THE YIN AND YANG OF HIV

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THE YIN AND YANG OF HIV

A Great Future Behind It

By Valendar Turner & Andrew McIntyre

 

Jan. 1999

 

 

SUMMARY

 

The notion that HIV/AIDS is infectious and sexually transmitted is based on a

relationship between antibodies claimed specifically induced by a retrovirus HIV

and particular diseases in certain risk groups. However, the HIV theory has been

challenged for well over a decade in many scientific publications, principally

by Peter Duesberg from the USA and Eleni Papadopulos-Eleopulos and her

colleagues in Australia. Failure of HIV/AIDS to spread beyond the original risk

groups, and particularly to Western heterosexuals, especially non-drug using

prostitutes, signals that the HIV theory of AIDS is in need of urgent

reappraisal. This has serious implications for both the way science has been

conducted and public health policy and planning. The HIV theory has cost

billions of dollars and locked in enormous amount of energy in research by

thousands of scientists worldwide. So far, it has yet to save a single life.

There is an urgent need to establish a truly independent, and distinguished

international committee to review the current theories and those that challenge

them. There needs to be a co-operative but urgent reassessment of AIDS.

 

 

A theory is a good theory if it satisfies two requirements: It must accurately

describe a large class of observations on the basis of a model that contains

only a few arbitrary elements, and it must make definite predictions about the

results of future observations.

-- Stephen Hawking

 

 

A BRIEF HISTORY

 

A Nobel Laureate stirs the waters

 

In 1988 Dr. Kary Mullis, the 1993 Nobel prize winner for Chemistry was employed

by the US National Institutes for Health (NIH) to set up analyses for HIV

testing. When preparing his report he asked a virologist colleague for a

reference that HIV is " the probable cause of AIDS " . He was told he did not need

one. Mullis was surprised.(1)

" I disagreed. It was totally remarkable to me that the individual who had

discovered the cause of a deadly and as-yet-uncured disease would not be

continually referenced in the scientific papers until that disease was cured and

forgotten… There had to be a published paper, or perhaps several of them, which

taken together indicated that HIV was the probable cause of AIDS " . Otherwise, as

Mullis was forced to conclude, " The entire campaign against a disease

increasingly regarded as the twentieth-century Black Death was based on a

hypothesis whose origins no one could recall. That defied both scientific and

common sense " .

A decade later Mullis was to write, " I finally understood why I was having so

much trouble finding the references that linked HIV to AIDS. There weren’t

any " .(2) Indeed, an interested non-specialist observer, armed with a few

contacts and a good library, merely has to scratch the surface to realise that

the HIV theory of AIDS begs many more questions than it answers.(1-63 *)

 

The beginnings of AIDS

 

The few years leading up to the AIDS era and the discovery of HIV are

illuminating. It was a time when a promiscuous minority of young, " liberated " ,

gay men in a few large American cities were increasingly developing previously

uncommon diseases such as fatal forms of the malignancy Kaposis' sarcoma and a

fungal pneumonia known as PCP. At the time, whilst it was reasonable to

implicate an infectious microbe transmitted by rampant, indiscriminant sexual

practices interspersed with needle sharing drug taking, the fact that immune

suppression had multiple causes was also known in 1981. Some considered the

diseases resulted from multiple assaults to bodily functions caused by the many

and varied diseases, toxins and treatments that accompanied the gay and drug

taking lifestyle that had evolved during the late 1970s.

 

Just how extensive these multiple assaults were was indicated by the English

journalist Neville Hodgkinson documenting the range of infections of just one

homosexual, the late Michael Callen in his book " AIDS The failure of

contemporary science: How a virus that never was deceived the world " .(29)

" Non-specific urethritis, hepatitis A, more NSU and gonorrhoea, amoebas

[intestinal parasites]-and hepatitis B, more NSU and gonorrhoea, more amoebas,

shigella, non-A, non-B hepatitis, giardia, anal fissures, syphilis, more

gonorrhoea [penile, anal and oral], gonorrhoea, shigella twice, more amoebas,

herpes simplex types I and II; venereal warts, salmonella; chlamydia;

cytomegalovirus (CMV); Epstein-Barr virus (EBV); mononucleosis and

cryptosporidiosis " , ( " a disease of cattle! " ). Indeed, an early US Centers for

Disease Control (CDC) study confirmed that the first 100 men with AIDS had a

median lifetime number of 1120 sex partners.(30) As Callen himself put it, " I

got some combination of

venereal diseases EACH AND EVERY TIME I had sex " . Not surprisingly, given the

widespread belief of a causal relationship between immunity and the maintenance

of health, in 1981 the " new " disease became known as Gay Related Immune

Deficiency (GRID). In fact none of the diseases was new. Some were known to

occur in drug addicts and haemophiliacs long before the AIDS era. What was " new "

was their exponentially escalating prevalence in gay men.

 

Technology and Virology

 

Coincidental with the beginning of the AIDS era a technique was developed to

classify and count the different types of lymphocyte white blood cells. It was

noticed that some AIDS patients had diminished numbers of the so called T4

" helper " cell subtype and, despite lack of proof, the cells were assumed to be

dying at the behest of an agent selectively targeting them. This became the

" hallmark " of AIDS as well forming a measure of the amount of immune deficiency.

In turn, this " immune deficiency " , (the " AID " in AIDS) caused the diseases (the

" S " in AIDS) that constitute the clinical syndrome. The perceptions that T4

cells were dying and AIDS was infectious led to the theory that AIDS is caused

by a microbial organism.

 

Five years prior to the AIDS era a few laboratories around the world were

drawing towards the end of a fruitless search to prove a viral cause for human

cancers. During the 1970s, Dr. Robert Gallo, the central figure as

" co-discoverer " of the AIDS virus, and his colleagues, claimed to have

discovered three human retroviruses. (The name ‘retroviruses’ arises because of

the copying of the RNA which forms the viral " genes " [the genome] " backwards "

into DNA, a direction contrary to that long considered universal, that is, from

DNA into RNA). In 1975 the first human retrovirus, HL23V, was proposed to cause

human leukaemia but by 1980 was considered an embarrassing mistake, in fact not

to have ever existed. Of the remaining two, one was postulated to cause a

specific though rare form of adult leukaemia and the second is still without a

disease. What is significant is that the latter two retroviruses are said to

exhibit a liking for T4 lymphocytes. This led Donald Francis and Gallo and

others to propose that an existing or closely related retrovirus was the agent

responsible for killing the T4 cells in AIDS patients. When researchers actively

sought and then discovered the same diseases in individuals who were not gay,

retroviruses, as well as retrovirologists, received renewed interest and GRID

became AIDS.

 

First proclamations

 

In May 1983 Professor Luc Montagnier and his colleagues at the Pasteur Institute

of Paris published a paper in Science entitled, " Isolation of a T-Lymphotrophic

Retrovirus from a patient at Risk for Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome

(AIDS).(64) It is important to note that the first word in this paper,

‘Isolation’, serves as a signal that the researcher is claiming proof for the

existence of a new virus. In the interests of science, on several occasions,

Montagnier sent samples of his tissue cultures to the Gallo laboratory in

America with the express understanding these " could be used for biomedical,

biological and molecular biological studies " .(65) However, Montagnier did not

claim to have proven his virus was the cause of AIDS and the French discovery

lay on the table until May 1984 when Gallo and Popovic and their colleagues

(66-69) published four papers also in Science. On the 23rd of April 1984, at a

Washington press conference held two weeks before the papers were published,

Margaret Heckler, Secretary for Health and Human Services, announced that Gallo

and his co-workers had discovered the " probable " cause of AIDS and had developed

a sensitive blood test to detect the virus in the body. A curative vaccine was

predicted within two years. Inexplicably, causation was proclaimed merely by

association and despite " isolation " of HIV in only 26 of Gallo’s 72 (36%) AIDS

patients, or barely a third. (The frequency of " isolation " is no better

today.(70)).

 

In 1985 the Pasteur Institute alleged that Gallo had misappropriated their

virus. The ensuing conflict, which eventually reached the American courts, was

settled by a negotiated agreement signed in 1987 by Gallo and Montagnier as

" co-discoverers " , and US President Reagan and French Premier Chirac.

Nevertheless, the matter drew the attention of John Crewdson, an investigative

journalist, and US Senator John Dingell. In November 1989, Crewdson published a

lengthy article in the Chicago Tribune newspaper, which provoked an internal NIH

enquiry into suspect data from Gallo's laboratory. A draft report of the formal

investigation written by NIH Office of Scientific Integrity (OSI), was published

in September 1991, in which the principal author Mikulas Popovic was accused " of

misconduct for misstatements and inaccuracies " that appeared in the first

Science paper, and that Gallo, as laboratory chief, " created and fostered

conditions that give rise to falsified/ fabricated data and falsified

reports " . The final draft report of the OSI, completed in January 1992, was

immediately criticised and was followed by a review of the OSI report by the

Office of Research Integrity (ORI), which found Gallo guilty of scientific

misconduct. However, despite the long and costly investigation, the OSI

concluded that Gallo's research " does not negate the central findings of the

[1984] Science paper " . According to Eleopulos and her colleagues, regardless of

the material uncovered by the OSI, Gallo's data, which still remains the best of

its kind, does not prove the existence of HIV and even if it did, nowhere in the

papers is their proof that HIV causes AIDS.(16,21)

 

Peter Duesberg

 

In December 1987, three and a half years after the Washington press conference,

Professor Peter Duesberg, virologist and molecular biologist at the University

of Berkeley, California, published an invited paper entitled " Retroviruses as

Pathogens: Expectations and Reality " .(3) Duesberg was a much fêted scientist,

considered to be " the golden boy of virology " and " the greatest living

retrovirologist " . He had developed many of the laboratory techniques for

studying retroviruses and their genetic make up, had discovered cancer causing

genes, and was recipient of a $US350,000 " outstanding investigator " award from

the NIH. But Duesberg dropped a bombshell. He asserted that, apart from the

relative few cancer causing retroviruses, the majority are virtually harmless.

Duesberg argued that HIV is neutralised by antibodies shortly after infection

and thus antibodies signal its containment. He also pointed to data proving that

well, sick or dying from AIDS, HIV positive individuals contain

insufficient amounts of HIV to do harm. Even if HIV were to kill all the T4

cells it had infected every 1-2 days, the amount of T4 cells needing replacing

approximated the amount of blood shed by a man cutting himself shaving.

 

For the protagonists, the low " viral burden " , that is, the amount of " HIV DNA "

in cells, was a fact that no one, not even Gallo, could satisfactorily reconcile

with an immune destroying pathogen killing gay men within a year or two of

diagnosis. However, rather than addressing this as a scientific problem

warranting dialogue with someone known to have considerable knowledge of the

subject, Duesberg's questions antagonised Gallo to the point where he refused to

discuss the matter. Meetings convened to deal with the uncomfortable

implications of Duesberg's paper were suddenly cancelled at the highest level.

 

In 1989 Duesberg presented further argument.(4) HIV does not fulfil the

postulates nineteenth century bacteriologist Robert Koch had developed to prove

a microbe causes a disease. These four postulates are one, that the organism

must be present in all cases of the disease; two, that it must be grown and then

isolated in pure culture from the cells of individuals with the disease; three,

that it must reproduce the disease when introduced into a susceptible host or

experimental animals and four, that from whence it must once again be recovered.

 

According to Duesberg " From every angle, HIV fails Koch’s first postulate " .(1)

The second postulate was fulfilled but only by subjecting cells to drastic

chemical manipulation that did not approach conditions in vivo. Eleopulos has

argued how basic retrovirology has long shown that oxidation which prevails in

HIV/AIDS patients and their cell cultures creates internal (endogenous)

retroviruses in cells whose DNA was not previously infected from the outside

(12,14,15,71,72) (One percent of human DNA, that is, an amount 3000 times larger

than " HIV " DNA, is made up of endogenous retroviral DNA(73)). The third

postulate failed because, " During the past decade, more than four hundred

thousand AIDS patients have been treated and investigated by a system of five

million medical workers and AIDS researchers, none of whom have been vaccinated

against HIV… But ten years later there is not even one case in the scientific

literature of a health worker who ever contracted presumably infectious

AIDS from a patient… AIDS is not infectious " . Similarly, " nine years after the

NIH first started infecting chimpanzees with HIV-over 150 so far at a cost of

$40,000-50,000 apiece " , all " are still healthy " .(5 **)

 

In 1992, Duesberg shifted focus from HIV to argue that " AIDS [is] acquired by

drug consumption and other noncontagious risk factors " .(5) Apart from illicit

and recreational drugs, Duesberg’s list included the first " anti-retroviral "

compound zidovudine (AZT). In other words, a specific treatment for HIV

infection was a cause of AIDS. Duesberg continued to regard HIV bona fide but an

inert, harmless " passenger " virus linked to AIDS only through the kinds of

activity associated with drug taking (including prescribed drugs). Duesberg,

like others before him, pointed to the epidemiological data revealing a 50 fold

difference in the AIDS " attack rate " between various groups of HIV positive

individuals, as well as the proclivity of certain AIDS diseases for particular

risk groups. Thus 50% of HIV positive blood transfusion recipients develop AIDS

within one year (but so do 50% of HIV negatives) compared to 1% of

haemophiliacs. Kaposis’ sarcoma was to all intents and purposes, confined to

gay men.(5,13,74)). Thus, even if HIV were necessary to cause AIDS, it could

not be the only factor. However, accretion of " co-factors " to the HIV theory

rendered the significance of any particular factor problematic. It was possible

to argue that HIV may be only a minor factor or, at least in Eleopulos' and

Duesberg's minds, not a factor. Apparently the role of HIV was also a problem

for Montagnier. Although he wrote in Nature in December 1984, " all available

data are consistent with the virus being the causative agent of AIDS " ,(75) in

1985 he expressed an opinion impossible to reconcile with the HIV theory. " This

syndrome occurs in a minority of infected persons, who generally have in common

a past of antigenic stimulation and of immune depression before LAV [HIV]

infection " ,(76) that is, cause after effect (italics ours). One must surmise

that within a year, the discoverer of HIV was already hedging his bets. His

recent interview with the investigative journalist Djamel Tahi (61)

(see below), fuels such speculation.

 

Eleni Papadopulos-Eleopulos and the Perth group

 

Eleopulos’ AIDS research began in 1981. In May 1986 she submitted for

publication a paper which refuted every step in the HIV theory, including HIV

itself. She also proposed an alternative, non-viral theory (of which

" Duesberg’s " " Drugs/AIDS hypothesis " is a subset), and predicated non-toxic and

relatively inexpensive treatments.

 

Her theory was based on a general theory of cellular functioning she had

formulated in the 1970s as a basis for unraveling the genesis and improving the

treatment of cancer, and to offer fresh insights into the pathogenesis of

cardiovascular diseases and aging. Eleopulos postulates that normal cellular

functioning is determined by the level and oscillations of cellular redox (23)

(oxidation and its chemical opposite, reduction). In her view, when oxidation is

prolonged or excessive, cells become abnormal, injured and susceptible to

diseases. Eleopulos had noticed a link between the risk groups. Gay men, drug

users and haemophiliacs are exposed to chemical stressors in the form of semen,

nitrites, illicit drugs and factor VIII (the blood clotting protein missing from

and administered to haemophiliacs). There is abundant evidence that these

substances are potent cellular oxidants.(12) In Eleopulos’ view, oxidative

stress produces low T4 cells and AIDS, as well as the phenomena inferred

as proof for the existence of HIV.

 

The ready acceptance of the Montagnier/Gallo 1983/84 Science papers posed

enormous difficulties for Eleopulos having her work published. Thus " Reappraisal

of AIDS: Is the oxidation caused by the risk factors the primary cause? " was

twice rejected by Nature eventually finding light of day in Medical Hypotheses

twelve months after Duesberg.(12) However, the editor of this journal also

rejected the paper, only recanting after Eleopulos worked for several months to

convince him that equatorial Africa was not in the grip of an epidemic of

sexually transmitted immunodeficiency and thus not in breach of her

theory.(11,24,63,77)

 

To paraphrase the theoretical physicist Stephen Hawking, wrong predictions

affirm bad theories, correct predictions make them powerful. The HIV theory

requires that HIV causes all the AIDS defining diseases and predicts that

HIV/AIDS will become a global epidemic via the oldest and most unstoppable of

all human activities. However, Kaposis’ sarcoma, one of the two diseases for

which the HIV theory was proposed, is no longer attributed either directly or

indirectly (via AID), to HIV.(12,13,54,74,78 §) In the OECD countries the

prediction of a sexual pandemic fails completely. For example, as of the

beginning of 1998, 93% of the cumulative deaths from AIDS in Australia occurred

in the original risk groups, that is, gay/bisexual men, drug addicts and

haemophiliacs. This observation fits the classic demographic profile of

non-infectious diseases such as pellagra, beriberi and scurvy which also remain

confined to their risk groups. All are caused by vitamin deficiencies but in the

past

were regarded infectious and sufferers shunned and quarantined. The HIV

protagonists also predicted a curative vaccine by the end of 1986 and an animal

model to prove the HIV theory beyond all doubt. Neither prediction has been

fulfilled. A vaccine is not envisaged before the turn of the century and animals

given " HIV " do not develop AIDS.

 

On the other hand, the Eleopulos oxidative stress theory predicts the current

demographic data, an apparent loss of T4 cells, the risk of passive anal

intercourse in both sexes, HIV positive and AIDS patients being oxidised

relative to normal individuals, the ameriolation of HIV/AIDS by the use of

antioxidants and a non-infectious animal model. Everyone of these predictions

has materialised. Oxidative stress is well established by hundreds of

papers,(14,62,79-81) so much so that in the early 1990s the Pasteur Institute

was advertising international scholarships to study the phenomenon. In fact this

year Luc Montagnier is the principal editor of a 558 page book devoted to

oxidative stress in cancer, aging and AIDS.(82)

 

The Eleopulos theory predicts that a decline in T4 cells can occur without

cellular death. In fact, according to the Perth group, there is no evidence to

support the notion that T4 cells are dead, or that " HIV " kills such cells. In T4

cell cultures, the same number T4 cells " disappear " regardless of whether one

adds " HIV " or merely the chemical stimulants obligatory to " grow " the " HIV " .(83)

Neither is there proof that low numbers of T4 cells are either necessary or

sufficient to produce the clinical syndrome.(9,12,14) This is a view recently

expressed by leading HIV/AIDS scientists such as Dr. Arthur Anderson from the US

Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Disease (84) and Dr. Zvi Grossman

at the University of Tel Aviv.85

 

In other words, the central tenet of the HIV theory, virus induced killing of

immune cells leading to AIDS, is now being questioned by HIV/AIDS experts

themselves. Nonetheless, and despite so much evidence to the contrary, the

orthodox view remains entrenched. In fact, since 1993 the low numbers of T4

cells has been enshrined in the 1993 CDC AIDS definition whereby AIDS can be

diagnosed without a disease. Just as " co-factors " were proposed to rescue the

HIV theory in the mid 1980s, in July 1998 Chen and colleagues from the UCLA AIDS

Institute, School of Medicine, Los Angeles reported evidence that " naturally

noninfectious virus " or virus or " rendered defective " by " anti-HIV " drugs, could

still contribute to the loss of T4 cells throughout the course of HIV

disease.(86) In other words, " alive " or " dead " , HIV causes immune deficiency.

Such a proposal does not auger well for the use or continued development of

" anti-HIV " drugs.

 

Consistent also with the Eleopulos oxidatives stress theory is the direct

relationship between high frequencies of passive anal intercourse and the

development of AIDS, as well as the fact that the only animal model of AIDS is

non-infectious. Mice repeatedly injected with foreign cellular proteins develop

a dramatic depletion of T4 cells, Kaposi's sarcoma-like tumors and " abundant "

retroviral-like particles appear in their spleens.(87) Thus AIDS diseases are

followed by the production of retroviral-like particles and not the other way

around.

 

The demise of scientific democracy

 

The longevity of the HIV theory has been considerably boosted by the virtual

refusal of editors of leading medical journals to publish any material which

takes HIV to task. Without these data, and the stamp of approval engendered by

such publication, it is almost impossible for the debate to reach the ears of

those who matter the most, clinicians and their patients. Like generals

directing wars, the remoteness of editors begets an objectivity which, while

essential to clear thinking, militates against an appreciation of the profound

responsibilities editors hold at the bedside. Ultimately, although the HIV

theory is manifoldly problematic, physicians, patients, relatives, politicians,

journalists and the tax paying public are systematically denied knowledge of its

existence and substance. Not only is there is a total absence anywhere of a

disinterested, adjudicated debate, individuals whose only motivation is to

contribute to solving a disease claimed to afflict millions of people,

find themselves censored. For example, the editor of the world’s most

prestigious journal, Nature, denied Duesberg the right of reply on issues he

raised because his views give " many infected people the belief that HIV

infection is not in itself the calamity it is likely to prove " .(29) Yet, in a

recent edition of the same journal, but in another context, there is a claim

that " the voice of sceptics may grow tiresome, but the mainstream is in trouble

if it cannot win a public debate with them " . Officials at the Berlin 10th

International AIDS Conference confiscated Dutch AIDS analyst Robert Laarhoven's

press pass and threatened him with expulsion from Germany for " criminal

trespass " because he placed copies of the dissident journal Rethinking AIDS on

an " unauthorised " table. Nature has repeatedly rejected every paper and letter

submitted by Eleopulos and her colleagues since 1986 without providing any

scientific reasons and invariably citing space constraints in the journal.

Professor

John Kaldor, one of Australia's foremost " established experts " on AIDS admits

that dissidents " intersperse their cases with grains of fact " .(88) However,

because of Kaldor and colleagues’ " strong instinct not to dignify the sceptics'

arguments by attempting to refute them " , arguments based on these " grains of

fact " and many other data, remain unanswered and unresolved.

 

The rise and fall of the " anti-HIV " drugs

 

It would take a second article to discuss AZT and the many other " anti-HIV "

drugs. Suffice it to say there is no scientific proof that such drugs kill " HIV "

or cure AIDS but there is ample evidence they are harmful.(1,53,56) In 1994, a

double-blind randomised comparison of two policies of AZT treatment (immediate

and deferred) was reported (the Concorde trial). This involved 1749

symptom-free, HIV-infected individuals from centres in the UK, Ireland and

France. The 347 clinical endpoints (AIDS and death) outnumbered the total of

those in all other published trials in symptom-free and early symptomatic

infection. The results showed " there was no statistically significant difference

in clinical outcome between the two therapeutic policies " .(89) In 1995, extended

results of Concorde showed a significant increased risk of death among the

patients treated early. However, despite these data, disclaimers that patients

treated with AZT may continue to develop the AIDS diseases, that the side

effects of AZT may mimic AIDS, and AZT given to non-HIV-infected babies causes

the AIDS defining pneumonia PCP,(90) AZT continues to be the most commonly

prescribed anti-HIV drug. Dr. Donald Abrams, Professor of Medicine and Director

of the AIDS program at San Francisco General Hospital, said " I have a large

population of people who have chosen not to take any antiretrovirals... I've

been following them since the very beginning...They've watched all of their

friends go on the antiviral bandwagon and die " .(91) Indeed, even an elementary

study of the relevant pharmacologicaL literature reveals that AZT cannot be an

anti-HIV drug.(92)

 

In 1996, the latest drugs, the " protease inhibitors " (PI) were introduced. These

are prescribed as one of up to 200 possible " cocktails " with AZT or similar

drugs. Detailed data on these drugs of the kind usually reserved for medical

practitioners, appear regularly in glossy, multi-page advertisements in gay

mens’ magazines. At the July 1996 XIth International AIDS conference Time

Magazine Man of the Year David Ho predicted that " scientists would find new

drugs to wipe HIV out of the body within three years possibly within just

one " .(93) At the July 1998 XIIth AIDS conference Ho stated it will take at least

ten years of intense combination drug therapy to kill off all the HIV in an

infected person's body but a sizable percentage of HIV patients will never get

close. Many patients cannot tolerate the untoward effects of these " cocktails "

and measurements show that the DNA " viral " burden does not decrease.(94-97) In

the May 1998 Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Dr.

William Paul, former Director of the National Institutes of Health's Office of

AIDS Research writes, " no matter how long a person is treated with anti-HIV

drugs, there will always be new viruses... you will have to be treated

forever... No one is getting cured... This bodes extremely poorly for

combination therapy as something curative " .(85)

 

Given the toxicity of these drugs, it is unlikely anyone can tolerate taking

them for more than a few years. If this outlook is gloomy for HIV/AIDS

sufferers, it is even worse considering there is no substantial, alternative

therapeutic strategy anywhere on the horizon. The futility of all " anti-HIV "

drugs, past present and future is best highlighted in a June 1998 interview by

Dr. Harold Varmus, Nobel Laureate retrovirologist and Director of the NIH.

" Trying to rid the body of a virus whose genome is incorporated into the host

genome may be impossible " .(98) Indeed, how can a drug rid a body of material so

intimately bound to the host DNA genetic material?

 

SOME SCIENTIFIC PROBLEMS WITH THE HIV THEORY

 

The theory versus the definition

 

The central premise of the HIV theory of AIDS is that there exists a unique

retrovirus, transmissible via blood and sexual secretions, which induces

specific antibodies, kills T4 cells whose relative absence then causes the

appearance of approximately 30 diseases which constitute the clinical syndrome.

The theory however is rendered completely contradictory by the official AIDS

definition used clinically. In Australia an individual is diagnosed AIDS if he

or she fulfills the criteria set out in the latest (1993) revision of the US

" CDC surveillance case definition for AIDS " .(99) (Other definitions in use

around the world make scientific comparisons almost impossible. In Africa AIDS

is diagnosed on symptoms and without blood tests (100)). Since from 1985 the CDC

" accepts " HIV as the cause of AIDS, it should not be possible to diagnose AIDS

by any means inconsistent with the HIV theory. However, even a cursory reading

of the 1993 definition reveals AIDS can be diagnosed with the

imprimatur of the CDC: with Kaposis’ sarcoma which even Gallo (54) accepts is

not caused by HIV, in the absence of immune deficiency, " without laboratory

evidence of HIV infection " and, extraordinarily, " in the presence of negative

results for HIV infection " (101) (italics ours).

 

Sexual transmission

 

HIV/AIDS is claimed to be bidirectionally sexually transmitted. Data to support

this claim is based not upon microbial isolation and contact tracing as is the

orthodox practice for proving diseases are infectious and sexually transmitted

(STD), but on mostly retrospective studies of highly selected groups of

individuals including gay and bisexual men, heterosexual men and women including

prostitutes, for antibodies in blood which react certain proteins deemed " HIV

specific " . Included in these studies are estimations of risk factors for the

specific sexual practices of penile insertive, vaginal, anal receptive and oral

receptive intercourse.

 

Gay men

 

In 1984 Gallo and his colleagues showed that " Of eight different sexual acts, a

positive HIV antibody test correlated only with receptive anal intercourse "

(102). They also found the more often a gay man has insertive anal intercourse

the less likely he was to become HIV positive. This is incompatible with an

infectious cause. In 1986 Gallo and his colleagues reported they " found no

evidence that other forms of sexual activity, contribute to the risk " of HIV

seroconversion in gay men.(103) In an extensive review of 25 studies of gay men

reported in 1994 by Caceres and van Griensven, the authors concluded that " no

or no consistent risk of the acquisition of HIV-1 infection has been reported

regarding insertive intercourse " .(104) In the West, the largest and most

judiciously conducted prospective epidemiological studies such as the

Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study (MACS) of 4955 gay men (105) have proven beyond

all reasonable doubt that in gay men the only significant sexual act related

to becoming HIV antibody positive is receptive anal intercourse. Thus in gay

men, AIDS may be likened to the non-infectious condition, pregnancy. It is

acquired by the passive partner but is not transmitted to the active partner.

 

Significantly, the MACS also showed that once a gay man becomes HIV positive,

progression to AIDS is further determined by the amount of passive anal

intercourse sustained after " infection " . This is contrary to all that is known

about infectious diseases. Infection, not repeated infections, causes disease.

Indeed, although the Royal Australasian College of Surgeons considers HIV

positive surgeons " to be infectious and should not perform invasive procedures

or operations. However, " (t)hey may provide these services to patients who have

the same infection " .(106)

 

Heterosexuals

 

The largest and best conducted studies in heterosexuals including the European

Study Group (107) show that for women, the only sexual practice leading to an

increased risk of becoming HIV antibody positive is anal intercourse. The

unidirectional transmission of " HIV " observed in OECD countries is supported by

Nancy Padian's ten year study of heterosexual couples (1986-1996).(108) There

were two parts to this study, one cross-sectional, the other prospective. In the

former " The constant per-contact infectivity for male-to-female transmission was

estimated to be 0.0009 [1/1111] " . The risk factors for the women were: (i) anal

intercourse;. (ii) having partners who acquired this infection through drug use

(Padian says that this means the women may also be IV drug users); (iii) the

presence of STDs. (antibodies to their causative agents may react in an " HIV "

antibody test (15,20) Of the HIV negative male partners of 82 positive female

cases only 2 became HIV positive but under

circumstances considered ambiguous by Padian. In the prospective study,

starting in 1990, 175 HIV-discordant couples were followed for approximately 282

couple-years. At entry, one third used condoms consistently and in the six

months prior their last follow up visit, 26% of couples consistently failed to

use condoms. There were no seroconversions after entry including the 47 couples

not using condoms consistently. Based on the 2/86 men who became HIV positive in

the early study, the risk to a non-infected male from his HIV positive female

partner was reported to be in the order of 1/9000 per contact. From this

statistic one can calculate that on average, a male would need to have 6000

sexual contacts with an infected female to achieve a 50% chance of becoming HIV

positive. At three contacts per week this would take 56 years, or a life time.

 

Prostitutes

 

The notion that HIV is a virus which " does not discriminate " is also markedly

inconsistent with the data obtained from studies of female prostitutes. Even if,

as it is widely accepted, by some unknown means a sexually transmitted

infectious agent found its way into the promiscuous portion of the gay male

population in certain large cities in the United States in the late 1970s, given

the facts that prostitutes are frequented by bisexual men and, at the very

earliest, " safe " sexual practices date from 1985, one would have expected

HIV/AIDS to have spread rapidly through prostitutes and thence to the general

community. However, the prevalence of " HIV " antibodies amongst prostitutes is

almost entirely confined to those who are drug users. Virtually all other

prostitutes have not been, and are not becoming, HIV positive.

 

In September 1985, 56 non-intravenous drug using (IVDU) prostitutes were tested

" In the rue Saint-Denis, the most notorious street in Paris for prostitution.

More than a thousand prostitutes work in this area…These women, aged 18-60, have

sexual intercourse 15-25 times daily and do not routinely use protection " . None

were positive.(109)

 

In Copenhagen, 101 non-IVDU prostitutes, a quarter of whom " suspected that up to

one fifth of their clients were homosexual or bisexual " , were tested during

August/October 1985. The median numbers of sexual encounters per week was 20.

None were positive.(110)

 

In 1985, 132 prostitutes (and 55 non-prostitutes) who attended a Sydney STD

clinic were tested for HIV antibodies. The average numbers of sexual partners

(clients and lovers) in the previous month was 24.5. When an estimate was made

to separate clients and lovers, the median number of sexual contacts per year

rose from 175 to 450. The partners of only 14 (11%) of prostitutes used condoms

at all and 49% of their partners used condoms in fewer than 20% of encounters.

No women were positive.(111)

 

The same Australian Clinic repeatedly tested an additional 491 prostitutes who

attended between 1986 and 1988. Of 231 out of the 491 prostitutes surveyed, 19%

" had bisexual non-paying partners and 21% had partners who injected drugs.

Sixty-nine percent always used condoms for vaginal intercourse with paying

clients, but they were rarely used with non-paying partners. Condoms were rarely

used by those clients and/or partners for the 18% of prostitutes practising anal

intercourse " . No women were positive.

 

At the time of this report, a decade into the AIDS era, the authors also

commented, " there has been no documented case of a female prostitute in

Australia becoming infected with HIV through sexual intercourse " (italics ours).

Yet, these investigators from the Sydney Sexual Health Centre concluded " there

are still many women working as prostitutes in Sydney who remain seriously at

risk of HIV infection " .(112) In Spain, of 519 non-IVDU prostitutes tested

between May 1989 and December 1990, only 12 (2.3 per cent) had positive test,

which was " only slightly higher than that reported 5 years ago in similar

surveys " . Some prostitutes had as many as 600 partners a month and the

development of a positive antibody test was directly related to the practice of

anal intercourse. The authors also noted, " a more striking and disappointing

finding was the low proportion of prostitutes who used condoms at all times,

despite the several mass-media AIDS prevention campaigns that have been carried

out

in Spain " .(113)

 

Similar data from two Scottish studies,(114) the 1993 " European working group on

HIV infection in female prostitutes study " ,(115) and a 1994 report of 53,903

Filipino prostitutes tested between 1985 to 1992, confirm that non-IVDU

prostitutes remain virtually devoid of HIV infection. For example, in the latter

study, only 72 (0.01%) women were found to be HIV positive.

 

In studies where there appear to be a high incidence of HIV amongst prostitutes

there are uncertainties that defy explanation. For example, although " HIV has

been present in the commercial sex work networks in the Philippines and

Indonesia for almost as long as it has been in Thailand and Cambodia " , the

prevalence of HIV in the former is 0.13% and 0.02% respectively and 18.8% and

40% in the latter.(116) If these are accurate data, the discrepancy defies

epidemiological explanation and has indeed baffled the experts although the

latter postulate " behavioural factors " such as one country’s prostitutes and

clients being considerably more or less sexually active than another. However,

one could also pose another question. What are the " HIV " antibody tests actually

measuring? Be that as it may, since 5674 (44%) and 4360 (34%) of the 12785

Cambodian " HIV and AIDS Case Reports " till 31/12/97 are listed as " Unknown "

gender and age respectively,(117) data collection, at least by the WHO in

Cambodia, must be regarded as problematic.

 

Contradictions

 

Why should HIV avoid non-drug using prostitutes? If female prostitutes who do

not use drugs do not become HIV infected despite being " seriously at risk of HIV

infection " , what is the risk of infection to the majority of Australian women

who are neither drug users nor prostitutes? According to data from the National

Centre in HIV Epidemiology and Clinical Research, vanishingly little. A 1989

study testing 10, 217 blood samples of newborn babies (unambiguous evidence of

heterosexual activity without condoms), found that no babies or mothers were HIV

positive.(118) If such women remain non-infected, how do their non-drug using,

male heterosexual partners become infected with HIV?

 

According to Simon Wain-Hobson, a leading HIV expert from the Pasteur Institute,

" a virus's job " is to spread. " If you don't spread, you're dead " . (Weiss, 1998

#1179) The " overwhelming " evidence from studies both in gay men and

heterosexuals is that HIV/AIDS is not bidirectionally sexually transmitted. In

the whole history of Medicine there has never been such a phenomenon. Since

microbes rely on person to person spread for their survival, it is impossible to

claim from epidemiological data that HIV/AIDS is an infectious, sexually

transmitted disease. Indeed, Professor Stuart Brody, from the University of

Tubingen, has argued that physicians ignore the actual heterosexual data and

instead promote the politically correct idea that everyone is at risk.

" Ideological knowledge about AIDS is far more likely to filter through society

than scientific knowledge " .(37)

 

THE DIAGNOSIS OF " HIV " INFECTION

 

The HIV antibody tests

 

There are two " HIV " antibody tests in common use, the ELISA and Western blot

(WB). The ELISA causes a colour change when a mixture of " HIV " proteins reacts

with antibodies in serum from a patient. In the Western blot, " HIV " proteins are

first separated along the length of a nitrocellulose strip. This enables

individual reactions to the ten or so " HIV " proteins to be visualised as a

series of darkened " bands " . The Western blot test is used to " confirm "

repeatedly positive ELISAs because experts agree that the ELISA " overreacts " ,

that is, it is insufficiently specific.(¥) Prior to 1987, one " HIV specific " WB

band was considered proof of HIV infection. However, since 15%-25% of healthy,

no risk individuals have " HIV specific " WB bands,(119,120) it became necessary

to redefine a positive WB by adding extra and selecting particular bands,

otherwise at least one in every seven people would be diagnosed infected with

HIV. (Notwithstanding, in the MACS, one band remained proof of HIV

infection in gay men until 1990 (121)). On the other hand, although AIDS began

to decline in 1987,(122,123) this trend was countered by the addition of more

and more diseases and, most recently, mere laboratory abnormalities to each

revision (1985, 1987 and 1993) of the first, 1982 CDC definition. The net effect

of these changes was to maintain the correlation between " HIV " antibodies and

" AIDS " amongst the " risk " groups while the risk of an HIV/AIDS diagnosis outside

these groups remained slight. This was further accentuated by avoiding testing

outside the risk groups. However, when such studies were performed, for example,

(a) amongst 89,547 anonymously tested blood specimens from 26 US hospital

patients at no risk of AIDS, between 0.7% to 21.7% of men and 0-7.8% of women

aged 25-44 years were found to be HIV WB positive.(124) (It is estimated that

approximately 1% of men are gay. Also, at the five hospitals with the highest

rates of HIV antibodies, one third of positive tests

were in women. Yet men vastly outnumber women as AIDS patients). (b) the US

Consortium for Retrovirus Serology Standardization reported that 127/1306 (10%)

of individuals at " low risk " for AIDS including " specimens from blood donor

centers " had a positive HIV antibody test by the " most stringent " US WB criteria

(119) (see below). Thus the correlation between " HIV " antibodies and AIDS, which

experts accept as the only proof that HIV causes AIDS, could not be a statistic

related to the natural, unbridled activity of a virus but is instead a

contrivance of mankind. Not only does correlation never prove causation, the

artificiality of this particular " correlation " disqualifies it from meaningful

scientific analysis.

 

One of the most bizarre aspects of the HIV/AIDS theory is that different

laboratories, institutions and countries define different sets of WB bands as a

positive test (Figure 1). The global variation in interpretive criteria means

for example, that in Australia a positive test requires particular sets of four

bands. In the USA, different sets of two or three suffice, which may or may not

include the bands required in Australia. In Africa only one designated set of

two is required. Put simply, this means that the same person tested in three

cities on the same day may or may not be HIV infected. If the diagnosis of HIV

infection were a game of poker, a flush would require five cards the same suit

in one country but only one or two elswhere. A virus cannot behave in this

manner, but, according to the HIV test, which is claimed to have a specificity

of 99.999%,(125) it does.

 

As incomprehensible as this appears, further difficulties remain. For example,

an Australian tested in Australia with one or two " HIV specific " bands would not

be reported HIV infected.(101). Clearly however, there must be a reason why an

uninfected individual, such as a healthy blood donor or military recruit can

possess any, even one, " HIV specific " band. According to the experts, these

bands are caused by cross-reacting, that is, " false " , " non-HIV " antibodies which

react with the " HIV " proteins. Thus it is axiomatic that an antibody which

reacts with a particular protein is not necessarily an antibody the immune

system has generated specifically in response to that protein. The Australian

National HIV Reference Laboratory (NRL) concedes that " False reactivity may be

to one or more protein bands and is common " (120) (20-25%). However Eleopulos

argues, if " non-HIV " antibodies cause " one or more protein bands " , then why are

they not able to cause four or five? Or all ten? On what

basis do experts assert which antibodies are " false " and which are " true " ? Or,

how the same three bands, caused by " false " non- " HIV " antibodies, become " true "

when accompanied by one extra? On what basis do experts assert there are any

" true " HIV antibodies? If the Australian traveller were to be tested in the USA,

where two or three bands are sufficient to diagnose HIV infection, are his

antibodies " false " in Australia but " true " as his aeroplane touches down in Los

Angeles?

 

In 1994, Dr. Elizabeth Dax, the head of the NRL was asked to justify both the

Australian criteria for a positive Western blot and the global variability.(28)

Her response (126) avoided answering either question and subsequent

correspondence failed to pass the editorial staff at the Medical Journal of

Australia. When the same questions were later put via the Offices of Senator

Chris Ellison, Minister for Schools, Vocational Education and Training, the

first question was again unanswered and the widely different criteria between

Australia and Africa were justified on the basis that in Africa, " comparatively,

false reactivity is far less common [than in Australia] so that interpretation

criteria to define [true] positivity may be less strict " .(120)

 

However, no scientist can make such a claim without data. All antibody tests are

subject to the vagaries of cross-reactions and the only way to calculate the

incidences of " true " and " false " antibodies is to scrutinise reactions against

what the test is purportedly meant to measure, that is, against HIV itself. HIV

isolation is the only gold standard by which the specificity of the antibodies

can be determined and this must be evaluated before the test is introduced into

clinical practice. However, despite the WB being in widespread use and " a

stalwart " (126) of HIV testing, these data have never been reported. This is an

issue the NRL chronically and negligently fails to address. Even without such

evidence since, (a) the NRL concedes that cross-reacting antibodies cause

misleading reactions in the WB in one quarter of healthy Australians; (b) unlike

Australians, Africans, (similar to the AIDS risk groups), are exposed to a

multitude of infectious agents producing a myriad of

antibodies each capable of cross-reactions; " false reactivity " will be much

higher in Africa where the WB criteria should be the most stringent. Indeed, if

it is true that " HIV " antibodies prove one third of heterosexual adults in

certain central and east African countries are infected with HIV, " life in these

countries must be one endless orgy " .(39)

 

If the proteins used in the HIV ELISA and WB are unique constituents of an

exogenous retrovirus, and if such a virus induces specific antibodies, we would

never expect to find " HIV " antibodies in the absence of HIV. Yet, in addition to

the circumstances above, there are numerous others where antibodies to the " HIV

specific " proteins arise where HIV/AIDS experts concede there is no HIV. These

include healthy mice injected with lymphocytes of similar mice (127) or

bacterial extracts;(V. Colizzi et al., personal communication), following

transfusions of HIV free blood (128) or a person's own irradiated blood,(129)

and in 72/144 dogs tested at a Veterinary clinic in Davis USA.(130) In addition,

antibodies to the microbes which cause the fungal and mycobacterial diseases

affecting 90% of AIDS patients react with the " HIV specific " proteins.(20,131)

This year it was reported that 35% of patients with primary biliary cirrhosis,

39% of patients with other biliary disorders, 29% of those with

lupus, 60% of patients with hepatitis B, 35% of hepatitis C, all non-HIV,

non-AIDS diseases, have antibodies to the " HIV " p24 " core " protein;(132)

 

Until 1990, an unknown number of the 4955 gay men in the MACS were diagnosed HIV

infected on the basis of an antibody to the " HIV specific " , p24 protein, that

is, with one WB band. Why do not all similar tests prove infection with HIV? Why

are gay men with a single, p24 band infected with a deadly virus while biliary

and liver disease patients with the same band are not? Why were the criteria for

diagnosing HIV infection set less rigorous in gay men? Although all HIV experts

accept cross-reactivity in HIV antibody testing, in 1993 the New South Wales

Department of Health interpreted the discovery of " HIV " antibodies in four woman

as " compelling evidence " for transmission of HIV from a gay man during the

course of minor, office surgery in 1989.(133) However, there was no proof that

the gay man was HIV infected at the time of surgery, or that any of the four

women were operated on after the man. This report remains the only one of its

kind in the world and immediately led to the

establishment of a special committee of the Royal Australasian College of

Surgeons which wrote to all College Fellows inviting submissions upon the

matter. However, rather than seizing upon the rarity of the event and following

advice urging a formal, scientific enquiry into whether " HIV " antibodies are

caused by infection with a retrovirus,(134) the College accepted these data as

proof of cross-infection but concluded " The mode of transmission is

unknown " .(106 §§)

 

What proof is there for the existence of HIV?

 

Scientific evidence for the existence of a retrovirus must be consistent with

the definition of a retrovirus as a particular kind of replicating, microscopic

particle. Thus researchers must demonstrate the correct size, shape and

construction of particles; that these particles have been purified and analysed

and contain RNA as well as an enzyme that makes DNA from RNA (reverse

transcription); and that the particles are infectious, that is, when pure

particles are introduced into fresh cell cultures, identical progeny appear. The

latter necessitates a second round of purification and analysis. Indeed,

although this method is entirely logical and was deemed essential at a meeting

held at the Pasteur Institute in 1973,(135,136) it has been ignored by all HIV

researchers.

 

Although there are electron microscope (EM) pictures from unpurified cell

cultures of particles purported to be " HIV " , it was not until March 1997 that

EMs of " purified HIV " were published.(137,138) Yet such data is the first, most

essential step in attempts to prove particles are a virus, and for subsequent

extraction of constituents for analysis and use as diagnostic reagents. These

long awaited pictures reveal " purified HIV " to be a tangle of cellular debris.

Scattered amongst this are scant particles which, without evidence, the authors

claim are the HIV particles which " copurify " (sic) with the cellular material.

Close examination of these particles as well as other evidence in the papers

show they are too large, wrongly shaped, have too high a mass and are devoid of

knobs HIV experts unanimously assert are absolutely essential for the " HIV "

particle to cause infection. It is from this material, HIV/AIDS experts and

biotechnology companies obtain proteins and RNA to use in tests

to pronounce humans infected with a unique, exogenous AIDS causing microbe.

 

On July 17th 1997, the French investigative television journalist Djamel Tahi

interviewed Professor Luc Montagnier in camera at the Pasteur Institute in

Paris. Montagnier was asked, " Why do the EM photographs published by you [in

1983] come from the culture and not the purification? " . His reply was, " There

was so little production of virus it was impossible to see what might be in a

concentrate of the virus from the gradient [ " pure virus " ]. There was not enough

virus to do that. Of course one looked for it, one looked for it in the tissues

at the start, likewise the biopsy. We saw some particles but they did not have

the morphology typical of retroviruses. They were very different. Relatively

different. So with the [unpurified] cultures it took many hours to find the

first pictures. It was a Roman effort!… Charles Dauget [an EM expert] looked at

the plasma, the concentrate, etc… he saw nothing major " (61) ( italics ours).

Questioned about the Gallo group he replied, " Gallo? I don’t

know if he really purified. I don’t believe so " . This should have been both the

beginning and the end of HIV.

 

Retroviral-like particles are virtually ubiquitous in biological material

(139,140) including for example cell cultures and " in the majority if not all,

human placentas " .(141) (One should note that Montagnier’s " Roman effort " refers

to EMs obtained from umilical cord blood lymphocytes). However, as Gallo

confirms, because they do not replicate, the majority of retroviral-like

particles are not retroviruses.(139,142) The " HIV " particle has been

" classified " into two subfamilies and three genera of retroviruses. This is

analogous to describing a new species of mammal as human, a gorilla and an

orang-utan. Besides the " HIV " particle, cell cultures contain other particles of

numerous morphologies whose origin and role are unknown.(18,143,144) A detailed

study from Harvard (145) revealed the identical " HIV " particle in 18/20 (90%) of

AIDS as well as in 13/15 (88%) of non-AIDS related lymph node enlargements.

 

HIV experts claim to detect and even " isolate " HIV merely by demonstrating

" reverse transcription " in cultures. However, although present in retroviruses,

reverse transcription is not, as many HIV/AIDS experts claim, unique to

retroviruses or even viruses.(146,147) Well before the AIDS era Gallo himself

showed that chemically stimulated (absolutely essential to " isolate HIV " from

cultures) lymphocytes, possess this function.(148,149)

 

The " HIV " proteins and antibodies

 

Although both Montagnier and Gallo have never published EMs to prove the

presence of retroviral-like particles in their " pure virus " , and Montagnier now

concedes there were none, both groups and all others since claim such material

is " pure HIV " . This claim is based on the fact that such material contains

proteins which react with antibodies present in AIDS patients. However, this

reasoning is untenable. Imagine a scientist who mixes two solutions together,

obtains a precipitate and then proclaims the identity and source of several

reactants. One does not need a degree in chemistry to realise this is an

impossibility. Nonetheless, because cultures and antibodies derived from AIDS

patients react together, the proteins are declared to belong to " HIV " and the

antibodies the " HIV " specific antibodies. In fact, Gallo admits that for him, an

antibody test is the quintessence of " HIV isolation " . During an interview at the

Geneva AIDS conference he said, " Sometimes we had Western blot

positive but we couldn’t isolate the virus. So we got worried and felt we were

getting false positives sometimes so we added the Western blot. That’s all I can

tell you. It was an experimental tool when we added it and for us it worked

well, ‘cos we could isolate the virus when we did it " .(150) However, HIV

isolation is not an antibody test and " HIV " proteins can only be defined by

extracting them from particles purified and proven to be a retrovirus. Such

material has never been shown to exist and such extraction never reported.

Notwithstanding, since the mid 1980s, HIV researchers claim that the reaction

between cell cultures and an antibody to merely one, the p24 protein, is " HIV

isolation " . Since " to isolate a virus " is to obtain infectious particles

separate from everything else, it is particularly difficult to see how

scientists can refer to a chemical reaction in this manner.

 

The origin of the " HIV " proteins

 

According to Eleopulos and her colleagues, all data presented to date is

consistent with the " HIV " proteins being cellular. Using " HIV " antibodies as

probes, " HIV " proteins have been identified in the tissues of persistently HIV

negative, healthy individuals including blood platelet and skin cells, thymus,

tonsil and brain.(15) As a mark of the bewildering status of the HIV theory,

while HIV proteins could not be found in the placentas of 75 HIV positive

pregnant women,(151) they could be found in the placentas of 25 healthy, HIV

negative women.(152) That the HIV proteins are cellular is further strengthened

by a recent, two-part experiment. Human lymphocytes, cultured in the absence of

material from AIDS patients, is " purified " as it would be to obtain the " HIV "

proteins. This " uninfected " material serves as a " mock virus " in experiments

involving both " HIV " and " SIV " (simian [monkey] immunodeficiency virus, claimed

similar to " HIV " ). Analysis of " mock virus " reveals qualitatively a

series of proteins bearing the same molecular weights as the proteins of " real "

virus, strongly suggesting that the " HIV " proteins are cellular because the

existence of HIV proteins demands they appear exclusively in cultures derived

from AIDS patients.(137) In the second experiment, monkeys are immunised on

several occasions with " mock virus " , a procedure which subsequently protects

them from a " challenge " with " real " SIV.(153,154) However, immunisation is

specific. Immunisation with hepatitis vaccine does not protect against

poliomyelitis. It relies on exposure of the animal to material specific to the

organism against which protection is sought resulting in the production of

specific antibodies by the immune system. Since proteins from the cells in which

" SIV " is " grown " ( " mock " virus), protects against " real " SIV, these must be

exceedingly similar if not identical. That is, the " SIV " , and by inference the

" HIV " proteins, are all cellular.

 

The " HIV genome "

 

As is the case with the " HIV " proteins, the RNA purported to be the HIV genome

has not been obtained from particles purified and proven infectious but from the

conglomerate material described above. Molecular biologists have produced

possibly more information about the " HIV " genome than any other object in the

universe. Nonetheless, there are no reports of even one individual possessing a

complete, full-length " HIV " genome and there is no agreement as to how many

genes HIV possesses. Opinions have varied from four through to eight, nine or

ten. Man and chimpanzee DNA differ by less than 2% but variation in the

composition of the " HIV genome " (derived from analysis of " pieces " measuring 2%

to 30% of the presumed total) measures between 3-40%. By comparison, two RNA

containing viruses (polio and influenza, the latter after 27 years of dormancy,)

vary by less than 1% as do RNA molecules self-assembled in test tubes denied the

organising influence of living cells.(155,156)

 

Given that the DNA sequence determines the composition of a virus’s proteins,

and the latter the physical, biochemical and biological properties of a virus,

how is it possible for such variation to represent one and the same agent? For

example, how is it possible that HIV can induce the same antibodies and which

can be recognised in a universal antibody test containing the identical

proteins? Since, as the molecular biologist Duesberg reminds us, " there is a

range, a small range, in which you can mutate around without too much penalty,

but as soon as you exceed it you are gone, and you are not HIV any longer, or a

human any longer...then you are either dead or you are a monkey, or what have

you " ,(8) it is evident that whatever the " HIV DNA genome " represents, it cannot

be a virus.

 

Lessons from the past?

 

The evidence for the existence of Gallo’s " first human " retrovirus (HL23V) was

much stronger than that for HIV.(20,25,157) However, in 1980 the antibodies to

the HL23V proteins were shown to occur following a large variety of common

non-infectious factors and in far more humans than could have ever developed

leukaemia.(158,159) Thus, from signifying that an " infectious mode of

transmission [of leukaemia] remains a real possibility in humans " and " infection

with an oncovirus [retrovirus] may be extremely widespread " ,(160) the " first "

human retrovirus abruptly disappeared from the annals of science. At present no

one, not even Gallo, believes it existed. In the AIDS era experts recognise that

antibodies to the " HIV specific " proteins occur where there is no HIV and in

many more individuals than will ever develop AIDS. On what basis then does HIV

still exist?

 

THE DISSIDENT CASE, POLITICS AND PUBLIC HEALTH POLICY

 

The failures of the past fifteen years are fairly and squarely affixed to the

five Montagnier and Gallo 1983/84 Science papers. That the titles of three of

these papers contain the word " isolation " and yet no such evidence was

presented, must stand as a memorial to the demise of editorial integrity. The

dissident cases, that HIV does not exist (Eleopulos), or if it does exist does

not cause AIDS (Eleopulos and Duesberg), ultimately implies there will be

devastating outcomes in terms of scientific credibility including the failure of

peer review, the reputations of many experts and non-experts, a challenge to the

trust the citizen places in the hands of government, scientific and medical

leaders as well as an uncertain period of ignominy for the medical profession as

a whole. Weaving a just resolution through this maze of socio-medico-legal

bedlam will require the utmost perspicacity and tenacity from political leaders.

 

Perhaps there are already signs of quiet beginnings with the 1994 return of the

discovery of HIV to the French by the Americans followed by the most recent

admissions of Montagnier in his 1997 interview. Perhaps it is also written in

the faces of the Nobel Committee and the stubborn absence of a Nobel prize

awarded for any of the 100,000 scientific papers representing HIV/AIDS research.

 

Exceptionalism

 

Over and above all the uncertainties surrounding the HIV/AIDS debate, AIDS

science and medicine must stand as the most remarkable case of " exceptionalism "

in history. The funding it attracts far outstrips that justified by its

prevalence and economic impact.(161) For example, over the past 17 years

Australia has a cumulative total of 7,766 cases of AIDS including 5575

deaths.(162 ¥§) The big spenders are (in order) the United States, France, the

United Kingdom, Germany and Italy. Their combined annual HIV/AIDS research

budget amounts to US$1.8 billion for a cumulative total of 761,572 AIDS patients

(many of whom are dead). Of an additional $US20 million spent by the European

Union in 1994-98, most " money goes to support travel and meeting costs rather

than laboratory research " .(163) While thousands of dollars per patient are spent

on HIV/AIDS research, only a few dollars are spent on heart disease, cancer,

mental illness, suicide prevention or road trauma. The funding paradox reaches

epidemic, almost farcical proportions in developing countries where Western

AIDS workers spend their days dispensing advice and condoms to a population

dying for want of potable water, adequate sanitation and nutrition,

antibacterial, antitubercular and antimalarial medicines. In a word, dying of

poverty.

 

Currently, the annual cost of anti-HIV drugs for one person costs about

$US15,000 (which is greater than the entire health budget for many a third world

village). With 650,000 to 900,000 HIV positive patients in the US as of July

1996, it would take $10 billion to pay for drugs alone. This must be viewed

against the World Health Organisation's estimate that by the year 2000 there

will be 30-40 million HIV infected people. Without HIV, AIDS patients,

specialist AIDS units and their employees can rationally be absorbed into

existing infrastructure of clinics and hospitals. The pursuit of expensive drugs

designed to kill HIV will be irrelevant as will be the travail of the legions of

HIV researchers. The same applies to AIDS councils, the armies of AIDS

educators, AIDS fund raisers, volunteers and AIDS organisations. In the US alone

there are 93,000 of the latter, one for every four persons ever diagnosed with

AIDS.(34)

 

Clear thinking

 

Homo sapiens (thinking man), was not named in vain. An honourable society

provides unfettered information and encourages its members to make rational

choices. Epidemiology shows that the development of a positive " HIV " antibody

test and AIDS is not so much related to a given sexual practice but rather to

the frequency of passive anal intercourse in both men and women. It follows that

AIDS is not a disease of sexual orientation. As far as women are concerned, it

is prudent to note that in absolute terms, innumerably more women than men

engage in anal intercourse. Thus AIDS is not unlike the case of the recently

appended AIDS defining disease cervical cancer which, long before the AIDS era,

was known to be related to the frequency of vaginal intercourse. Even so, it is

not the act itself but the very high frequencies of the act which is pathogenic.

 

As serious as public reaction to an ill conceived retrovirus may prove, it will

not be anywhere as serious as the legal backlash. There are countless

individuals alive who believe they are infected with a deadly microbe, many of

whom are currently treated with potentially toxic drugs with no proven benefit.

They avoid intimacy, avoid having children and sometimes even casual contact

with others. It would take a flotilla of poet laureates to voice the collective

pain and suffering engendered by such a mistake. It would take an army of

mathematically gifted lawyers to quantify, and the nation's coffers to

compensate, those who lives have been ruined by what Neville Hodgkinson has

called " the greatest scientific blunder of the 20th century " .(29) This is not to

mention patients and relatives who have died at their own hands. In 1987 former

US Senator Lawton Chiles of Florida told an AIDS conference of a tragic case

where twenty two blood donors were informed they were HIV infected on the

basis of an ELISA test. Seven then committed suicide.(164)

 

In June this year the Swiss AIDS analyst Michael Baumgartner persuaded United

Nations officials to include a dissident session at the XIIth International AIDS

Conference held in Geneva. Speakers included Huw Christie, the editor of

Continuum magazine, AIDS analyst and documentary film maker Joan Shenton,

epidemiologist Professor Gordon Stewart, retrovirologist and electron

microscopist Professor Etienne de Harven, virologist Dr. Stefan Lanka and, by

satellite from Perth, Eleni Eleopulos and her group from the Royal Perth

Hospital. In the audience were observers from the Pasteur Institute and the US

National Institutes for Health. The topic of the session was a scientific

critique of the HIV antibody tests and the evidence for the existence of HIV. At

the official press conference held after the meeting, Professor Bernhard

Hirschel, chairman of the Organising Committee, accused the speakers of " using

outdated and untrustworthy scientific data " . However, the " outdated " data is

that of

Montagnier and Gallo which led to the 1984 proclamation that HIV is the cause

of AIDS. That considered " untrustworthy " is the HIV experts’ own data.

 

Notwithstanding these and many other challenges to the current dogma, HIV/AIDS

experts are not in the least disquieted by sceptical patients, relatives or

scientists and inveigh heavily against inquisitive journalists alleging great

harm to public health. Thus it appears the only hope for an immediate resolution

of this troubled issue is lawyers appearing for plaintiffs desiring judgements

that they are or are not infected with an AIDS causing virus. However, even if

an examination of " HIV science " is destined to be scrutinised by courts of law,

at present one must be realistic that in the short term the status quo is

extremely unlikely to change.

 

A real debate?

 

Nonetheless, it is inexorably drawing nearer to the time when world governments

will convene an international, adjudicated debate on this subject. In contrast

to the 13,775 participants from 177 countries who attended the June Geneva AIDS

Conference, this should be a small gathering where a dozen or so experts from

each side put their respective cases to a disinterested group of scientists of

the utmost stature, for example, another dozen made up largely of Nobel

laureates. There is a precedent for such a ‘consensus conference’ or ‘conference

de citoyens’ in common sense and " along the lines of a model invented in

Scandinavia and since applied in the United Kingdom and elsewhere " . A " jury " of

14 people " screened for independence from interested parties " have issues

" debated in front of them by scientists, non-governmental organizations,

industrialists and other bodies…The power of public research bodies is probably

the best guarantee of independence with respect to private sector

research and the influence of multinationals " .(165) By AIDS standards, funding

for such a meeting would be trivial. Indeed, such would be its significance it

would make money for the organisers.

 

Perhaps a disinterested observer could be forgiven for concluding that, although

we are approaching the eighteenth year of the AIDS era, and have spent many

billions of dollars on treatments and research, the words of Duesberg continue

to taunt us: " By any measure, the war on AIDS has been a colossal failure...our

leading scientists and policymakers cannot demonstrate that their efforts have

saved a single life " .(1) Perhaps those of Eleopulos group are of even greater

portent: " The single most important obstacle in finding the explanation for AIDS

is the belief in HIV.(19,26) In his recent book, " Dancing Naked in the Mind

Field " , Dr. Kary Mullis writes, " Years from now, people will find our acceptance

of the HIV theory of AIDS as silly as we find those who excommunicated

Galileo " .(2) Indeed, it was Galileo who counseled, " In Science the authority

embodied in the opinion of thousands is not worth a spark of reason on one man " .

Perhaps, seventeen years in, we should all pause, look

around, and then take a long look back.

 

Dr. Valendar F. Turner, Department of Emergency Medicine, Royal Perth Hospital,

Perth, West Australia. Andrew McIntyre, Freelance Journalist, Melbourne,

Victoria, Australia

Voice 08 92242662

Fax 08 92247045

Email vturner

Website www.virusmyth.com/aids/perthgroup/

 

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

 

The authors gratfully acknowledge the assistance of Mr. Peter Bloch of General

Media International and Penthouse Magazine New York City for making available

excerpts of Dr. Mullis’ forthcoming book.

 

ENDNOTES

 

*US journalist Christine Johnson's interview (now available in six languages)

with the leader of the Perth group, was reviewed by scholar and international

gay media personality Professor Camille Paglia, in her column in the US Salon

magazine October 28th 1997: " For a superb critique of the scandalously

overpoliticized scientific research on AIDS, see Christine Johnson's long

interview with Australian biophysicist Eleni Papadopulos-Eleopulos in the new

issue of the British AIDS magazine Continuum. The American major media have

effectively suppressed long-standing questions about whether the AIDS test is

reliable or whether an HIV virus in fact exists at all " .

 

**On May 5th 1998, two US Republicans said they were exploring ways to give a

comfortable retirement to 1,500 chimpanzees that were bred for AIDS research.

Accompanied by primate expert Jane Goodall, House Speaker Newt Gingrich and Rep.

Jim Greenwood, R-Penn. said they were working on a bill to set up sanctuaries

for the chimps. The chimps, bred in the United States specifically for AIDS

research, did not turn out to be the effective models that scientists had

anticipated. With no research use, the primates that are man's closest cousins

are languishing in cages at an annual cost of $US7.3 million.

 

§ In 1988, Eleopulos' paper that HIV does not cause Kaposis' sarcoma was thrice

rejected by the Medical Journal of Australia on the advice of an " established

expert " . The reviewer stated, " The author tries to argue that Kaposis' sarcoma

cannot be caused by HIV infection, and that therefore AIDS is not due to HIV

infection. The arguments put forward by the author are quite unsatisfactory, and

are not supported by even a desultory reading of the literature quoted. In

addition, the author fails to examine the body of epidemiological, immunological

and cellular literature concerning the pathology, pathogenesis and clinical

associations of this fascinating manifestation of HIV infection " . Yet this is

the very " epidemiological, immunological and cellular literature " which

eventually led the " established experts " to accept that " this fascinating

manifestation of HIV infection " , is not caused by HIV infection.

 

¥ Asked to comment at the Geneva conference on the fact that England and Wales

have dropped the use of the WB to " confirm " positive HIV ELISAs, Gallo

commented, " Well, the bulk of the world uses it. If some technology comes across

better I’d be the first to say do it. I mean obviously. The Western blot’s a

valuable test as defining the proteins that you have antibodies to. Everybody

uses it experimentally and most people use it around the world. Not in

Eng…,Britain doesn’t use it, maybe there are two countries that have found a

better way. God bless them. OK? "

 

§§ In 1997 the Perth group attempted a second time to engage the Royal

Australasian College of Surgeons in debating the HIV/AIDS controversy by

submitting a paper entitled " A critical analysis of the evidence for the

isolation of HIV " (www.virusmyth.com/aids/data/epappraisal.htm). It is editorial

policy to " welcome personal views of surgeons on a variety of topics " , and to

publish papers on " current and controversial issues " . Although both reviewers

accepted the bulk of the scientific arguments and found the paper " interesting

reading " , they advised against publication because, in their view, an analysis

of evidence for the isolation of HIV was of " no real relevance…to a surgical

audience " or " would be of little interest or use to the majority of readers of

the Australian and New Zealand Journal of Surgery " .

 

¥§ Of the 7766 Australian AIDS cases, 387 (5%) are reported in the " heterosexual

contact " exposure category. However, 22 of these qualify on the basis of " Sex

with injecting drug user " , 35 " Sex with bisexual male " , 56 " From high prevalence

country " (where heterosexual spread is deemed dominant), 47 " Sex with

HIV-infected person, exposure not specified " , 170 " Not further specified " . Thus

injecting drug use, anal intercourse in women, the presumption of any form of

sexual intercourse and lack of sufficient data question the mode of acquiring

HIV infection in at least 330 (85%) of individuals listed in this exposure

category.

 

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