Nutritional Miracles For Anxiety, Depression, And Stress ...

[Guest guest]

http://hfn-usa.com/articles/030213.html

 

Health & Wellness Update

 

February 13, 2003

 

Dear Friends,

 

Do you have serotonin deficiency syndrome? You might, if you suffer from

anxiety, fatigue, depression, PMS, low self-esteem, difficulty making

decisions, loss of pleasure in usual activities, food cravings, sleep

disturbances, or migraines.

 

Serotonin is the neurotransmitter that's responsible for feelings of

optimism, relaxation, and a general sense of well being. And low levels of

this neurotransmitter can cause depression as well as a host of other

symptoms.

 

If you are feeling bad emotionally it may not be psychological! It may

simply be a neurotransmitter imbalance.

 

… But that doesn’t mean you have to resort to anti-depressant drugs … In the

following article we’ll tell you how you can increase low levels of

serotonin and support normal brain chemistry with a number of nutritional

supplements.

 

In good health,

John Morgenthaler

 

Nutritional Miracles For

Anxiety, Depression, And Stress ...

 

Who Needs The Multibillion Dollar Pharmaceutical Giants?

 

By John Morgenthaler

 

Modern medical science has found that low serotonin levels (the brain chemical

influenced by drugs like

Prozac) can lead to a huge variety of symptoms and complaints.

 

That’s the bad news.

 

The good news is that you don’t necessarily need to take a powerful, and

potentially risky, drug to correct

low serotonin levels. As you will see, there are several very effective — and

side-effect free — nutritional

approaches to enhance serotonin, including a unique new formulation that

utilizes all the most powerful

supplements available. Furthermore, we’ll show you solid scientific evidence

that these nutritional

approaches may actually work as well as (or even better) than Prozac or similar

types of drugs known as

SSRI’s or Selective Reuptake Inhibitors.

 

You may recognize the symptoms of low serotonin. They can affect anyone with

anything from common,

garden-variety malaise to serious emotional disorders. Here are some of the

symptoms:

• Anxiety

• Fatigue

• Depression

• Pre-menstrual syndrome

• Problems in thinking, concentrating, and decision making

• Low self esteem

• Needless feelings of unworthiness and guilt

• Loss of interest and pleasure in usual activities

• Sleep and appetite disturbances

• Chronic depressive disorder

• Obsessive compulsive disorder

• Bulimia

• Alcoholism

• Violent temper and poor impulse control

• Panic/agoraphobia syndrome1

 

Research indicates that proper nutritional supplementation may also help with

aggressive and violent

behavior (including suicide), migraine headaches, and even heart disease related

to stress and depression.

 

But you wouldn’t know this if you only followed mainstream information. And

here’s why…

 

The Prozac Landscape

 

Prozac has quickly become one of the most widely prescribed medications on the

market. About 35 million

people worldwide have taken Prozac. In fact, the drug produced a profit of

about $2.5 billion dollars for

Eli Lilly in 1999.2 But the news isn’t all good.

 

Drug interactions may occur when Prozac is taken with a number of other

medications, with effects

including confusion, poor coordination, restlessness, shivering, diarrhea,

fever, sweating, trembling or

shaking, stomach or intestinal problems, extremely high blood pressure, and

severe convulsions. Even

without interactions, Prozac itself can cause side effects including depression

of the sex drive, anxiety,

trouble sleeping, chills or fever, joint or muscle pain, breast enlargement or

pain, overactive reflexes, mood

or behavior changes, vomiting, hair loss, trouble in breathing, and

convulsions.3

Prozac has been implicated in a number of lawsuits — over 200 of them according

to one article.4 Prozac

has also been specifically implicated in suicidal behavior. Internal memos from

Lilly were obtained that

made numerous references to suicide and depression, even urging Lilly scientists

to change mentions of

suicide attempts to “overdose” and suicidal thoughts to “depression.”5

 

Drug interactions may occur when Prozac is taken with a number of other

medications, with effects including confusion, poor coordination, restlessness,

shivering, diarrhea, fever, sweating, trembling or shaking, stomach or

intestinal problems, extremely high blood pressure, and severe convulsions. Even

without interactions, Prozac itself can cause side effects including depression

of the sex drive, anxiety, trouble sleeping, chills or fever, joint or muscle

pain, breast enlargement or pain, overactive reflexes, mood or behavior changes,

vomiting, hair loss, trouble in breathing, and convulsions.

 

Other SSRIs Are Equally Questionable…

 

Other SSRIs have been implicated in suicide attempts also.6 And withdrawal

symptoms include

hallucinations, nervousness, melancholy, flu-like symptoms, nausea, tingling and

electric shock sensations,

and vivid dreams.7

 

Unfortunately, these drugs are big, big business — reaping billions a year in

profits for the big drug

companies. There is an interest in keeping them on the market.

 

According to one report, Lilly contributed $2.87 million to The National

Alliance for the Mentally Ill

(NAMI), a nonprofit support and advocacy organization of consumers, families,

and friends of people with

severe mental illnesses, such as schizophrenia, major depression, bipolar

disorder, obsessive-compulsive

disorder, and anxiety disorders. The report also states that Jerry Radke, a

Lilly executive, is on loan to

NAMI, working out of the organization’s headquarters.8

 

Is it a coincidence that NAMI gives Prozac a friendly review, saying, “Prozac is

popular because it is

effective in relieving symptoms of depression with fewer, milder side effects

than other antidepressants”?

NAMI also plays down the side effects, saying most of them subside in a few

weeks “for some people.”

And that “smaller numbers of people may find Prozac inappropriate because it

inhibits orgasm or causes

craving for alcohol.”9

 

However, other reports indicate that loss of sexual desire and/or nausea and

vomiting can occur in as much

as 30% to 40% of users.10

 

What the Pharmaceutical Giants

Don’t Want You to Know…

 

Fortunately, there are alternatives to these drugs. Researchers have found that

certain powerful supplements

work not just on depression and anxiety, but on the broader problem of serotonin

deficiency syndrome,

which manifests in depression, anxiety, sleeplessness, aggressiveness,

agitation, obsessive-compulsive

traits, migraines, and other common behavioral disorders — in other words, the

host of illnesses that SSRIs

are used to treat.11 Studies have even found some of these supplements to be

superior to SSRIs in treating

depression.

 

And besides being alternatives for the more serious illnesses we’ve discussed,

these supplements are

blessings for the tens of millions of people who are not clinically depressed or

anxious, but who simply —

often — don’t feel well emotionally.

 

(Of course, these nutritional supplements can’t be patented, so they’ll never

receive the marketing and press

the giant pharmaceuticals invest in their proprietary products.)

 

Let’s take a look at how some of these alternative therapies work…

 

These supplements are blessings for the tens of millions of people who are not

clinically depressed or anxious, but who simply — often — don’t feel well

emotionally.

 

The Serotonin Link

 

First of all, the action of serotonin in the body must be understood.

 

Serotonin, or 5-hydroxytryptomine (5-HT), was first identified some 50 years

ago, and ever since then

scientists have been finding out more and more about the functions it performs

in the body.

 

Studies have found that serotonin plays an important role in depression, mood,

anxiety, sleep, appetite

control, memory, learning, temperature regulation, sexual behavior,

hallucinations, cardiovascular

functions, skeletal muscle contractions, endocrine (hormone) regulation, blood

clotting, and GI motility —

contractions of the stomach and intestines that move food along and promote

digestion.12

 

Nerve cells synthesize 5-HT by a two-step process that begins with the essential

amino acid tryptophan.

(Since tryptophan was banned in the U.S. after a contaminated batch was

distributed, it must now be

obtained from dietary sources.)

 

Once tryptophan has been taken up into the nerve cell, it is converted into 5-

hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP)

with the help of the enzyme tryptophan hydroxylase.

 

Studies have shown that taking supplements of tryptophan or 5-HTP will increase

the amount of serotonin

available for use by neurons.13 And the elevation of the available serotonin can

have a profound impact on

the subject’s emotional condition.

 

The conclusion that serotonin had a critical role in depression — a conclusion

that revolutionized the

treatment of depression — was first made in the 1970s. It was observed that many

people with depression

had low levels of a metabolite of serotonin — 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid

(5-HIAA) — in the fluid that

surrounds their brain and spinal cord. Low 5-HIAA suggests that the brain is not

producing, and therefore

not metabolizing, a normal amount of serotonin.14

 

Researchers also found that people who attempted suicide had abnormally low

levels 5-HIAA in their

brains. This finding suggests that a serotonin deficiency might actually

predispose some people to kill

themselves.15-17

 

Serotonin has also been found to be a key player in aggressive behavior. One

Russian study found that

silver foxes selected for tame behavior, and with no defensive reaction to

humans, had higher levels of both

serotonin and 5-HIAA than wild silver foxes bred in captivity.18

 

Another study of rhesus monkeys living on a 475-acre sea island found that

variations in serotonin levels

on a normal diet can cause profound variations in behavior, even making life and

death predictions

possible. The most aggressive monkeys had the lowest concentrations of 5-HIAA,

and were the most likely

to die or get injured. Conversely, not a single one of the rhesus monkeys with

the highest 5-HIAA levels

died or went missing.19

 

In humans, studies have confirmed that serotonin levels can be linked to both

inward and outward directed

violence. One study consisted of men convicted of homicide, suicide attempters,

and healthy males. The

lowest levels of 5-HIAA were found in those who had killed someone or attempted

suicide.20 Another

study of “self-mutilators” found that not only did they have lower 5-HIAA

levels, but also had more severe

character pathology and had greater lifetime aggression, as well as being more

antisocial, with greater

impulsivity, chronic anger and somatic anxiety.21

 

Fortunately, there’s a better way to improve serotonin levels in our system than

merely eating a high-

tryptophan diet. By combining several nutritional supplements, we can get a

powerful mood enhancing

effect.

 

Step #1: A Powerful Supplement

For Boosting Serotonin Levels

 

Although they are closely related amino acids, tryptophan is a precursor of

5-HTP. This means that cells

use tryptophan to make 5-HTP, and that 5-HTP is a metabolite of tryptophan.

5-HTP, in turn, is a precursor

to serotonin.

 

In other words, nerve cells take some tryptophan, turn it into 5-HTP, and then

turn the 5-HTP into

serotonin.22

 

Being that tryptophan is only available from dietary sources, (making

availability somewhat limited), and

that you can skip a step in the metabolic process, it makes sense to use 5-HTP

as a supplement if it

enhances serotonin levels. And in fact, 5-HTP appears to have distinct

advantages over tryptophan.

 

• A given molecule of 5-HTP is more likely to be converted to serotonin than a

given

molecule of tryptophan, since the body can convert tryptophan to any one of

several other substances in

addition to 5-HTP. This suggests that a dose of 5-HTP is more likely to be

converted into serotonin than a

dose of tryptophan, and might also cause fewer unwanted side effects.

• 5-HTP easily crosses the blood-brain barrier and therefore gets into the

brain far more

readily than does tryptophan. Tryptophan molecules that do not pass into the

brain may increase

serotonergic activity in other parts of the body, such as the gastrointestinal

tract, which may result in

unwanted side effects.

• 5-HTP is probably a more effective antidepressant than tryptophan.23

 

Another benefit of 5-HTP is in its superior functioning in the body compared to

other SSRI drugs like

Prozac. Whereas 5-HTP provides the raw materials for the body to make new

serotonin, Prozac and other

SSRI drugs interfere with the normal metabolism of serotonin in the synapse,

preventing excess serotonin

molecules from being naturally deactivated.

 

This would all seem to lead to a very simple solution: just take serotonin

supplements. Unfortunately,

simply ingesting serotonin doesn’t work very well. Serotonin has a harder time

getting into the brain than

tryptophan, and most of the serotonin found in the brain is produced there.

 

So the most effective means of enhancing serotonin seems to be through proper

supplementation, such as 5-

HTP, designed to raise the body’s natural production of serotonin. And there are

other supplements that can

enhance serotonin levels as well.

 

Over 100 placebo-controlled, double-blind studies provide well-documented

evidence for SAMe’s benefit in depression. Many of these show SAMe to be equal

or superior to antidepressants, with more rapid onset, most often within a few

days, and, unlike the antidepressants, with no side effects. According to one

meta-analysis of these studies, 92% of patients responded to SAMe, compared to

85% for the medications.

 

Step #2:

Enhancing The Body’s SAMe…

 

Another powerful supplement for emotional well-being is called SAMe (S-adenosyl

methionine). It’s been

prescribed by doctors in Europe as a treatment for depression, but also for a

wide range of other benefits

also. It’s been used in the treatment of osteoarthritis, liver disease,

schizophrenia, demyelinating diseases

like multiple sclerosis, dementia, peripheral neuropathy, ADD, migraines, and

cardiovascular disease,

among others.

 

SAMe is manufactured in the body from the amino acid methionine, with the aid of

the co-factors vitamin

B12 and folic acid. A deficiency in any of these nutrients can result in

decreased SAMe synthesis. As a

“methyl donor” SAMe contributes a methyl group (a single carbon unit) to another

molecule.

 

This methylating action is what makes SAMe so essential in the production of

nucleic acids (DNA, RNA),

proteins, specific vitamins, neurotransmitters, antioxidants, hormones, and

phospholipids. SAMe is also

involved in the biosynthesis of many sulfur-containing compounds, including the

antioxidant glutathione,

the amino acids taurine and cysteine, and the sulfur-containing components of

connective tissue.24

 

The emotional benefits of SAMe are probably due to a couple of factors. First of

all, SAMe aids in the

formation of the pineal hormone melatonin, as well as having a beneficial effect

on neuronal membranes.

SAMe is also essential for the manufacture of brain neurotransmitters, or

chemical messenger molecules,

such as dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, and serotonin. SAMe facilitates

the binding of the

neurotransmitters to their receptor sites, enhancing their activity. By

methylating certain phospholipids,

such as phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylserine, in the cell membranes, SAMe

also enhances cell

membrane fluidity and improves cellular communication between neurons.

 

Over 100 placebo-controlled, double-blind studies provide well-documented

evidence for SAMe’s benefit

in depression. Many of these show SAMe to be equal or superior to

antidepressants, with more rapid onset,

most often within a few days, and, unlike the antidepressants, with no side

effects. According to one meta-

analysis of these studies, 92% of patients responded to SAMe, compared to 85%

for the medications.25

 

SAMe is completely devoid of the side effects that often accompany prescription

antidepressants, like

constipation, agitation, insomnia, and sexual dysfunction. It is also

faster-acting than antidepressant drugs.

And it may well be useful in treating the broad range of disorders treated with

SSRI drugs, such as panic

disorder, agoraphobia, bulimia, chronic pain syndromes, post-traumatic stress

disorder, and ADD.

 

In a healthy young body, all the SAMe needed is manufactured from the amino

acids betaine and

methionine. With age, though, the body appears to be less able to produce enough

SAMe. Thus the need for

supplementation.

 

Another powerful supplement for emotional well-being is called SAMe (S-adenosyl

methionine). It’s been prescribed by doctors in Europe as a treatment for

depression, but also for a wide range of other benefits also. It’s been used in

the treatment of osteoarthritis, liver disease, schizophrenia, demyelinating

diseases like multiple sclerosis, dementia, peripheral neuropathy, ADD,

migraines, and cardiovascular disease, among others.

 

Step #3:

St. John’s Wort Works

Like SSRIs — But Naturally

 

St. John’s Wort is an herb with oil spots on the leaves that may look like holes

or appear to be rust-colored.

Pious country people believed these spots to be the mark of the blood of St.

John the Baptist. Also, the sap

of the plant is reddish colored and has been said to represent the blood of St.

John the Baptist.

 

St. John’s Wort has become popular in recent years as an herbal treatment for

depression. One study,

consisting of 23 randomized trials including a total of 1757 outpatients with

mainly mild or moderately

severe depressive disorders, was published in the British Medical Journal.

 

The study found that St. John’s Wort (Hypericum extracts) were similarly

effective as standard

antidepressants. Also, there were only two (0.8%) drop outs for side effects

with hypericum and seven

(3.0%) with standard antidepressant drugs. And side effects occurred in only 50

(19.8%) patients on

hypericum, as opposed to 84 (52.8%) patients on standard antidepressants.26

 

St. John’s Wort also contains an inhibitor of serotonin reuptake, which is

responsible for the recycling of

serotonin back into the “sending” cell. By inhibiting serotonin reuptake, more

serotonin is left in the

synaptic cleft between adjacent nerve cells, which increases the serotonin

stimulation of the adjacent

(postsynaptic, or “receiving”) cell.

 

The study found that St. John’s Wort (Hypericum extracts) were similarly

effective as standard antidepressants.

 

Toward Emotional Wellness

 

Nobody disputes the fact that SSRIs and other antidepressants have a place in

the world. And we don’t

advocate anyone terminating any subscription medication and trying alternative

treatments without

consulting their physician beforehand.

 

But we do believe, and studies have proven, that there is a place for

nutritionally-based supplements in the

fight against depression, anxiety, all the related illnesses, and even just for

those of us who often “just don’t

feel good.” Supplements that act on serotonin levels have been proven effective

in a variety of treatments:

 

Depression: In a series of studies dating back to the late 1960s and early

1970s, 5-HTP given to seriously

depressed people was reported to produce dramatic and sudden improvements.27

 

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: L-Tryptophan was found to be effective in

reducing the symptoms of

OCD.28

 

Anxiety: Ten patients with anxiety were treated with 5-HTP, and significant

reduction in anxiety was

measured on three different scales designed to measure anxiety.29 And in a study

of 20 people with panic

disorders, several experienced relief after receiving 5-HTP.30

 

Preventing Migraine Headaches: One study showed that 5-HTP can reduce the

intensity and duration of

migraine headaches.31 Another study showed that 5-HTP is even more effective in

preventing

migraines.32

 

Enhancing Sleep: The action of 5-HTP and tryptophan in promoting sleep without a

drugged feeling or

morning hangover are similar to the hormone melatonin, which is well-known for

its sleep-regulating

function. This is probably due to the fact that some of the serotonin produced

in the body is converted

directly into melatonin. Serotonin may also promote sleep by helping the brain

“tune out” unwanted

stimulation. One French study found that administration of 5-HTP to “mildly

insomniac” people resulted in

significant improvement.33

 

Suppressing Appetite: According to a British obesity expert, among the most

effective and safest

candidates for drugs that genuinely suppress appetite are those that increase

serotonin in the brain.34 Not

surprisingly, one of the most common uses of SSRIs these days has been to

suppress appetite with the goal

of losing weight. But in one well-controlled study researchers found significant

weight loss in a group

treated with 5-HTP.35

 

Fibromyalgia Relief: Two major studies in Italy demonstrated significant

improvement in patients

according to six different criteria.36-37

 

Preventing Heart Disease: One surprising benefit of minimizing depression,

anxiety and stress is a

correlation with a reduction in the danger of heart disease. This has been

demonstrated by a host of studies,

but is far too complex a subject to investigate within the scope of this

article. However, the connection is

well documented.

 

There is only one product on the market today that combines all of the most

powerful and proven enhancers

of emotional wellness. It’s called Prosera™, and it’s a methylation/5-HTP

formulation designed to

simultaneously affect three biochemical systems that may be involved in the

etiology of depression and

related complaints.

 

The first system is brain serotonin production and levels, responsible for a

wide variety of central nervous

system effects, including emotional equanimity, induction, maintenance and depth

of sleep, the regulation

and perception of pain, and our general level of satisfaction and happiness with

the world around us.

 

Prosera™ enhances serotonin levels in several ways. First, it contains 5-HTP,

the direct neurological

precursor to serotonin. Second, it contains a supplemental amount of vitamin B6,

which is a cofactor for 5-

HTP decarboxylation. Third, it contains a substantial quantity of St. John’s

Wort, which contains naturally

occurring enzyme inhibitors. Two of the enzymes inhibited by St. John’s Wort are

responsible for the

breakdown of serotonin.

 

The St. John’s Wort also contains an inhibitor of serotonin reuptake, which is

responsible for the recycling

of serotonin back into the “sending” cell. By inhibiting serotonin reuptake,

more serotonin is left in the

synaptic cleft between adjacent nerve cells, where it increases the serotonin

stimulation of the adjacent

“receiving” cell. Unlike serotonin uptake inhibiting drugs like Prozac, Zoloft

and Paxil, which cause

serotonin depletion by interfering with serotonin recycling, this formulation

does not cause serotonin

depletion. The 5-HTP in the formulation replenishes serotonin that is lost due

to recycling.

 

The Prosera™ formulation also contains a variety of methylation factors for

increasing the SAM cycle.

Methylation is important for DNA stability (which is why folic acid deficiency

causes birth defects) and

neurotransmitter biosynthesis (which is why methylation deficiencies can be

associated with depression).

And methylation is also important for healthy liver function.

 

The formula’s methylation donors include trimethylglycine (which is the amino

acid glycine, carrying three

methyl groups), choline (which also carries three methyl groups), and methionine

(the essential amino acid

from which SAM is made). It also contains the methylation catalysts folic acid

(folate) and cobalamin

(B12) which help transfer methyl groups from methyl donors to homocysteine to

regenerate methionine.

This is why the SAM pathway is called a cycle. Used SAM is broken down into

homocysteine, which is

then recycled back into methionine, and then to SAM again.

 

The third element, ATP (adenosine triphosphate), is also necessary to the SAM

cycle. ATP is the energy

currency of our metabolisms. It is this ATP binding that “activates” the methyl

group on methionine and

allows SAM to do its metabolic job. Magnesium chelates are also included in the

formulation to stabilize

ATP, as well as calcium, to facilitate optimum absorption and bioavailability of

the magnesium.

 

Finally, small amounts of B-vitamins are provided to facilitate ATP production

and folate recycling

pathways, and a small amount of N-acetylcysteine to enhance the bioavailability

of methionine.

 

If you suffer from any sort of depression, anxiety, mood swings, obsessive

behavior, trouble sleeping,

migraines, difficulty losing weight, or even any sort of general malaise, you

may want to consider trying

Prosera™. However, do not attempt to replace any prescription medications

without consulting your doctor

first.

 

It’s very possible that Prosera™ will provide you with marked relief from all

sorts of emotional malaise,

tension, and anxiety.

 

References

1. National Alliance for the Mentally Ill website: http://www.nami.org

2. Prozac Defense Hits Home, Boston Globe, 12/30/2000, page B4

3. U.S. National Library of Medicine website:

http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/fluoxetinesystemic202247.html

4. Prozac: Unsafe At Any Price, Arianna Huffington, www.ariannaonline.com

5. Prozac Revisited, Boston Globe, 5/7/2000

6. Emergence of Antidepressant Induced Suicidality, David Healy, Primary Care

Psychiatry 2000, vol. 6 No. 1

7. Getting Off Antidepressants, http://pssg.org/#Antidepressants

8. Prozac.org, Mother Jones Magazine, November, 1999

9. National Alliance for the Mentally Ill website: http://www.nami.org

10. 5-HTTP: The Natural Alternative To Prozac, by John Morgenthaler & Lane

Lenard, PhD http://www.hfn-usa.com/books/5htp/toc.html

11. Poldinger W, Calanchini B, Shwarz W. A functional-dimensional approach to

depression: serotonin deficiency as a target syndrome in a comparison of

5-hydroxytryptophan and fluvoxamine. Psychopathology. 1991;24:53-81

12. 5-HTTP: The Natural Alternative To Prozac, by John Morgenthaler & Lane

Lenard, PhD http://www.hfn-usa.com/books/5htp/toc.html

13. Poldinger W, Calanchini B, Shwarz W. A functional-dimensional approach to

depression: serotonin deficiency as a target syndrome in a comparison of

5-hydroxytryptophan and fluvoxamine. Psychopathology. 1991;24:53-81

14. Asberg M, Thoren P, Traskman L, et al. Serotonin depression: a biochemical

subgroup within affective disorders. Science. 1976;191:478-480.

15. Lloyd K, Farley L, Deck J, Hornykiewicz O. Serotonin and

5-hydroxy-indolaeacetic acid in discrete areas of the brainstem of suicide

victims and control patients. Adv Biochem Psychopharm. 1974;11:387-398.

16. Asberg M, Traskman L, Thoren P. 5-HIAA in the cerebrospinal fluid. A

biochemical suicide predictor? Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1976;33:1193-1197.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve & db=PubMed & list_uids=9\

71028 & dopt=Abstract

17. van Praag H. Biological suicide research: outcome and limitations. Biol

Psychiatry. 1986;21:1305-1323.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve & db=PubMed & list_uids=2\

428412 & dopt=Abstract

18. Popova N, Voitenko N, Kulikov A, Avgustinovich D. Evidence for the

involvement of central serotonin in mechanism of domestication of silver foxes.

Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 1991;40:751-756.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve & db=PubMed & list_uids=1\

816562 & dopt=Abstract

19. Higley J, Mehlman P, Higley S, et al. Excessive mortality in young

free-ranging male nonhuman primates with low cerebrospinal fluid

5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid concentrations. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1996;53:537-543.

20. Lidberg L, Tuck J, Asberg M, Scalia-Tomba G, Bertilsson L. Homicide, suicide

and CSF 5-HIAA. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1985;71:230-236.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve & db=PubMed & list_uids=2\

580421 & dopt=Abstract

21. Simeon D, Stanley B, Frances A, Mann J, Winchel R, Stanley M.

Self-mutilation in personality disorders: psychological and biological

correlates. Am J Psychiatry. 1992;149:221-226.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve & db=PubMed & list_uids=1\

734743 & dopt=Abstract

22. 5-HTTP: The Natural Alternative To Prozac, by John Morgenthaler & Lane

Lenard, PhD http://www.hfn-usa.com/books/5htp/toc.html

23. 5-HTTP: The Natural Alternative To Prozac, by John Morgenthaler & Lane

Lenard, PhD PhD http://www.hfn-usa.com/books/5htp/toc.html

24. SAMe: A Supplement for the 21st Century, by Hyla Cass, MD, Vitamin Products

Research Newsletter, June 2000.

25. SAMe: A Supplement for the 21st Century, by Hyla Cass, MD, Vitamin Products

Research Newsletter, June 2000.

26. Linde K, Ramirez G, Mulrow C, Pauls A, Weidenhammer W, Melchart D. St John's

wort for depression - an overview and meta-analysis of randomised clinical

trials, BMJ No. 7052 Volume 313 Saturday 3 August 1996.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve & db=PubMed & list_uids=8\

704532 & dopt=Abstract

27. Sano I. L-5-hydroxytryptophan (L-5-HTP) therapie. Folia Psychiat Neurol Jap.

1972;26:7.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve & db=PubMed & list_uids=4\

538204 & dopt=Abstract

28. Yaryura-Tobias J, Bhagavan H. L-tryptophan in obsessive-compulsive

disorders. Am J Psychiatry. 1977;134:1298-1299.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve & db=PubMed & list_uids=3\

33953 & dopt=Abstract

29. Kahn RS, Westenberg HGM. L-5-Hydroxytryptophan in the treatment of anxiety

disorders. J Affect Disord. 1985;8:197-200

30. Den Boer JA, Westenberg HGM. Behavioral, neuroendocrine, and biochemical

affects of 5-hydroxytryptophan administration in panic disorder. Psychiatry Res.

1990;31:267-278.

31. Titus F, Davalos A, Alom J, Codina A. 5-Hydroxytryptophan versus

methysergide in the prophylaxis of migraine. Randomized clinical trial. Eur

Neurol. 1986;25:327-329.

32. De Benedittis G, Massei R. 5-HT precursors in migraine prophylaxis: A

double-blind cross-over study with L-5-hydroxytryptophan versus placebo. Clin J

Pain. 1986;3:123-129.

33. Soulairac A, Lambinet H. Action du 5-hydroxytryptophane, precurseur de la

serotonine, sur les troubles du sommeil. Ann Med-Psychol. 1977;135:792-798.

34. Blundell J. Pharmacological approaches to appetite suppression. Trends

Pharmacol. 1991;12:147-157.

35. Cangiano C, CERI F, Casino A, et al. Eating behavior and adherence to

dietary prescriptions in obese subjects treated with 5-hydroxytryptophan. Am J

Clin Nut. 1992;56:863-868.

36. Caruso I, Sarzi Puttini P, Cazzola M, Azzolini V. Double-blind study of

5-hydroxytryptophan versus placebo in the treatment of primary fibromyalgia

syndrome. J Int Med Res. 1990;18:201-209.

37. Puttini P, Caruso I. Primary fibromyalgia syndrome and

5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan: a 90-day open study. J Int Med Res. 1992;20:182-189.

 

 

 

 

NEW WEB MESSAGE BOARDS - JOIN HERE.

Alternative Medicine Message Boards.Info

http://alternative-medicine-message-boards.info

 

 

 

The New with improved product search