while in the US a decay increase of 43 percent occured

in 29,000 students when 1ppm fluoride was added to drinking water.(21)

 

DENTAL FLUOROSIS: A ``COSMETIC " DEFECT?

 

Dental fluorosis is a condition caused by an excessive intake of fluorides,

characterized mainly by mottling of the enamel (which starts as ``white spots " ),

although the bones and virtually every organ might also be affected due to

fluoride's known anti-thyroid characteristics. Dental fluorosis can only occur

during the stage of enamel formation and is therefore a sign that an overdose of

fluoride has occurred in a child during that period.

 

Dental fluorosis has been described as a subsurface enamel hypomineralization,

with porosity of the tooth positively correlated with the degree of

fluorosis.(22) It is characterized by diffuse opacities and under-mineralized

enamel. Although identical enamel defects occur in cases of thyroid dysfunction,

the dental profession describes the defect as merely ``cosmetic " when it is

caused by exposure to fluoride.

 

What is now becoming apparent is that this ``cosmetic " defect actually

predisposes to tooth decay. In 1988 Duncan (23) stated that hypoplastic defects

have a strong potential to become carious. In 1989, Silberman,(24) evaluating

the same data of Head Start children in fluoridated and non-fluoridated areas,

wrote that ``preliminary data indicate that the presence of primary canine

hypoplasia [enamel defects] may result in an increased potential for the tooth

becoming carious. " In 1996 Li (25) wrote that children with enamel hypoplasia

demonstrated a significantly higher caries experience than those who did not

have such defects and, further, that the ``presence of enamel hypoplasia may be

a predisposing factor for initiation and progression of dental caries, and a

predictor of high caries susceptibility in a community. " In 1996 Ellwood &

O'Mullane (26) stated that ``developmental enamel defects may be useful markers

of caries susceptibility, which should be considered in the

risk-benefit assessment for use of fluoride. "

 

Currently up to 80 percent of US children suffer from some degree of dental

fluorosis, while in Canada the figure is up to 71 percent. A prevalence of

80.9 percent was reported in children 12-14 years old in Augusta, Georgia, the

highest prevalence yet reported in an ``optimally " fluoridated community in the

United States. Moderate-to-severe fluorosis was found in 14 percent of the

children.(27)

 

Before the push for fluoridation began, the dental profession recognized that

fluorides were not beneficial but detrimental to dental health. In 1944, the

Journal of the American Dental Association reported: ``With 1.6 to 4 ppm

fluoride in the water, 50 percent or more past age 24 have false teeth because

of fluoride damage to their own. " (28)

 

THE WONDER NUTRIENT?

 

On countless internet sites, fluoride is proclaimed as the ``wonder nutrient, "

the ``deficiency " symptom being increased dental caries. 29 It boggles the mind

that a cumulative toxin and toxic waste product can be described a ``nutrient. "

Nevertheless, such claims are repeatedly made by pro-fluoridationists.(30)

 

On March 16, 1979, the FDA deleted paragraphs 105.3© and 105.85(d)(4) of

Federal Register documents which had classified fluorine, among other

substances, as ``essential " or ``probably essential. " Since that time, nowhere

in the Federal Regulations is fluoride classified as ``essential " or ``probably

essential. " These deletions were the immediate result of 1978 Court

deliberations.(31) No essential function for fluoride has ever been proven in

humans.(32,33,34,35,36)

 

``NATURE THOUGHT OF IT FIRST "

 

A popular slogan employed by the ADA and other pro-fluoridation organizations

is, ``Nature thought of it first! " The slogan creates the impression that the

fluoridation compounds used in water fluoridation are the same as those

discovered many years ago in the water in some areas of the US.(37) The fluoride

compound in ``naturally " fluoridated waters is calcium fluoride. Sodium

fluoride, a common fluoridation agent, dissolves easily in water, but calcium

fluoride does not.

 

Animal studies performed by Kick and others in 1935 revealed that sodium

fluoride was much more toxic than calcium fluoride.(38) Even worse toxicity was

recorded for hydrofluorosilicic acid, the compound now used in over 90 percent

of fluoridation programs. Hydrofluorosilicic acid is a direct byproduct of

pollution scrubbers used in the phosphate fertilizer and aluminum industries.

Our government adds it to water supplies even though it is also involved in

getting rid of its own stockpile of fluoride compounds left over from years and

years of stockpiling fluorides for use in the process of refining uranium for

nuclear power and weapons.(39)

 

In the Kick study, less than 2 percent of calcium fluoride was absorbed and this

was excreted quantitatively in the urine. But even calcium fluoride is not

benign. As the animals given calcium fluoride also developed mottled teeth, it

was clear that such compounds could produce changes on the teeth merely by

passing through the body, and not by being ``stored in a tooth " or anywhere

else. No calcium fluoride was retained.

 

In 1946 Samuel Chase, one of the authors of the Kick study, became president of

the International Association for Dental Research (IADR). This organization

promoted the idea that only the fluoride ion in the various fluoridation

compounds was of importance. Yet he well knew that sodium fluoride did not

behave like calcium fluoride. Unlike calcium fluoride, sodium fluoride was

retained in great amounts in the body and was very toxic. Rock phosphate and

hydro-fluorosilicic acid experiments yielded the same information.

 

New areas with ``natural " fluoride are appearing all over the world, as now all

areas not ``artificially " fluoridated are considered ``natural. " The problem is

that this ``natural " fluoride is the result of direct water and soil

contamination from petrochemical land treatment, uncontrolled fertilizer use,

pesticide applications, ground water contamination from industrial waste sites,

rocket fuel ``burial grounds, " and so forth. Suddenly we have ``natural "

fluorides showing up in areas previously deemed ``fluoride deficient " , such as

in Sosnivka, Ukraine.

 

TOTAL INTAKE

 

It is well established that it is TOTAL fluoride intake from ALL sources which

must be considered for any adverse health effect evaluation.(40,41,42) This

includes intake by ingestion, inhalation and absorption through the skin. In

1971, the World Health Organization (WHO) stated: ``In the assessment of the

safety of a water supply with respect to the fluoride concentration, the total

daily fluoride intake by the individual must be considered. " (41) Exposure to

airborne fluorides from many diverse manufacturing processes—pesticide

applications, phosphate fertilizer production, aluminum smelting, uranium

enrichment facilities, coal-burning and nuclear power plants, incinerators,

glass etching, petroleum refining and vehicle emissions—can be considerable.

 

In addition, many people consume fluorine-based medications such as Prozac,

which greatly adds to fluoride's anti-thyroid effects. ALL fluoride compounds—

organic and inorganic—have been shown to exert anti-thyroid effects, often

potentiating fluoride effects many fold.<A

HREF= " http://www.bruha.com/fluoride/html/f___thyroid.html " (43)</A

 

Household exposures to fluorides can occur with the use of Teflon pans,

fluorine-based products, insecticides sprays and even residual airborne

fluorides from fluoridated drinking water. Decision-makers at 3M Corporation

recently announced a phase-out of Scotchgard products after discovering that the

product's primary ingredient—a fluorinated compound called perfluorooctanyl

sulfonate <A

HREF= " http://www.bruha.com/fluoride/html/pfos_pfoa.html " (PFOS)</A--was found in

all tested blood bank examinations.(44) 3M's research showed that the substance

had strong tendencies to persist and bioaccumulate in animal and human tissue.

 

In 1991 the US Public Health Service issued a report stating that the range in

total daily fluoride intake from water, dental products, beverages and food

items exceeded 6.5 milligrams daily.(42) Thus, the total intake from those

sources alone already greatly exceeds the levels known to cause the third stage

of skeletal fluorosis.

 

Besides fluoridated water and toothpaste, many foods contain high levels of

flouride compounds due to pesticide applications. One of the worse offenders is

grapes.(45) Grape juice was found to contain more than 6.8 ppm fluoride. The EPA

estimates total fluoride intake from pesticide residues on food and fluoridated

drinking water alone to be 0.095 mg/kg/day, meaning a person weighing 70 kg

takes in more than 6.65 mg per day.(45b) Soy infant formula is high in both

fluoride and aluminum, far surpassing the ``optimal " dose

(46,47) and has been shown to be a significant risk factor in dental

fluorosis.(48)

 

TEA

 

In their drive to fluoridate the public water supplies, dental health officials

continue to pretend that no other sources of fluoride exist. This notion becomes

absurd when one looks at the fluoride content in tea. Tea is very high in

fluoride because tea leaves accumulate more fluoride (from pollution of soil and

air) than any other edible plant.(49,50,51) It is well established that fluoride

in tea gets absorbed by the body in a manner similar to the fluoride in drinking

water.(49,52)

 

Fluoride content in tea has risen dramatically over the last 20 years due to

industry contamination. Recent analyses have revealed a fluoride content of

22.2 mg per teabag or cup in Chinese green tea, and 17.25 mg of soluble fluoride

ions per teabag or cup in black tea. Aluminum content was also high— over 8

mg. Normal steeping time is five minutes. The longer a tea bag steeped, the more

fluoride and aluminum were released. After ten minutes, the measurable amounts

of fluoride and aluminum almost doubled.(53)

 

A website by a pro-fluoridation infant medical group states that a cup of black

tea contains 7.8 mgs of fluoride (54) which is the equivalent amount of fluoride

from 7.8 litres of water in an area fluoridated at the " optimal " concentraion of

1ppm. Some British and African studies from the 1990s showed a daily fluoride

intake of between 5.8 mgs and 9 mgs a day from tea alone.(55, 56, 57) Tea has

been found to be a primary cause of dental fluorosis in many international

studies.(58-70)

 

In Britain, over three-quarters of the population over the age of ten years

consumes three cups of tea per day.(71) Yet the UK government and the British

Dental Association are currently contemplating fluoridation of public water

supplies! In Ireland, average tea consumption is four cups per day and the

drinking water is heavily fluoridated.

 

Next to water, tea is the most widely consumed beverage in the world. Tea can be

found in almost 80 percent of all US households and on any given day, nearly 127

million people—half of all Americans—drink tea.(71)

 

The high content of both aluminum and fluoride in tea is cause for great concern

as aluminum greatly potentiates fluoride's effects on G protein activation,(72)

the on/off switches involved in cell communication and of absolute necessity in

thyroid hormone function and regulation.

 

FLUORIDE AND THE THYROID

 

The recent re-discovery of hundreds of papers dealing with the use of fluorides

in effective anti-thyroid medication poses many questions demanding

answers.(73,74) The enamel defects observed in hypothyroidism are identical to

``dental fluorosis. " Endemic fluorosis areas have been shown to be the same as

those affected with iodine deficiency, considered to be the world's single most

important and preventable cause of mental retardation,(75) affecting 740 million

people a year, according to the WHO. Iodine deficiency causes brain disorders,

cretinism, miscarriages and goiter, among many other diseases. Synthroid, the

drug most commonly prescribed for hypothyroidism, became the top selling drug in

the US in 1999, according to Scott-Levin's Source Prescription Audit, clearly

indicating that hypothyroidism is a major health problem. Many more millions are

thought to have undiagnosed thyroid problems.

 

ENVIRONMENT

 

Every year hundreds and thousands of tons of fluorides are emitted by industry.

Industrial emissions of fluoride compounds produce elevated concentrations in

the atmosphere. Hydrogen fluoride can exist as a particle, dissolving in clouds,

fog, rain, dew, or snow. In clouds and moist air it will travel along the air

currents until it is deposited as wet acid deposition (acid rain, acid fog,

etc.) In waterways it readily mixes with water.

 

Sulfur hexafluoride (SF6), emitted by the electric power industry, is now among

six greenhouse gases specifically targeted by the international community,

through the Kyoto protocol, for emission reductions to control global warming.

The others are carbon dioxide, hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons

(PFCs), methane and nitrous oxide (N2O).

 

SF6 is about 23,900 times more destructive, pound for pound, than carbon dioxide

over the course of 100 years. EPA estimates that some seven-million metric tons

of carbon equivalent (MMTCE) escaped from electric power systems in 1996 alone.

The concentration of SF6 in the atmosphere has reportedly increased by two

orders of magnitude since 1970. Atmospheric models have indicated that the

lifetime of an SF6 molecule in the atmosphere may be over

3000 years.(76)

 

The ever-increasing fluoride levels in food, water and air pose a great threat

to human health and to the environment as evidenced by the endemic of fluorosis

worldwide. It is of utmost urgency that public health officials cease promoting

fluoride as beneficial to our health and address instead the issue of its

toxicity.

 

Andreas Schuld is head of Parents of Fluoride Poisoned Children (PFPC), an

organization of parents whose children have been poisoned by excessive fluoride

intake. The group includes educators, artists, scientists, journalists and

authors, lawyers, researchers and nutritionists. It is active in worldwide

efforts to have the toxicity of fluoride properly assessed. For further

information, visit their website at www. bruha. com/fluoride.

 

REFERENCES

 

1. CDC: ``Achievements in Public Health, 1900-1999 - Fluoridation of Drinking

Water to Prevent Dental Caries " MMWR 48(41);933-940 (1999), <A

HREF= " http://www.cdc.gov/epo/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm4841a1.htm "

http://www.cdc.gov/epo/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm4841a1.htm</A

 

2. Gerlach RF, de Souza AP, Cury JA, Line SR - ``Fluoride effect on the activity

of enamel matrix proteinases in vitro " Eur J Oral Sci 108(1):48-53

(2000)

 

3. Limeback H - ``Enamel formation and the effects of fluoride " Community Dent

Oral Epidemiol 22(3):144-7 (1994)

 

4. Wright JT, Chen SC, Hall KI, Yamauchi M, Bawden JW - ``Protein

characterization of fluorosed human enamel. " Dent Res 75(12):1936-41 (1996)

 

5. Shulman JD, Lalumandier JA, Grabenstein JD - " The average daily dose of

fluoride: a model based on fluid consumption " Pediatr Dent 17(1):13-8 (1995)

 

6. The Columbia Encyclopedia: Sixth Edition (2000), <A

HREF= " http://www.bartleby.com/65/fl/fluorine.html "

http://www.bartleby.com/65/fl/fluorine.html</A

 

7. Phosphoric Acid Waste Dialogue, Report on Phosphoric Wastes Dialogue

Committee, Activities and Recommendations, September 1995; Southeast Negotiation

Network, Prepared by Gregory Borne for EPA stakeholders review

 

8. Government of Australia, National Pollutant Inventory, <A

HREF= " http://www.environment.gov.au/epg/npi/contextual_info/context/fluoride.htm\

l "

http://www.environment.gov.au/epg/npi/contextual_info/context/fluoride.html</A

 

9. ATSDR/USPHS - ``Toxicological Profile for Fluorides, Hydrogen Fluoride and

Fluorine (F) " CAS# 16984-48-8, 7664-39-3, 7782-41-4 (1993), <A

HREF= " http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts11.html "

http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts11.html</A

 

10. Health Effects of Ingested Fluoride, Subcommittee on Health Effects of

Ingested Fluoride, Committee on Toxicology, Board on Environmental Studies and

Toxicology, Commission on Life Sciences, National Research Council, August 1993,

p. 59

 

11. World Health Organization - Fluorides and Human Health, p. 239 (1970)

 

12. Carton RJ, Hirzy JW - ``Applying the NAEP code of ethics to the

Environmental Protection Agency and the fluoride in drinking water standard "

Proceedings of the 23rd Ann. Conf. of the National Association of Environmental

Professionals. 20-24 June, 1998. GEN 51-61, <A

HREF= " http://rvi.net/fluoride/naep.htm " http://rvi.net/fluoride/naep.htm</A

 

13. American Dental Association, <A

HREF= " http://www.ada.org/consumer/fluoride/facts/benefits.html#2 "

http://www.ada.org/consumer/fluoride/facts/benefits.html#2</A

 

14. J. Colquhoun, Chief Dental Officer, NZ, International Symposium on

Fluoridation, Porte Alegre, Brazil, September 1988

 

15. Proceedings, City of Orville Vs. Public Utilities Commission of the State of

Carlifornia, Orville, CA, October 20-21 (1955)

 

16. AMA Council Hearing, Chicago, August 7, 1957

 

17. NTEU - ``Why EPA's Headquarters Union of Scientists Opposes Fluoridation, ``

Prepared on behalf of the National Treasury Employees Union Chapter 280 by

Chapter Senior Vice-President J. William Hirzy, Ph. D. , <A

HREF= " http://www.bruha.com/fluoride/html/nteu_paper.htm "

http://www.bruha.com/fluoride/html/nteu_paper.htm</A <A

HREF= " http://www.cadvision.com/fluoride/epa2.htm "

http://www.cadvision.com/fluoride/epa2.htm</A

 

18. Yiamouyannis, J - ``Water fluoridation and tooth decay: Results from the

1986-1987 national survey of U. S. school children " Fluoride 23:55-67 (1990).

Data also analyzed by Gerard Judd, Ph. D., in: Judd G - ``Good Teeth Birth To

Death " , Research Publications, Glendale Arizona (1997), EPA Research #2

(1994)

 

19. Teotia SPS, Teotia M - " Dental Caries: A Disorder of High Fluoride And Low

Dietary Calcium Interactions (30 years of Personal Research), Fluoride, 1994

27:59-66 (1994)

 

20. Imai Y - ``Study of the relationship between fluorine ions in drinking water

and dental caries in Japan " . Koku Eisei Gakkai Zasshi 22(2):144-96

(1972)

 

21. Steelink, Cornelius, PhD, U of AZ Chem Department, in: Chem and Eng News,

Jan 27, 1992, p. 2; Sci News March 5, 1994, p. 159

 

22. Giambro NJ, Prostak K, Denbesten PK - ``Characterization Of Fluorosed Human

Enamel By Color Reflectance, Ultrastructure, And Elemental Composition " Fluoride

28:4, 216 (1995) also Caries Research 29 (4) 251-257 (1995)

 

23. Duncan WK, Silberman SL, Trubman A - ``Labial hypoplasia of primary canines

in black Head Start children " ASDC J Dent Child 55(6):423-6 (1988)

 

24. Silberman SL, Duncan WK, Trubman A, Meydrech EF - ``Primary canine

hypoplasia in Head Start children " J Public Health Dent 49(1):15-8 (1989)

 

25. Li Y, Navia JM, Bian JY - " " Caries experience in deciduous dentition of rural

Chinese children 3-5 years old in relation to the presence or absence of enamel

hypoplasia " Caries Res 30(1):8-15 (1996)

 

26. Ellwood RP, O'Mullane D - ``The association between developmental enamel

defects and caries in populations with and without fluoride in their drinking

water " J Public Health Dent 56(2):76-80(1996)

 

27. Health Effects of Ingested Fluoride, Subcommittee on Health Effects of

Ingested Fluoride, Committee on Toxicology, Board on Environmental Studies and

Toxicology, Commission on LifeSciences, National Research Council, August

1993 p 47-48

 

28. ``The Effect of Fluorine On Dental Caries " Journal American Dental

Association 31:1360 (1944)

 

29.Examples: http://ificinfo.health.org/insight/septoct97/flouride.htm <A

HREF= " http://www.wvda.org/nutrient/fluoride.html "

http://www.wvda.org/nutrient/fluoride.html</A

 

30. Barrett S, Rovin S (Eds) - " The Tooth Robbers: a Pro-Fluoridation Handbook "

George F Stickley Co, Philadelphia pp 44-65 (1980)

 

31. Federal Register, 3/16/79, page 16006

 

32. Federal Register: December 28, 1995 (Volume 60, Number 249)] Rules and

Regulations , Page 67163-67175 DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES Food and

Drug Administration, 21 CFR Part 101 Docket No. 90N-0134, RIN 0910-AA19

 

33. The Report of the Department of Health and Social Subjects, No. 41, Dietary

Reference Values, Chapter 36 on fluoride (HMSO 1996). ``No essential function

for fluoride has been proven in humans. "

 

34.``Is Fluoride an Essential Element? " Fluorides, Washington, DC: National

Academy of Sciences, 66-68 (1971)

 

35. Richard Maurer and Harry Day, ``The Non-Essentiality of Fluorine in

Nutrition, " Journal of Nutrition, 62: 61-57(1957)

 

36.``Applied Chemistry " , Second Edition, by Prof. William R. Stine, Chapter

19 (see pp. 413 & 416) Allyn and Bacon, Inc, publishers. ``Fluoride has not been

shown to be required for normal growth or reproduction in animals or humans

consuming an otherwise adequate diet, nor for any specific biological function

or mechanism. "

 

37. National Center for Fluoridation Policy & Research (NCFPR) <A

HREF= " http://fluoride.oralhealth.org/ " http://fluoride.oralhealth.org/</A

 

38. Kick CH, Bethke RM, Edgington BH, Wilder OHM, Record PR, Wilder W, Hill TJ,

Chase SW - ``Fluorine in Animal Nutrition " Bulletin 558, US Agricultural

Experiment Station, Wooster, Ohio (1935)

 

39. US MINERALS/COMMODITIES DATABASE <A

HREF= " http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/fluorspar/280396.txt "

http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/fluorspar/280396.txt</A

 

40.``The problem of providing optimum fluoride intake for prevention of dental

caries " - Food and Nutrition Board, Division of Biology and Agriculture,

National Academy of Sciences, National Research Council, Pub.#294, (1953) ``.. a

person drinking fluoridated water may be assumed to ingest only about

1 milligram per day from this source ... the development of mottled enamel is,

however, a potential hazard of adding fluorides to food. The total daily intake

of fluoride is the critical quantity. "

 

41. World Health Organization, International Drinking Water Standards, 1971.

``In the assessment of the safety of a water supply with respect to the fluoride

concentration, the total daily fluoride intake by the individual must be

considered. Apart from variations in climatic conditions, it is well known that

in certain areas, fluoride containing foods form an important part of the diet.

The facts should be borne in mind in deciding the concentration of fluoride to

be permitted in drinking water. "

 

42. Review of Fluoride Benefits and Risks, Department of Health and Human

Services, p. 45 (1991)

 

43. Over 1200 papers posted at: <A

HREF= " http://www.bruha.com/fluoride/html/f___thyroid.html " http://www.bruha.com/f\

luoride </A

44. Washington Post - ``3M to pare Scotchgard products, " May 16, 2000 <A

HREF= " http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A15648-2000May16.html "

http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A15648-2000Ma y16.html</A

 

45.(a) FLUORIDE IN FOOD <A

HREF= " http://www.bruha.com/fluoride/html/f-_in_food.htm " http://www.bruha.com/flu\

oride/html/f-_in_food .htm</A

 

45.(b) Federal Register: August 7, 1997 (Volume 62, Number 152), Notices, Page

42546-42551

 

46. Silva M, Reynolds EC - ``Fluoride content of infant formulae in Australia "

Aust Dent J 41(1):37-42 (1996)

 

47. Dabeka RW, McKenzie AD - " Lead, cadmium, and fluoride levels in market milk

and infant formulas in Canada. " J Assoc Off Anal Chem 70(4):754-7 (1987)

 

48. Pendrys DG, Katz RV, Morse DE - ``Risk factors for enamel fluorosis in a

fluoridated population " Am J Epidemiol 140(5):461-71(1994)

 

49. Meiers, P. - ``Zur Toxizität von Fluorverbindungen, mit besonderer

Berücksichtigung der Onkogenese " , Verlag für Medizin Dr. Ewald Fischer,

Heidelberg (1984)

 

50. Waldbott, GL; Burgstahler, AW; McKinney, HL - ``Fluoridation: The Great

Dilemma " Coronado Press (1978)

 

51. Srebnik-Friszman, S; Van der Miynsbrugge, F.- " Teneur en Fluor de quelques

thØs prØlevØs sur le MarchØ et de leurs Infusions " Arch Belg Med Soc Hyg Med

Trav Med Leg 33:551-556 (1976)

 

52. Rüh K - ``Resorbierbarkeit und Retention von in Mineralwässern und

Erfrischungsgetränken enthaltenem Fluorid bei Mensch und Laboratoriumsratte "

Diss. Würzburg (1968)

 

53. Analyses conducted by Parents of Fluoride Poisoned Children (PFPC) at Gov't

-approved labs.Contact: pfpc

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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