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Hazzards of Unfermented Soy Part 2

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Male infants undergo a " testosterone surge " during the first few

months

of life, when testosterone levels may be as high as those of an

adult

male. During this period, the infant is programmed to express male

characteristics after puberty, not only in the development of his

sexual

organs and other masculine physical traits, but also in setting

patterns

in the brain characteristic of male behavior.In monkeys, deficiency

of

male hormones impairs the development of spatial perception (which,

in

humans, is normally more acute in men than in women), of learning

ability and of visual discrimination tasks (such as would be

required

for reading).59 It goes without saying that future patterns of

sexual

orientation may also be influenced by the early hormonal

environment.

Male children exposed during gestation to diethylstilbestrol (DES),

a

synthetic estrogen that has effects on animals similar to those of

phytoestrogens from soy, had testes smaller than normal on

manturation.60Learning disabilities, especially in male children,

have

reached epidemic proportions. Soy infant feeding - which began in

earnest in the early 1970s - cannot be ignored as a probable cause

for

these tragic developments.As for girls, an alarming number are

entering

puberty much earlier than normal, according to a recent study

reported

in the journal Pediatrics.61 Investigators found that one per cent

of

all girls now show signs of puberty, such as breast development or

pubic

hair, before the age of three; by age eight, 14.7 per cent of white

girls and almost 50 per cent of African-American girls have one or

both

of these characteristics.New data indicate that environmental

estrogens

such as PCBs and DDE (a breakdown product of DDT) may cause early

sexual

development in girls.62 In the 1986 Puerto Rico Premature Thelarche

study, the most significant dietary association with premature

sexual

development was not chicken - as reported in the press - but soy

infant

formula.63The consequences of this truncated childhood are tragic.

Young

girls with mature bodies must cope with feelings and urges that most

children are not well-equipped to handle. And early maturation in

girls

is frequently a harbinger for problems with the reproductive system

later in life, including failure to menstruate, infertility and

breast

cancer.Parents who have contacted the Jameses recount other problems

associated with children of both sexes who were fed soy-based

formula,

including extreme emotional behavior, asthma, immune system

problems,

pituitary insufficiency, thyroid disorders and irritable bowel

syndrome

- the same endocrine and digestive havoc that afflicted the Jameses'

parrots.*

 

Dissension In The Ranks

 

*Organizers of the Third International Soy Symposium would be

hard-pressed to call the conference an unqualified success. On the

second day of the symposium, the London-based Food Commission and

the

Weston A. Price Foundation of Washington, DC, held a joint press

conference, in the same hotel as the symposium, to present concerns

about soy infant formula.Industry representatives sat stony-faced

through the recitation of potential dangers and a plea from

concerned

scientists and parents to pull soy-based infant formula from the

market.

Under pressure from the Jameses, the New Zealand Government had

issued a

health warning about soy infant formula in 1998; it was time for the

American government to do the same.On the last day of the symposium,

presentations on new findings related to toxicity sent a well-

oxygenated

chill through the giddy helium hype. Dr Lon White reported on a

study of

Japanese Americans living in Hawaii, that showed a significant

statistical relationship between two or more servings of tofu a week

and

" accelerated brain aging " .64 Those participants who consumed tofu in

mid-life had lower cognitive function in late life and a greater

incidence of Alzheimer's disease and dementia. " What's more, " said

Dr

White, " those who ate a lot of tofu, by the time they were 75 or 80

looked five years older " .65 White and his colleagues blamed the

negative

effects on isoflavones - a finding that supports an earlier study in

which postmenopausal women with higher levels of circulating

estrogen

experienced greater cognitive decline.66Scientists Daniel Sheehan

and

Daniel Doerge, from the National Center for Toxicological Research,

ruined PTI's day by presenting findings from rat feeding studies,

indicating that genistein in soy foods causes irreversible damage to

enzymes that synthesise thyroid hormones.67 " The association between

soybean consumption and goiter in animals and humans has a long

history, " wrote Dr Doerge. " Current evidence for the beneficial

effects

of soy requires a full understanding of potential adverse effects as

well. " Dr Claude Hughes reported that rats born to mothers that were

fed

genistein had decreased birth weights compared to controls, and

onset of

puberty occurred earlier in male offspring.68 His research suggested

that the effects observed in rats " ...will be at least somewhat

predictive of what occurs in humans.There is no reason to assume

that

there will be gross malformations of fetuses but there may be subtle

changes, such as neurobehavioral attributes, immune function and sex

hormone levels. " The results, he said, " could be nothing or could be

something of great concern...if mom is eating something that can act

like sex hormones, it is logical to wonder if that could change the

baby's development " .69A study of babies born to vegetarian mothers,

published in January 2000, indicated just what those changes in

baby's

development might be. Mothers who ate a vegetarian diet during

pregnancy

had a fivefold greater risk of delivering a boy with hypospadias, a

birth defect of the penis.70 The authors of the study suggested that

the

cause was greater exposure to phytoestrogens in soy foods popular

with

vegetarians.Problems with female offspring of vegetarian mothers are

more likely to show up later in life. While soy's estrogenic effect

is

less than that of diethylstilbestrol (DES), the dose is likely to be

higher because it's consumed as a food, not taken as a drug.

Daughters

of women who took DES during pregnancy suffered from infertility and

cancer when they reached their twenties.____________________________*

 

Question Marks Over GRAS Status

 

*Lurking in the background of industry hype for soy is the nagging

question of whether it's even legal to add soy protein isolate to

food.

All food additives not in common use prior to 1958, including casein

protein from milk, must have GRAS (Generally Recognized As Safe)

status.

In 1972, the Nixon administration directed a re-examination of

substances believed to be GRAS, in the light of any scientific

information then available.This re-examination included casein

protein

that became codified as GRAS in 1978. In 1974, the FDA obtained a

literature review of soy protein because, as soy protein had not

been

used in food until 1959 and was not even in common use in the early

1970s, it was not eligible to have its GRAS status grandfathered

under

the provisions of the Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act.71The scientific

literature up to 1974 recognized many antinutrients in factory-made

soy

protein, including trypsin inhibitors, phytic acid and genistein.

But

the FDA literature review dismissed discussion of adverse impacts,

with

the statement that it was important for " adequate processing " to

remove

them.Genistein could be removed with an alcohol wash, but it was an

expensive procedure that processors avoided. Later studies

determined

that trypsin inhibitor content could be removed only with long

periods

of heat and pressure, but the FDA has imposed no requirements for

manufacturers to do so.The FDA was more concerned with toxins formed

during processing, specifically nitrites and lysinoalanine.72 Even

at

low levels of consumption - averaging one-third of a gram per day at

the

time - the presence of these carcinogens was considered too great a

threat to public health to allow GRAS status.Soy protein did have

approval for use as a binder in cardboard boxes, and this approval

was

allowed to continue, as researchers considered that migration of

nitrites from the box into the food contents would be too small to

constitute a cancer risk. FDA officials called for safety

specifications

and monitoring procedures before granting of GRAS status for

food.These

were never performed. To this day, use of soy protein is codified as

GRAS only for this limited industrial use as a cardboard binder.

This

means that soy protein must be subject to premarket approval

procedures

each time manufacturers intend to use it as a food or add it to a

food.Soy protein was introduced into infant formula in the early

1960s.

It was a new product with no history of any use at all. As soy

protein

did not have GRAS status, premarket approval was required. This was

not

and still has not been granted. The key ingredient of soy infant

formula

is not recognized as safe.

 

*The Next Asbestos?

 

* " Against the backdrop of widespread praise...there is growing

suspicion

that soy - despite its undisputed benefits - may pose some health

hazards, " writes Marian Burros, a leading food writer for the New

York

Times. More than any other writer, Ms Burros's endorsement of a low-

fat,

largely vegetarian diet has herded Americans into supermarket aisles

featuring soy foods.Yet her January 26, 2000 article, " Doubts Cloud

Rosy

News on Soy " , contains the following alarming statement: " Not one of

the

18 scientists interviewed for this column was willing to say that

taking

isoflavones was risk free. " Ms Burros did not enumerate the risks,

nor

did she mention that the recommended 25 daily grams of soy protein

contain enough isoflavones to cause problems in sensitive

individuals,

but it was evident that the industry had recognized the need to

cover

itself.Because the industry is extremely exposed...contingency

lawyers

will soon discover that the number of potential plaintiffs can be

counted in the millions and the pockets are very, very deep. Juries

will

hear something like the following: " The industry has known for years

that soy contains many toxins.At first they told the public that the

toxins were removed by processing. When it became apparent that

processing could not get rid of them, they claimed that these

substances

were beneficial. Your government granted a health claim to a

substance

that is poisonous, and the industry lied to the public to sell more

soy. " The " industry " includes merchants, manufacturers, scientists,

publicists, bureaucrats, former bond financiers, food writers,

vitamin

companies and retail stores. Farmers will probably escape because

they

were duped like the rest of us. But they need to find something else

to

grow before the soy bubble bursts and the market collapses: grass-

fed

livestock, designer vegetables...or hemp to make paper for thousands

and

thousands of legal briefs.

 

Extracted from Nexus Magazine, Volume 7, Number 3 (April-May 2000)

About the Authors:

*Sally Fallon* is the author of Nourishing Traditions: The Cookbook

that

Challenges Politically Correct Nutrition and the Diet Dictocrats

(1999,

2nd edition, New Trends Publishing, tel +1 877 707 1776 or +1 219

268

2601) and President of the Weston A. Price Foundation, Washington,

DC

(www.WestonAPrice.org)*

 

Mary G. Enig, Ph.D.*, a nutritionist widely known for her research

on

the nutritional aspects of fats and oils, is a consultant,

clinician,

and the Director of the Nutritional Sciences Division of Enig

Associates, Inc., Silver Spring, Maryland. She received her PhD in

Nutritional Sciences from the University of Maryland, College Park

in

1984, taught a graduate course in nutrient-drug interactions for the

University's Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, and held a

Faculty Research Associateship from 1984 through 1991 with the

Lipids

Research Group in the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry. Dr.

Enig

is a Fellow of the American College of Nutrition, and a member of

the

American Institute of Nutrition. Her many years of experience as a

" bench chemist " in the analysis of food fats and oils, provides a

foundation for her active roles in food labeling and composition

issues

at the federal and state levels.Dr. Enig is a Consulting Editor to

the

" Journal of the American College of Nutrition " and formerly served

as a

Contributing Editor to " Clinical Nutrition. " She has published 14

scientific papers on the subject of food fats and oils, several

chapters

on nutrition for books, and presented over 35 scientific papers on

food

and nutrition topics. She is the President of the Maryland

Nutritionists

Association, past President of the Coalition of Nutritionists of

Maryland and was appointed by the Governor in 1986 to the Maryland

State

Advisory Council on Nutrition and served as the Chairman of the

Health

Subcommittee until the Council was disbanded in 1988.

 

 

 

COMMENT: Sally Fallon and Dr. Enig are to be highly commended for

this

much needed soy update. Together they have compiled the most

definitive

document to date on why one should avoid soy. This is a MAJOR work

and I

am hoping to promote it for the national media attention that it

deserves.

 

Another article on How Much Soy Asians Actually Eat

<http://www.mercola.com/2000/jan/9/truth_about_soy.htm>

 

http://www.mercola.com/2000/jan/9/truth_about_soy.htm

 

ENDNOTES:1. Program for the Third International Symposium on the

Role of

Soy in Preventing and Treating Chronic Disease, Sunday, October 31,

through Wednesday, November 3, 1999, Omni Shoreham Hotel,

Washington, DC.

2. Houghton, Dean, " Healthful Harvest " , The Furrow, January 2000,

pp. 10-13.

3. Coleman, Richard J., " Vegetable Protein - A Delayed Birth? "

Journal

of the American Oil Chemists' Society 52:238A, April 1975.

4. See www/unitedsoybean.org.

5. These are listed in www.soyonlineservice.co.nz.

6. Wall Street Journal, October 27, 1995.

7. Smith, James F., " Healthier tortillas could lead to healthier

Mexico " , Denver Post, August 22, 1999, p. 26A.

8. " Bakery says new loaf can help reduce hot flushes " , Reuters,

September 15, 1997.

9. " Beefing Up Burgers with Soy Products at School " , Nutrition Week,

Community Nutrition Institute, Washington, DC, June 5, 1998, p. 2.

10. Urquhart, John, " A Health Food Hits Big Time " , Wall Street

Journal,

August 3, 1999, p. B1

11. " Soyabean Milk Plant in Kenya " , Africa News Service, September

1998.

12. Simoons, Frederick J., Food in China: A Cultural and Historical

Inquiry, CRC Press, Boca Raton, 1991, p. 64.

13. Katz, Solomon H., " Food and Biocultural Evolution: A Model for

the

Investigation of Modern Nutritional Problems " , Nutritional

Anthropology,

Alan R. Liss Inc., 1987, p. 50.

14. Rackis, Joseph J. et al., " The USDA trypsin inhibitor study. I.

Background, objectives and procedural details " , Qualification of

Plant

Foods in Human Nutrition, vol. 35, 1985.

15. Van Rensburg et al., " Nutritional status of African populations

predisposed to esophageal cancer " , Nutrition and Cancer, vol. 4,

1983,

pp. 206-216; Moser, P.B. et al., " Copper, iron, zinc and selenium

dietary intake and status of Nepalese lactating women and their

breastfed infants " , American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 47:729-

734,

April 1988; Harland, B.F. et al., " Nutritional status and phytate:

zinc

and phytate X calcium: zinc dietary molar ratios of lacto-

ovovegetarian

Trappist monks: 10 years later " , Journal of the American Dietetic

Association 88:1562-1566, December 1988.

16. El Tiney, A.H., " Proximate Composition and Mineral and Phytate

Contents of Legumes Grown in Sudan " , Journal of Food Composition and

Analysis (1989) 2:6778.

17. Ologhobo, A.D. et al., " Distribution of phosphorus and phytate

in

some Nigerian varieties of legumes and some effects of processing " ,

Journal of Food Science 49(1):199-201, January/February 1984.

18. Sandstrom, B. et al., " Effect of protein level and protein

source on

zinc absorption in humans " , Journal of Nutrition 119(1):48-53,

January

1989; Tait, Susan et al., " The availability of minerals in food,

with

particular reference to iron " , Journal of Research in Society and

Health

103(2):74-77, April 1983.

19. Phytate reduction of zinc absorption has been demonstrated in

numerous studies. These results are summarised in Leviton, Richard,

Tofu, Tempeh, Miso and Other Soyfoods: The 'Food of the Future' -

How to

Enjoy Its Spectacular Health Benefits, Keats Publishing, Inc., New

Canaan, CT, USA, 1982, p. 1415.

20. Mellanby, Edward, " Experimental rickets: The effect of cereals

and

their interaction with other factors of diet and environment in

producing rickets " , Journal of the Medical Research Council 93:265,

March 1925; Wills, M.R. et al., " Phytic Acid and Nutritional Rickets

in

Immigrants " , The Lancet, April 8,1972, pp. 771-773.

21. Rackis et al., ibid.

22. Rackis et al., ibid., p. 232.

23. Wallace, G.M., " Studies on the Processing and Properties of

Soymilk " , Journal of Science and Food Agriculture 22:526-535,

October 1971.

24. Rackis, et al., ibid., p. 22; " Evaluation of the Health Aspects

of

Soy Protein Isolates as Food Ingredients " , prepared for FDA by Life

Sciences Research Office, Federation of American Societies for

Experimental Biology (9650 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20014), USA,

Contract No. FDA 223-75-2004, 1979.

25. See www/truthinlabeling.org.

26. Rackis, Joseph, J., " Biological and Physiological Factors in

Soybeans " , Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society 51:161A-

170A,

January 1974.

27. Rackis, Joseph J. et al., " The USDA trypsin inhibitor study " ,

ibid.

28. Torum, Benjamin, " Nutritional Quality of Soybean Protein

Isolates:

Studies in Children of Preschool Age " , in Soy Protein and Human

Nutrition, Harold L Wilcke et al. (eds), Academic Press, New York,

1979.

29. Zreik, Marwin, CCN, " The Great Soy Protein Awakening " , Total

Health

32(1), February 2000.

30. IEH Assessment on Phytoestrogens in the Human Diet, Final Report

to

the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, UK, November 1997,

p. 11.

31. Food Labeling: Health Claims: Soy Protein and Coronary Heart

Disease, Food and Drug Administration 21 CFR, Part 101 (Docket No.

98P-0683).

32. Sheegan, Daniel M. and Daniel R Doerge, Letter to Dockets

Management

Branch (HFA-305), February 18, 1999.

33. Anderson, James W. et al., " Meta-analysis of the Effects of Soy

Protein Intake on Serum Lipids " , New England Journal of Medicine

(1995)

333:(5):276-282.

34. Guy, Camille, " Doctors warned against magic, quackery " , New

Zealand

Herald, September 9, 1995, section 8, p. 5.

35. Sander, Kate and Hilary Wilson, " FDA approves new health claim

for

soy, but litte fallout expected for dairy " , Cheese Market News,

October

22, 1999, p. 24.

36. Enig, Mary G. and Sally Fallon, " The Oiling of America " , NEXUS

Magazine, December 1998-January 1999 and February-March 1999; also

available at www.WestonAPrice.org.

37. Natural Medicine News (L & H Vitamins, 32-33 47th Avenue, Long

Island City, NY 11101), USA, January/February 2000, p. 8.

38. Harras, Angela (ed.), Cancer Rates and Risks, National

Institutes of

Health, National Cancer Institute, 1996, 4th edition.

39. Searle, Charles E. (ed.), Chemical Carcinogens, ACS Monograph

173,

American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, 1976.

40. Nagata, C. et al., Journal of Nutrition (1998) 128:209-213.

41. Campbell, Colin T. et al., The Cornell Project in China.

42. Chang, K.C. (ed.), Food in Chinese Culture: Anthropological and

Historical Perspectives, New Haven, 1977.

43. Messina, Mark J. et al., " Soy Intake and Cancer Risk: A Review

of

the In Vitro and In Vivo Data " , Nutrition and Cancer (1994) 21

(2):113-131.

44. Rackis et al, " The USDA trypsin inhibitor study " , ibid.

45. Petrakis, N.L. et al., " Stimulatory influence of soy protein

isolate

on breast secretion in pre- and post-menopausal women " , Cancer Epid.

Bio. Prev. (1996) 5:785-794.

46. Dees, C. et al., " Dietary estrogens stimulate human breast cells

to

enter the cell cycle " , Environmental Health Perspectives (1997)

105(Suppl. 3):633-636.

47. Woodhams, D.J., " Phytoestrogens and parrots: The anatomy of an

investigation " , Proceedings of the Nutrition Society of New Zealand

(1995) 20:22-30.

48. Matrone, G. et al., " Effect of Genistin on Growth and

Development of

the Male Mouse " , Journal of Nutrition (1956) 235-240.

49. Ishizuki, Y. et al., " The effects on the thyroid gland of

soybeans

administered experimentally in healthy subjects " , Nippon Naibunpi

Gakkai

Zasshi (1991) 767:622-629.

50. Divi, R.L. et al., " Anti-thyroid isoflavones from the soybean " ,

Biochemical Pharmacology (1997) 54:1087-1096.

51. Cassidy, A. et al., " Biological Effects of a Diet of Soy Protein

Rich in Isoflavones on the Menstrual Cycle of Premenopausal Women " ,

American Journal of Clinical Nutrition (1994) 60:333-340.

52. Murphy, P.A., " Phytoestrogen Content of Processed Soybean

Foods " ,

Food Technology, January 1982, pp. 60-64.

53. Bulletin de L'Office Fédéral de la Santé Publique, no. 28, July

20,

1992.

54. Keung, W.M., " Dietary oestrogenic isoflavones are potent

inhibitors

of B-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase of P. testosteronii " , Biochemical

and

Biophysical Research Committee (1995) 215:1137-1144; Makela, S.I. et

al., " Estrogen-specific 12 B-hydroxysteroid oxidoreductase type 1

(E.C.

1.1.1.62) as a possible target for the action of phytoestrogens " ,

PSEBM

(1995) 208:51-59.

55. Setchell, K.D.R. et al., " Dietary oestrogens - a probable cause

of

infertility and liver disease in captive cheetahs " , Gastroenterology

(1987) 93:225-233; Leopald, A.S., " Phytoestrogens: Adverse effects

on

reproduction in California Quail, " Science (1976) 191:98-100; Drane,

H.M. et al., " Oestrogenic activity of soya-bean products " , Food,

Cosmetics and Technology (1980) 18:425-427; Kimura, S. et al.,

" Development of malignant goiter by defatted soybean with iodine-

free

diet in rats " , Gann. (1976) 67:763-765; Pelissero, C. et al.,

" Oestrogenic effect of dietary soybean meal on vitellogenesis in

cultured Siberian Sturgeon Acipenser baeri " , Gen. Comp. End. (1991)

83:447-457; Braden et al., " The oestrogenic activity and metabolism

of

certain isoflavones in sheep " , Australian J. Agricultural Research

(1967) 18:335-348.

56. Ginsburg, Jean and Giordana M. Prelevic, " Is there a proven

place

for phytoestrogens in the menopause? " , Climacteric (1999) 2:75-78.

57. Setchell, K.D. et al., " Isoflavone content of infant formulas

and

the metabolic fate of these early phytoestrogens in early life " ,

American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, December 1998 Supplement,

1453S-1461S.

58. Irvine, C. et al., " The Potential Adverse Effects of Soybean

Phytoestrogens in Infant Feeding " , New Zealand Medical Journal May

24,

1995, p. 318.

59. Hagger, C. and J. Bachevalier, " Visual habit formation in

3-month-old monkeys (Macaca mulatta): reversal of sex difference

following neonatal manipulations of androgen " , Behavior and Brain

Research (1991) 45:57-63.

60. Ross, R.K. et al., " Effect of in-utero exposure to

diethylstilbestrol on age at onset of puberty and on post-pubertal

hormone levels in boys " , Canadian Medical Association Journal

128(10):1197-8, May 15, 1983.

61. Herman-Giddens, Marcia E. et al., " Secondary Sexual

Characteristics

and Menses in Young Girls Seen in Office Practice: A Study from the

Pediatric Research in Office Settings Network " , Pediatrics

99(4):505-512, April 1997.

62. Rachel's Environment & Health Weekly 263, " The Wingspread

Statement " , Part 1, December 11, 1991; Colborn, Theo, Dianne

Dumanoski

and John Peterson Myers, Our Stolen Future, Little, Brown & Company,

London, 1996.

63. Freni-Titulaer, L.W., " Premature Thelarch in Puerto Rico: A

search

for environmental factors " , American Journal of Diseases of Children

140(12):1263-1267, December 1986.

64. White, Lon, " Association of High Midlife Tofu Consumption with

Accelerated Brain Aging " , Plenary Session #8: Cognitive Function,

The

Third International Soy Symposium, November 1999, Program, p. 26.

65. Altonn, Helen, " Too much tofu induces 'brain aging', study

shows " ,

Honolulu Star-Bulletin, November 19, 1999.

66. Journal of the American Geriatric Society (1998) 46:816-21.

67. Doerge, Daniel R., " Inactivation of Thyroid Peroxidase by

Genistein

and Daidzein in Vitro and in Vivo; Mechanism for Anti-Thyroid

Activity

of Soy " , presented at the November 1999 Soy Symposium in Washington,

DC,

National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, AR 72029, USA.

68. Hughes, Claude, Center for Women's Health and Department of

Obstetrics & Gynecology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles,

CA.

69. Soy Intake May Affect Fetus " , Reuters News Service, November 5,

1999.

70. " Vegetarian diet in pregnancy linked to birth defect " , BJU

International 85:107-113, January 2000.

71. FDA ref 72/104, Report FDABF GRAS - 258.

72. " Evaluation of the Health Aspects of Soy Protein Isolates as

Food

Ingredients " , prepared for FDA by Life Sciences Research Office,

Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology (FASEB)

(9650

Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20014, USA), Contract No, FDA 223-75-

2004,

1979.

--- End forwarded message ---

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