Cod Is Dead

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http://www.alternet.org/story.html?StoryID=16509

 

Cod Is Dead

 

Elizabeth Grossman, Grist Magazine

July 30, 2003Viewed on August 1, 2003

 

" It's a fire alarm, " says Richard Ellis about his new book, The Empty Ocean

(Island Press), which joins a chorus of recent publications documenting the

precipitous decline of world fisheries and the dire state of the marine

environment. That alarm should make you think long and hard about your lunchtime

tuna sandwich or the sashimi you order at your favorite Japanese restaurant.

 

Ellis, a research associate at the American Museum of Natural History in New

York, is the author of over a dozen books about marine life. From 1980 to 1990,

he was a member of the U.S. delegation to the International Whaling Commission,

and he is also a renowned painter of ocean life. " I've been working on this

subject for over 20 years, " Ellis says over a cup of coffee in Portland, Ore.,

" and we are entering a moment of serious peril as far as fish stocks are

concerned. "

 

In The Empty Ocean, Ellis recounts the historical eradication of entire marine

species, including Caribbean monk seals, Labrador ducks, and Steller's sea cow,

which was slaughtered to extinction in less than 30 years.

 

" Only recently have biologists come to understand the intricacies of fish

breeding, recruitment, and migration, and for many species the revelations have

come too late, " Ellis writes. Yet despite all we have learned about ecology and

biology, he says, we continue to decimate ocean species: " We have entered an era

in which the lesson of the sea cows has been ignored, usually in the name of

short-term profits. "

 

His assessment dovetails with the Pew Oceans Commission's report, America's

Living Oceans, released in May. According to the report, only 22 percent of

federally managed fish stocks are fished sustainably. At the same time, coastal

development, nutrient runoff, and other pollution sources are hastening the loss

of wetlands, estuaries, native aquatic plants, and coral reefs, all of which are

vital to nurturing marine species. Meanwhile, those same species are also

suffering from problems caused by invasive plants and animals, aquaculture, and

climate change. If we don't curtail these trends, says Ellis, " we face a dim

future. "

 

]Ellis's claims are also supported by an article published in the May 15, 2003

issue of Nature. There, scientists Ransom Meyers and Boris Worm show how

industrialized fishing of large predator fish in coastal regions has depleted

stocks by at least 80 percent, with potentially serious consequences for ocean

ecosystems worldwide. Recent research described by author and marine biologist

Carl Safina and others reveals that many of these fish depend on enormous

expanses of habitat that are adversely affected by fishing, land-use practices,

development, and industry.

 

Nor is it just our consumption of large fish (such as cod, swordfish, and tuna)

that threatens these species; it is also our depletion of their food sources.

Fisheries biologist Daniel Pauly calls this " fishing down the food chain. " That

chain, says Ellis, is actually more a web of interdependence; for example, when

California sea otters were hunted almost to extinction, their preferred food,

sea urchins, proliferated. The urchins in turn destroyed kelp beds, which once

provided habitat for numerous fish -- and thus the cycle of destruction and

alteration persists and magnifies.

 

Another factor increasing the pace of " fishing down the food chain " is

aquaculture, or fish-farming. According to Ellis, fish-farming tripled in volume

between 1990 and 2000, with the result that aquaculture currently accounts for

over 25 percent of all fish eaten by humans. Among the problems with aquaculture

is that most carnivorous farmed fish are fed fishmeal, which is made from wild

ocean species. Other industries are gobbling up vast quantities of wild fish as

well. The poultry, pork, cattle, sheep, and pet food industries consume enormous

amounts of fishmeal. Ellis notes that the chicken industry is the largest

industrial user of meal made from menhaden, an Atlantic coastal fish that is

also used to produce cooking and food-processing oils. Menhaden numbers have

dropped 60 percent in the past four decades.

 

Among the other species whose fate Ellis describes are cod, salmon, sea turtles,

sharks, whales, sea lions, seals, rockfish, and tuna. Since 1980, stocks of

bluefin tuna have fallen by 80 percent in the European Atlantic and by 50

percent on the U.S. side. While those fisheries are now tightly managed, a

" loophole big enough to drive a factory ship through has been discovered in the

regulations governing Mediterranean bluefin tuna fishing " : Although numbers of

those fish legally caught by net or harpoon are strictly limited, there are no

restrictions on the number of bluefin that can be caught and kept in what are

called " post-harvesting pens, " where they are fattened up before slaughter.

 

Although you could find much of the information contained in The Empty Ocean in

environmental reports or scientific journals, Ellis' poignant narrative provides

a thorough and readable overview of the damage inflicted on ocean ecosystems by

global pollution and industrial fishing practices. While Ellis is an expert in

the field and has visited nearly every place that figures in the book, The Empty

Ocean is not built around his own fieldwork, nor does it offer much in the way

of scenic detail; but it is evocative nonetheless, thanks to his careful

interweaving of historical accounts and marine biology. As he makes abundantly

clear, unless urgent action is taken, we are facing a tragedy -- one in which

far too many of us are complicit.

 

" There is no great mystery about what happened to the codfish of the North

Atlantic, " writes Ellis. " The fishermen caught them, and the rest of us ate

them. "

 

So what do we do now?

 

" I wish we could turn the clock back, " says Ellis. Barring that, he says, we

must take steps to protect and restore what's left. " Marine reserves that

incorporate no-take zones, which means no fishing by anybody, " are essential to

stemming the decline of world fisheries, " he writes. But, he adds, " even

penicillin won't work if you don't take it. " How, then, to ensure that marine

ecosystems get the protection they need? " We have to keep this going, " says

Ellis of the current barrage of books, articles, reports, and editorials

detailing the plight of the oceans. Otherwise, he says, " the only way these

lessons will get driven home, is when fish is no longer on the menu. "

 

Elizabeth Grossman is the author of " Watershed: The Undamming of America " and

" Adventuring Along the Lewis and Clark Trail. "

 

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