Sodium Thiosulfate .... fish prosper and so do humans.

[Guest guest]

Just came in from my doctor friend in Brazil.

 

I provided him with the basic research and he has

written this article. Very benficial.

 

We need to know this kind of information that our " we

are from the govt. and we are here to help you " folks

are keeping from us.

 

Nancy E.V.

 

...........................................

Sodium Thiosulfate - March

29, 2007

 

Sodium Thiosulfate International Medical Veritas

Association

 

Sodium thiosulfate is used to remove heavy metals

from polluted streams. It maintains a dual role as a

potent antioxidant and chelator of calcium and other

toxic substances.

 

Sodium thiosulfate is an exciting natural medical

substance useful in a surprisingly broad range of

clinical situations.

 

Though normally used intravenously, orally and

transdermally it can and should be used for treating

tap, distilled and reverse osmosis water for water

detoxification, mineralization and other extended

health benefits.

 

It is extremely inexpensive, safe to use and widely

available. The EPA states, " Sodium thiosulfate has

been safely used for over 100 years as a

therapeutic agent; medical uses of sodium thiosulfate

have been well documented since 1895. " Sodium

thiosulfate is classified by the FDA as a

Direct Food Substance Affirmed as Generally Recognized

as Safe.

Sodium thiosulfate is a natural substance found in

hot,water springs. It is one of the secret

ingredients, which gives these springs their healing

power.

Intravenous sodium thiosulfate is currently used as an

antidote for the treatment of cyanide poisoning and

prevention of toxicities of cisplatin cancer

therapies. It is used as a food and medicinal

preservative and topically used as an antifungal

medication. The sulfur smell component of the hot

mineral springs is sodium thiosulfate.

Thiosulfate is unique; it reacts with free radicals

(oxygen) to form a sodium sulfate compound which

prevents the radicals from destroying or attacking

the cells. This is perhaps why the elderly like to

visit hot mineral springs.

Sodium thiosulfate may be effective in reducing some

chemically induced cancers.

Pet shops all know and sell sodium thiosulfate as a

de-chlorinator used in fish tanks to remove the

chlorine (and other halogen compounds) so the

toxicity of these chemicals do not kill the fish. One

can buy it in 1 kilo bags from a chemical supply

store.

We need very little of it and it is mixed 10% sodium

thiosulfate added with 90% water.

It can be used in our own drinking water to rid it of

cancer causing components. We need to be sure to

eliminate the chlorine from the water we drink and

bathe in. Chlorine in bath water is inhaled and

absorbed, especially from hot water.

This is important as chlorine is a deadly poison. It

can produce fatigue and tiredness after the bath.

Industrial chemist, J.P. Bercz, Ph.D., showed in 1992

that chlorinated water alters and destroys

unsaturated essential fatty acids (EFAs), the building

blocks of people's brains and central nervous systems.

The compound hypochlorite, created when chlorine mixes

with water, generates excess free radicals; these

oxidize EFAs, turning them rancid. Both chlorine and

fluoride inhibit the stomach's ability to produce HCl,

and impair the ability of

beneficial flora to grow in the gut.

While taking a warm shower or lounging in a hot tub

filled with chlorinated water one inhales chloroform.

Even worse, warm water opens the pores, causing the

skin to act like a sponge. One will absorb and inhale

more chlorine in a 10-minute shower than by drinking

eight glasses of the same water.

A window from the shower room open to the outdoors

removes chloroform from the shower room air, but to

prevent absorption of chlorine through the skin, a

shower-head that removes chlorine from shower water is

a must. In the bath water the solution of course

is sodium thiosulfate. Swimming pools, often with high

chlorine concentrations are also a danger, especially

for children who already have damaged or deficient

sulfate pathways.[ii]

Sodium thiosulfate (STS) is a calcium chelating agent

with antioxidant properties.

Dr. Carlos E. Araya

Figure 1. (A) Initial three-phase bone scan

demonstrating soft tissue accumulation in thighs,

distal femur, proximal tibia, and forearms. There is

intense uptake in the myocardium and early

accumulation in the lungs. (B) Three months

later, the calcium deposition in the thighs and

forearms is less significant. However, there still is

calcification in the heart, lungs, and

para-articular surfaces.

The beneficial effects of sodium thiosulfate (STS) are

thought to be due in part to its ability to enhance

the solubility of calcium deposits. STS has a small

molecular weight of 248 (Na2S2O3) and in

patients with normal renal function has a serum

half-life of 15 min. STS facilitates the mobilization

of calcium from vessels affected by calcium deposits.

Intravenous STS seems beneficial, has mild adverse

effects, and is well tolerated in children and young

adults.

STS dosage was 25 g/1.73 m2 per dose intravenously.

Dr. Carlos E. Araya

Dr. Carlos E. Araya et al[iii] successfully used this

relatively nontoxic substance, which been reported as

adjuvant treatment of several conditions involving

disorders of calcium homeostasis. Yatzidis described

its benefits by decreasing the rate of new kidney

stone development in 34 patients with recurrent

calcium urolithiasis.

Prompted by these excellent results, intravenous STS

was administered after hemodialysis to three patients

with ESRD and tumoral calcinosis for a period of 6 to

12 mo. Two of the patients had regression of the

calcified mass as well as improved motility of the

affected joints.

STS was given for a period of 9 yr to a patient with

nephrocalcinosis as a result of renal tubular acidosis

type 1. There was no further deterioration of his

condition, and the discontinuation of the medication

was accompanied by recurrence of renal colic.

Sodium thiosulfate may be tried to treat arsenic

poisoning. When used in combination with sodium

molybdate sodium thiosulfate may be useful for the

treatment of copper poisoning.[iv]

Presumably the sulfate moiety may react with and

chelate this and other heavy metals, allowing their

removal. It is also used to clean up environmental

mercury spills.[v]

Sodium thiosulfate is not only non-toxic it is life

giving. Just add a couple of drops of sodium

thiosulfate and fulvic to plants and they will grow

and bloom quickly and beautifully though one will

observe that fulvic acid alone doesn't work well

without the presence of sodium thiosulfate.[vi]

Interestingly this material from hot spring

waters acts like sea water in that both can have

dramatic life giving effects.

Traditional scientific thinking would have us believe

that after the tsunami-affected land in Indonesia's

Aceh province was flooded crops grown from the land

would be devastated by the salt water. But many

farmers shook off the shock of the catastrophe and

planted seeds and grew new crops. What farmers found

out was that the soil grew crops stronger and heavier

than anyone had seen in half a century of farming

there.

One positive from the disaster was the discovery that

sea water holds the secret to soil fertility. What we

need to understand is that it is the minerals in the

ocean that are the ultimate seasoning for soil, for

plants, animals and humans alike.[vii]

(Magnesium Oil thus is a great fertilizer for it is

condensed sea water with almost all the salt removed.)

The sea water turned out to be a great fertilizer.

We are looking at yields twice as high as last year.

Muhammad Yacob

Sodium thiosulfate (SOE-dee-um thye-oh-SUL-fate) may

be used to lessen some of the side effects of

cisplatin (a cancer medicine). Reporting in the July

issue of the Journal of Pharmacology and

Experimental Therapeutics, researchers with the

Portland U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs Medical

Center and Oregon Health Sciences University have

found that they can prevent or sharply reduce hearing

loss with sodium thiosulfate.

Dr. Ed Neuwelt reported, " When we used the drugs such

as sodium thiosulfate, it binds the platinum and

prevents the platinum from injuring the outer hair

cells. " Sodium thiosulfate is the first medicinal

substance shown to prevent chemotherapy-induced

hearing loss.

This is important for approximately a third to

one-half of cancer patients treated with the

platinum-based chemotherapy agent cisplatin develop

some

degree of communication difficulty due to hearing

loss.

Sodium thiosulfate does not affect the endocrine

system, except as a detoxifying agent of compounds

that have been shown to adversely affect the endocrine

system (i.e. chlorine and other reactant

species).

US EPA

It is also used with another medicine in the

emergency treatment of cyanide poisoning.[viii] Sodium

thiosulfate is a water soluble salt and reducing agent

that reacts with oxidizing agents. Although its exact

mechanism of action is unknown, thiosulfate likely

provides an exogenous source of sulfur, thereby

hastening the detoxification of

cyanide through the enzyme rhodanese (thiosulfate

cyanide sulfurtransferase) which converts cyanide to

the relatively nontoxic, excretable thiocyanate ion.

In addition, this agent neutralizes the reactive

alkylating species of nitrogen mustard, thereby

decreasing skin toxicity related to nitrogen mustard

extravasation.

Though it is not recognized in research sodium

thiosulfate may also be helpful with our joints and

rheumatism which also come under free radical attack.

This is not imagination since people with arthritis

and rheumatism do go for treatment in many high sulfur

(rich in sodium thiosulfate) springs for their cure.

This is why MSM is also effective against arthritis as

well, due to the sulfur content.

92% of autistic children seem to be wasting sulfate

in the urine; for blood plasma levels are typically

low and urinary levels are high. There is also an

abnormal cysteine to sulfate ratio.[ix]

Dr. Rosemary Waring

Sulfate is the most oxidized form of sulfur. It

doesn't need to be oxidized any more, so supplementing

or bathing in sulfate supplies what is lacking because

of the body's inability to oxidize the sulfur in

foods. This is especially important for autistic

children.[x]

Most children on the autism spectrum are very low in

sulfate and may be as low as 15 percent of the amount

in neurologically typical people.

People with low or no ability to convert compounds to

sulfate have problems handling environmental

chemicals, some medications, and even some chemicals

produced within the body.

They include people with other conditions such as

Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, rheumatoid

arthritis, and chemical sensitivities.[xi]

PST (phenol-sulfotransferase) is a Phase II[xii]

enzyme that detoxifies leftover hormones and a wide

variety of toxic molecules, such as phenols and amines

that are produced in the body (and even in the gut by

bacteria, yeast, and other fungi) as well as food dyes

and chemicals.

These reactions include the breakdown of bilirubin and

biliverdin, which are the breakdown products of

hemoglobin. There are many varieties of phenols. This

may indicate why children's intolerances vary. Sulfate

must be grabbed by any sulfotransferase before the

enzyme can attach it to something else.

If the PST enzyme activity is low, you can boost it

by increasing the amount of sulfate available to it.

The PST enzyme links an oxidized sulfur molecule (a

sulfate) to these various toxic substances to

solubilize them so the kidneys can

dispose of them. Obviously, if sulfate is low or

missing, this can't happen effectively.

Dr. Rosemary Waring's research shows that the lack of

sulfate is the primary problem in most autistic

children. Cysteine is the amino acid that should be

used to make sulfate, so it appears that the sulfate

is probably being utilized far faster than the

cysteine can be converted, leaving a deficit of

sulfate (sugar wastes it), or the cysteine is not

being metabolized to sulfate. [xiii]

Similar sulfate deficiencies have been reported in

people with migraine, rheumatoid arthritis, jaundice,

and other allergic conditions all of which are

anecdotally reported as common in the families of

people with autism.

People with the PST/low sulfation problem have

central nervous system problems from the toxic

amines.[xiv]

Dr. Rosemary Waring

Sulfate has a negative charge, and performs all sorts

of unique biological functions. As with Epsom salts

(magnesium and sulfate) the two elements sodium and

sulfate dissociate in solution. The sulfate

is absorbed into the body through the skin when one

takes a bath with it. Because the sulfur is already in

the sulfate form, it does not need to be converted

like other forms of sulfur do.

Sulfate is thought to circulate in the body up to

about nine hours. Any sulfate left on the

skin may continue to be absorbed as long as it is

still on the skin, offering continuous

'timed-released' input into the bloodstream - like

medications given through skin patches. Many mothers

use Epsom salt baths for their autistic children but

the magnesium is not as well absorbed for some reason

as it is with magnesium chloride. It is recommended

that magnesium chloride be used instead, and that

sodium thiosulfate be mixed in to supply the sulfate

so the kids get the best of both worlds.

The paradigm of autism is shifting from what was once

believed to be a heritable, incurable mental illness,

to an environmentally- triggered, and most

importantly, treatable medical disorder.[xv]

National Autism Association

Sodium thiosulphate results in the formation of

calcium thiosulphate in the urine, a compound with

much higher solubility than the other calcium salts

(phosphate, oxalate). Thus, sodium thiosulphate

could not only inhibit further nephrocalcinosis, but

in some degree it could contribute to decalcification

of renal parenchyma[xvi].

In addition, sodium thiosulphate could attenuate

toxicities from chemicals and metabolites due to its

ability to stabilize glutathione (GSH) levels in

various tissues, including brain, liver and kidney.

GSH plays an important role in host defense, since

it limits the action of oxygen free radicals and

protects cells from oxidative stress. In this regard,

sodium thiosulphate injection 1 h before, or 30 min

after, cisplatin infusion attenuated renal injury in

experimental animals.

Similarly sodium thiosulphate-associated protection

has been found after exposure to paraquat,

hypochlorous acid and other drugs and chemicals.[xvii]

In conclusion, oral supplementation of sodium

thiosulphate in addition to alkali and potassium in

the case of RTA-I seems to offer protection against

progression to nephrocalcinosis and to renal

failure.[xviii]

Sodium thiosulfate's topical antifungal activity is

probably due to its slow release of colloidal sulfur.

There are those who suspect that sodium thiosulfate

will neutralize the toxicity of vaccine poisons such

as ethyl mercury.[xix]

Sodium thiosulfates will convert chlorine

hypochlorites into safe sodium sulfate and sodium

chloride as a by product. When a little is applied to

our drinking water it is excellent in converting toxic

substances into harmless chemicals that can be easily

excreted by the urine. It protects the fish and it

will protect us.

Sodium thiosulfate may help with the absorption of

vitamins and minerals.

Sodium thiosulfate is emerging as a treatment for

calciphylaxis.[xx] It is capable of donating its two

unpaired electrons, is a scavenger of reactive oxygen

- nitrogen species, and may generate glutathione.

Additionally, it is an excellent chelator of calcium,

which is a problem in diabetes resulting in medial

vascular ossification - calcification.

The peripheral arteriolopathy associated with diabetes

and skin ulcerations are all too frequently

recalcitrant to standard therapy and result in untold

complications with eventual limb loss.

It is entirely possible that therapy with sodium

thiosulfate could promote healing of these ulcers and

prevent limb loss by accelerating healing of these

peripheral diabetic ulcers just as it has been so

helpful in the recent months in promoting healing of

the skin ulcerations associated with

calciphylaxis.[xxi]

Sodium thiosulfate can be applied to free radical

formations in heart disease and free radical formation

in our blood vessels.

In a case of a man on dialysis for 30 years, no

history of diabetes, non smoker who developed

peripheral arterial disease rendering him unable to

walk; with severe pain - ulcers on toes and fingers,

with toes developing into gangrene despite intensive

treatment including hyperbaric oxygen, doctors turned

to sodium thiosulfate.

Pain became so bad he was unable to sleep in supine

position. Intravenous sodium thiosulfate (20 g) was

used 3 times weekly. Within 4 - 5 days, the patient

experienced rapid and dramatic pain relief. The score

of the visual analogue pain scale improved from 10/10

- 2/10. The signs of ischemia, measured by

transcutaneous partial oxygen pressure and

thermography, improved significantly. During the

infusion of sodium thiosulfate, the patient complained

of nausea, vomiting and hyperosmia. These adverse

symptoms were resolved after discontinuation of the

infusion.

Pain relief was sustained and he could walk after 2

weeks of infusion. Our case supports the use of sodium

thiosulfate as a novel therapeutic choice for critical

limb ischemia with severe vascular calcification in

chronic

Hemodialysis patients.[xxii]

In vitro studies with sodium thiosulfate and LX-1

small-cell lung carcinoma cells found that sodium

thiosulfate concentrations of 10 mg/kg and above were

toxic to LX-1 cells, presumably due to high

osmolarity.

US EPA

Cicone et al. were the first to report the benefits

of STS in one peritoneal dialysis patient with

calcific uremic arteriolopathy (CUA), which is a rare

complication of end-stage renal disease in which

thrombosis occurs in calcified arteries, leading to

infarction and infection of the affected tissues.

They noted significant pain relief as well as

reduction in the size and the induration of the

subcutaneous plaques after a total of 8 months of

treatment.

In two patients with severe ulcerative lesions, the

use of STS was associated with reduction in pain,

reduced inflammation, and improved healing. One of the

patients received concomitant therapy with a

Continuous Veno Veno Hemodialysis (CVVH) machine in an

attempt to maintain a constant state of mild

hypocalcemia and optimize removal. The only noted

adverse effects during the treatment period in two of

the patients were mild nausea and vomiting and

metabolic acidosis.

Because of the rapid progression of symptoms, we

opted to use CVVH and STS in one of our patients. The

other two patients received STS after each

hemodialysis session. In our experience as well as

that of others, the most dramatic change was that of

pain relief. This relief was noted in all patients

within the first days after initiation of treatment.

The mechanism for pain relief has been hypothesized to

be due to the antioxidant properties of STS, which by

restoring endothelial function can enhance endothelial

nitric oxide production, promoting vasodilation and

reducing pain.

In our patients, the subcutaneous plaques, although

still present, were reduced in size and became softer

and less tender within weeks. Radiologic evidence of

decreased calcification also was noted. However, only

one of the patients had significant functional

improvement in the mobility of the affected areas.

A chemist in Thailand reported that injections of

sodium thiosulphate was proving beneficial to many

victims at the Carbide chemical disaster at Bhopal,

but Carbide's toxicologists put out a statement saying

that sodium thiosulphate should not be used.

The success of sodium thiosulphate probably would

have indicated cyanide poisoning (Hydrogen cyanide is

one of the by-products of the methyl-isocyanate

reaction that led to the disaster) and many people

assumed that the company feared the word 'cyanide'.

In fact methyl-isocyanate is 500 times more toxic than

hydrogen cyanide and the real reason for suppressing

the use of sodium thiosulphate was that its efficacy

proved Carbide's poisons had crossed the blood-brain

barrier, a fact which had far reaching medical

consequences and could have exposed the company to

huge compensation claims. As a result of the

discontinuation of sodium thiosulphate treatment,

countless lives were lost that could have been saved.

These deaths were in effect knowingly caused by the

company.[xxiii]

Sodium thiosulfate detoxifies the toxic chemical

waste dump in the liver.

The key about sodium thiosulfate is that it reacts

with oxidizing chemicals and neutralizes them so they

will pass out of your body.

It is also an effective agent to cleanse your liver by

detoxification. When sodium thiosulfate is applied to

tap water it offers the instant removal of chlorine

thus it is ideal for treating tap water as well as

distilled and reverse osmosis water.

It is best to try to make in small quantities like

one or two gallon of it first and see how it works. If

it doesn't taste bad you are probably ok with the

amount but if it doesn't taste that well you can

reduce the amount you put in. Initially mix sodium

thiosulfate one part powder to nine parts water. It is

best to assume the sodium thiosulfate is at 10%

concentration.

However most commercial products are 5% but it is best

to make your figures conservative and assume it to be

a 10% solution so you don't use too much of the sodium

thiosulfate.

Pharmaceutical companies do not want you to discover

that this chemical also cures a lot of human

conditions as it will lower sales of other more

expensive drugs.

One drop per 8 oz glass would work out to about 4

drops per liter. So that comes down to 4 drops per

liter or 16 drops per gallon but it is best to start

on the low side of 2 drops per liter or even less at

first. This is the minimum amount in which plant

growth, and hence possibly human health is affected.

For healthy people 4 to eight drops per gallon is

appropriate. People with serious illness will probably

want to find a doctor who can apply it intravenously.

Sodium thiosulfate is very inexpensive and is a

medical healing substance that no one can make much

money off of. Medical authorities can call it a drug

all they want but all you have to do is go down to

your local pet store and buy some.

One can buy sodium thiosulfate from a pharmaceutical

company by

prescription only for:

120 ml $19.99

360 ml $52.99

480 ml $70.66

600 ml $88.32

720 ml $105.98

Or:

1 LITER 9.00 10 percent solution

1 LITER 8.00 5 percent solution

500 Grams Crystal 7.00 2.5 KG Crystal 21.10 From

you chemical supply house.[xxv] Or Go to your local

pet shop

Topical Applications: Sodium thiosulfate is

present at 8% in lotion formulations to treat acne.

Other lotions, containing 25% sodium thiosulfate, are

used for treating ringworm, a fungal infection (Tinea)

and may be applied twice daily to affected and

susceptible skin for at least a week to many months

until complete control is achieved.

Dosing - The dose of sodium thiosulfate will be

different for different patients.

The standard dose of sodium thiosulfate for treatment

of cyanide poisoning in humans is an IV administration

of 50 milliliters (mL) of a 250 mg/mL (25%) solution.

Patients also have been administered 50 mL of a 50%

sodium thiosulfate solution without adverse effects.

Sodium thiosulfate administered IV at 150-200 mg/kg

over a period of 15 minutes, is part of the therapy to

treat suspected cyanide toxicity from administration

of sodium nitroprusside. The lethal dose of sodium

thiosulfate when given at intravenous doses to rats is

greater than 2.5

g/kg.

For use with cisplatin (a cancer medicine):

Adults and teenagers-The first dose, given just

before the cancer medicine, is usually 4 grams per

square meter of body surface area, injected into a

vein. The second dose is started at the same time as

the cancer medicine. It is usually 12 grams per square

meter of body surface area, injected into a vein over

a period of six hours.

For cyanide poisoning:

Adults and teenagers-The usual dose is 12.5 grams

injected into a vein at a rate of 0.625 to 1.25 grams

(2.5 to 5 milliliters [mL]) per minute. Children-The

usual dose is 412.5 milligrams (mg) per kilogram (kg)

(187 mg per pound) of body weight or 7 grams per

square meter of body surface area injected into a vein

at a rate of 0.625 to 1.25 grams (2.5 to 5 mL) per

minute.

Pharmacokinetics - Sodium thiosulfate is relatively

poorly absorbed from the GI tract. Patients only

absorbed 20-25% of the oral dose.

When administered intravenously, it is distributed in

the extracellular fluid and then rapidly excreted via

the urine. Sodium thiosulfate is known to be a strong

diuretic. Following IV administration of sodium

thiosulfate, peak thiosulfate concentrations were

obtained 5 minutes after injection. The half-life of

the distribution phase was 23 minutes while that of

the elimination phase was 182 minutes.

Contraindications/Precautions/Reproductive Safety -

There are no absolute contraindications to the use of

the drug. Safe use during pregnancy has not been

established; use when benefits outweigh the potential

risks.

Adverse Effects/Warnings - The drug is non-toxic.

Studies have shown that excess sodium thiosulfate

beyond endogenous levels of thiosulfate is rapidly

cleared from the body and there are no cumulative

effects.

According to the EPA, long term treatment of patients

with a variety of illnesses has shown that ingestion

of low levels of sodium thiosulfate is a non-toxic and

safe therapeutic agent.

A patient with renal tubular acidosis-I was treated

for 9 years with sodium thiosulfate, 15-20 mmol daily

(orally), to control nephrocalcinosis. During this

time period, there were no treatment-related adverse

effects, nephrocalcinosis did not worsen, and renal

function improved.

Large doses by mouth may cause profuse diarrhea.

Injectable forms should be given slowly IV. Use with

caution in conditions of high blood pressure, and in

conditions that cause fluid retention, such as liver

disease, heart failure, kidney disease or toxaemia of

pregnancy.

Allergies to sulfate may contradict use. Hamsters

receiving IP injections of sodium thiosulfate at 1,600

mg/kg every other day until five injections were

completed showed no ill effects from sodium

thiosulfate.

Along with its needed effects, a medicine may cause

some unwanted effects. Although not all of these side

effects may occur, if they do occur they may need

medical attention. Check with your doctor immediately

if any of the following side effects occur:

Symptoms of overdose

Agitation; blurred vision; hallucinations (seeing,

hearing, or feeling things that are not there); mental

changes; muscle cramps; nausea and vomiting; pain in

the joints; ringing in the ears.

Sodium Thiosulfate for Injection 25% (250 mg/ml) in

50 ml vials.

Long Term Use:

One patient, in addition to sodium bicarbonate and

potassium gluconate, received sodium thiosulphate for

18 years at a dose of 15-20 mmol daily from a 2 M

solution (10 mmol/5 ml). This therapy seemed to

prevent any further deposition of calcium and has been

associated with stable renal function for the past 2

decades.[xxiv]

Special Note for people who live in areas where they

are already using chloramines in public water

supplies.

One known method for the removal of chloramine from

water supplies is the reduction of chloramine by the

action of sodium thiosulfate. However, the ammonia

which is liberated from the reduction of the

chloramine cannot be bound by sodium thiosulfate.

The removal of ammonia is also of great importance to

aquarists and fish breeders since it is known that

ammonia is also a strong fish poison.

Therefore, when an agent such as sodium thiosulfate is

used to treat chloramine, there is also the additional

need to use an active agent such as zeolites to adsorb

the ammonia.

Heavy metals, on the other hand, can be bound by

thiosulfate ions to give thiosulfate complexes, their

toxicity thereby being reduced.[xxvi]