A Guide to Breast Health by Alakananda Ma

[Guest guest]

Very useful article for stages of life/breast care by Ayurvedic physician

Alakananda Ma. ALakananda has a school of Ayurveda with it's first two years of

the first doctoral program in Ayurveda in the US in operation now. Ma was a

catholic nun in the UK, not quite feeling her place she was exploring monastic

life and left that. As also a medical doctor and not quite satisfied with that,

she explored service in the field in Africa, and returned. Meantime, her water

color art gained the advice from her sister to visit India as it was all Indian

motif, shapes, color, style. She found a Christian Ashram and from there began

her deeper self study and journies where she found her husband and her guru, Dr.

Lad's training in Ayurveda, and much service opportunity with her ayurvedic and

medical arts. She and her husband founded the Alandi ashram in Boulder,

Colorado. I very much enjoyed her book, Pilgrimage to the Mother which

introduced me to India in a way no one else has. - Ysha

 

reprinted from the Banyan Vine, December free newsletter of Banyan Botanicals.

 

Supporting Sthanyavaha Srota: A Guide to Breast Health

by Alakananda Ma

Breast health comprises a complex topic on several counts. The female breast is

both an exocrine gland and a secondary sexual characteristic, it responds both

to an array of endogenous hormones and to exogenous oestrogens and pollutants

and it fluctuates both with the menstrual cycle and the life cycle. In this

article we will consider issues in breast health during puberty, reproductive

years, pregnancy, lactation, and the post-menopausal years and will look at

simple suggestions for ahara, vihara and aushadhya (diet, lifestyle and herbs)

for each phase.

 

The breast consists of glandular tissue, adipose tissue (fat cells), nerves,

blood vessels and lymphatics. Anatomically it overlies the pectoralis major

muscle and is anchored to the pectoralis fascia by suspensory ligaments known as

Cooper's ligaments (1,2). The breast contains about 15 to 25 lobes formed by

groups of milk glands, or lobules. Each lobule is composed of hollow milk

producing alveoli or acini, and feeds into a milk duct leading to the nipples.

The ducts converge near the areola, the darker area round the nipple, to form

ampullae or milk storage cavities. Around the areola are small glands known as

Montgomery's glands which secrete an oily substance that protects the nipples

during nursing. Lymph nodes within the breast drain into the axilliary lymph

nodes in the armpit—the first place to which breast cancer will typically

metastasize.

 

The breasts have several functions. As exocrine glands, they produce milk for

suckling the young, a function shared in common with the mammary glands of all

mammalian species. As a secondary sexual characteristic they form an intrinsic

part of a woman's attractiveness and hence of her self esteem and body image

(3). And as detailed in ancient texts such as Kama Sutra and Ananga Ranga Sutra,

and established in current studies in sexual medicine (4), the breasts also play

a significant role in sexual arousal.

 

Telarche, or the appearance of breast buds, technically known as Tanner Stage 2

breast development, is typically the first change of puberty. The age of

telarche has been dropping from a mean of 11 to a mean age of 8.87 years for

African-American girls and 9.96 years for white girls (5). Various factors that

may be associated with a younger age of onset of pubertal changes include a

changing diet pattern, adolescent obesity, stress, sexual abuse, and

oestrogen-like environmental pollutants. Earlier pubertal changes carry a host

of potential social and psychological issues. It has been found that a

vegetarian diet high in fiber can slow the age of onset of puberty (6) and

obesity can speed puberty (7). Hence an important step for a pre-adolescent girl

would be adoption of an Ayurvedic diet high in vegetables rather than a standard

American teen diet of pizza, fries and soda. In terms of lifestyle, it is

important to encourage an exercise program suited to prakruti, to work to reduce

stress within the family system and to discourage the use of

bisphenol-containing plastic water bottles, which are tied to a host of

developmental issues including early puberty (8, 9, 10). Shatavari Kalpa is

likely to be well tolerated by teens as it has a pleasant taste and will help

support healthy breast development. Roast an ounce of shatavari with one or two

tablespoons ghee in a cast iron pan until light brown and add two tablespoons of

sucanat, rapadura or turbinado sugar, two pinches saffron and a pinch of

cardamom.

 

During the reproductive years, the breasts undergo cyclical changes. Breast size

may increase by up to 10-15% during the late luteal phase, bringing on mild

breast tenderness, swelling, pain, or lumpiness in 60% of healthy women, while

another 10% may endure moderate to severe symptoms. Fibroadenomas, the most

common benign mass breast lumps, frequently occur in women in their early 20s,

although they are not uncommon to age 35. After age 35, as the cycle begins to

change, breast cysts are more common.

 

Some very important lifestyle changes must be introduced during the reproductive

years, to help prevent fibrocystic breast disease and breast cancer. Encourage

women to avoid tight bras or bras with underwire and to select only natural

fibers such as cotton to be worn over the breasts (11). Daily breast massage

with strokes towards the axilla increases blood flow to the breasts, stimulates

lymphatic drainage and enhances oxytocin production (12). Breast Balm can be

used for daily massage. Ideally, daily breast massage will be perceived by women

as an essential self care feature, like brushing the teeth. Appropriate diet for

dosha can help reduce troublesome premenstrual breast symptoms. A formula that

supports healthy hormonal balance such as Women's Support helps promote a

regular menstrual cycle and its attendant breast changes. Shatavari and vidari

will support healthy hormonal balance and punarnava can be used to reduce excess

kapha and promote breast comfort.

 

During pregnancy there is significant ductal, lobular, and alveolar growth occur

due to luteal and placental sex steroids, placental lactogen, prolactin, and

chorionic gonadotropin. Prolactin levels gradually rise during the first half of

pregnancy. Breast pain is often the first symptom of pregnancy. During the

second month the breasts enlarge and engorge and the areola becomes pigmented.

Breast size continues to increase throughout the pregnancy as the mammary glands

mature and prepare for milk production. During this time, building foods should

be used, such as urad dal, almonds, coconuts, dates and whole milk. Daily breast

massage using Breast Balm is useful both to promote breast comfort and support

the natural suppleness of the nipples. Use of soap on the nipples should be

avoided as this will wash away the antibacterial secretions from the Montgomery

glands and may also lead to drying and cracking of the nipples (1). Vidari is a

vital herb during pregnancy as it supports healthy growth of both the placenta

and mammary tissue (13). Be sure to introduce Vidari early on in pregnancy as

herbs may not be well tolerated if introduced for the first time during the

third trimester.

 

During birth, prolactin increases. This, in combination with growth hormone,

insulin, and cortisol effects, converts mammary cells from a presecretory to a

secretory state. Tactile stimulation of the nipple by the baby's sucking leads

to release of prolactin and oxytocin from the pituitary gland, which causes

myoepithelial cells surrounding the lobules and small ducts to contract and

express milk. Common problems with breastfeeding include insufficient milk, lack

of support and knowledge and cracked nipples (12, 13). Because support and

education are so important, an Ayurvedic post partum doula is a valuable member

of the team. Breast milk is an upadhatu of rasa dhatu, hence liquid foods such

as ojas drink, date shake and pomegranate juice are more advisable than the

traditional cheese and crackers in supporting milk production. Shatavari Kalpa

(16) vidari and licorice (17) support milk production and are valuable at this

time.

 

Ojas drink - Almond Restorative Drink, serves 1, sattvic

Ingredients:

10 raw almonds (soaked overnight)

1 c pure water

1 c milk (non-homogenized if possible)

1 T organic rose powder

1 t ghee

1/32 t saffron

1/8 t ground cardamom

pinch of black pepper

½ t of sweetener

 

Peel almonds. Blend all ingredients until smooth.

 

Galactoceoles, or milk cysts, can occur during pregnancy or lactation. These

present as palpable lumps, often tender. If milk cysts occur the mother can

apply castor oil packs. If cysts occur during lactation, (not during pregnancy)

she can take turmeric internally.

 

During menopause, declining ovarian function results in regression of breast

tissue. Lobules are reabsorbed, and to a lesser extent, so are ducts. Over

decades of menopause, nipples may flatten or retract. This normal change should

occur gradually and bilaterally. Beware of rapid (over 1-2 years instead of

decades) or unilateral retraction. This could signal subareolar breast cancer.

Women in their menopausal years should continue daily breast massage and should

focus on a high quality diet. Of the three types of food - beneficial, neutral

and harmful, post menopausal women can be guided to consume only the first

category. Treats can include such delights as Energy Balls (made from tahini,

almond butter, honey, shatavari and vidari rolled in coconut flakes), sweet

potato halvah and carrot halvah rather than M & Ms and cookies. Shatavari and

vidari provide systemic support during these years.

 

Women taking hormone replacement therapy constitute a special category as,

" Current use of HRT is associated with an increased risk of incident and fatal

breast cancer " (18). Fibroadenomas may also enlarge with HRT and breast cysts

may develop. Castor oil packs can be applied to the chest and punarnava,

shilajit and calamus can be taken internally to support healthy breast tissue.

However, any enlarging solid mass should be evaluated since this group faces a

very significant cancer risk. Daily breast massage, breast self-examination and

regular checkups are essential for these women.

 

The health and beauty of a woman's breasts form an important part of her

well-being and self esteem. At every stage of a woman's life, Ayurvedic ahara,

vihara and aushadhya provide important keys to maintaining breast health.

 

1. Breastfeeding: A Guide for the Medical Profession by Ruth A. Lawrence, Robert

M. Lawrence: Elsevier Science: March 2005

2. Breast Anatomy, Allen Gabriel, MD

http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1273133-overview

3. Anders Pape Møller, et al. (1995). " Breast asymmetry, sexual selection, and

human reproductive success " . Ethology and Sociobiology 16 (3): 207–219.

4. Roy Levin, PhD, Cindy Meston, PhD Nipple/Breast Stimulation and Sexual

Arousal in Young Men and Women Journal of Sexual Medicine Volume 3 Issue 3,

Pages 450 - 454 27 Feb 2006

5. Neinstein LS and Kaufman FR, chapter 1: Normal Physical Growth and

Development from Neinstein L.S. Adolescent Health Care: A Practical Guide, 4th

edition, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins 2002

6. M de Ridder, JH Thijssen et al Dietary habits, sexual maturation, and plasma

hormones in pubertal girls: a longitudinal study, American Journal of Clinical

Nutrition, Vol 54, 805-813,

7. Paul B. Kaplowitz, MD, PhD Eric J. Slora, PhD Earlier Onset of Puberty in

Girls: Relation to Increased Body Mass Index and Race PEDIATRICS Vol. 108 No. 2

August 2001, pp. 347-353

8. Honma S, Suzuki A, Buchanan DL, Katsu Y, Watanabe H, Iguchi T. 2002. Low dose

effect of in utero exposure to bisphenol A and diethylstilbestrol on female

mouse reproduction. Reprod. Toxicol. 16:117-122 (2002); Howdeshell KL, Hotchkiss

AK, Thayer KA, Vandenbergh JG, vom Saal FS. 1999.

9. Exposure to bisphenol A advances puberty. Nature 401:763-764 (1999); Nikaido

Y, Yoshizawa K, Danbara N, Tsujita-Kyutoku M, Yuri T, Uehara N, Tsubura A. 2004.

10. Effects of maternal xenoestrogen exposure on development of the reproductive

tract and mammary gland in female CD-1 mouse offspring. Reprod. Toxicol.

18:803-811 (2004)

11. Singer, S. R. Grismaijer, S. Dressed to Kill. The Link Between Breast Cancer

& Bras Journal of Applied Nutrition 1995, VOL 47; NUMBER 3, pages 90-92

12. Yuji Yokoyama, Toshihiro Ueda et al, Releases of oxytocin and prolactin

during breast massage and suckling in puerperal women European Journal of

Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, Volume 53, Issue 1, January

1994, Pages 17-20

13. Bulusu Sitaram tr. Bhavpakasha of Bhavamishra Chaukhambha Orientalia

,Varanasi, 2006 p 27

14. EE Gulick -Informational correlates of successful breast-feeding MCN: The

American Journal of Maternal/Child Nursing, 1982

15. GL Bourgoin, NR Lahaie, BA Rheaume, MG Factors influencing the duration of

breastfeeding in the Sudbury region Canadian Journal of Public Health, 1997

16. Bulusu Sitaram, op. cit. p 278

17. ibid p 159

18. V Beral, E Banks, G Reeves, D Bull Breast cancer and hormone-replacement

therapy in the Million Women Study The Lancet, Volume 362, Issue 9382, Pages 419

- 427, 9 August 2003

[Guest guest]

that was such a nice run down on breast health. Thank you so much!

 

Vicky York, IBCLC, CPD

Postpartum Care Services

www.vickyyorkdoula.com

 

 

references: www.ikarma.com/user/vmyork

 

 

 

 

 

[Guest guest]

Dear Dr

 

Its a very informative article about breast and its care.

I am an ayurvedic practioner myself.

Having unfortunately diagnosed for CA breast bilateral and operated and treated

for it in 1998. Nothing since then. except for border line diabetes on metformin

500mg one and other ayurvedic medicines and hypothyroidism any advice can be

given. With this i am over weight also with 78kgs of weight.

 

Dr Jyothi 

 

 

--- On Tue, 15/12/09, ayurdoula <AyurDoulas wrote:

 

 

ayurdoula <AyurDoulas

PerinatalAyurveda forum A Guide to Breast Health by Alakananda Ma

ayurveda

Tuesday, 15 December, 2009, 10:37 PM

 

 

 

 

 

 

Very useful article for stages of life/breast care by Ayurvedic physician

Alakananda Ma. ALakananda has a school of Ayurveda with it's first two years of

the first doctoral program in Ayurveda in the US in operation now. Ma was a

catholic nun in the UK, not quite feeling her place she was exploring monastic

life and left that. As also a medical doctor and not quite satisfied with that,

she explored service in the field in Africa, and returned. Meantime, her water

color art gained the advice from her sister to visit India as it was all Indian

motif, shapes, color, style. She found a Christian Ashram and from there began

her deeper self study and journies where she found her husband and her guru, Dr.

Lad's training in Ayurveda, and much service opportunity with her ayurvedic and

medical arts. She and her husband founded the Alandi ashram in Boulder,

Colorado. I very much enjoyed her book, Pilgrimage to the Mother which

introduced me to India in a way no

one else has. - Ysha

 

reprinted from the Banyan Vine, December free newsletter of Banyan Botanicals.

 

Supporting Sthanyavaha Srota: A Guide to Breast Health

by Alakananda Ma

Breast health comprises a complex topic on several counts. The female breast is

both an exocrine gland and a secondary sexual characteristic, it responds both

to an array of endogenous hormones and to exogenous oestrogens and pollutants

and it fluctuates both with the menstrual cycle and the life cycle. In this

article we will consider issues in breast health during puberty, reproductive

years, pregnancy, lactation, and the post-menopausal years and will look at

simple suggestions for ahara, vihara and aushadhya (diet, lifestyle and herbs)

for each phase.

 

The breast consists of glandular tissue, adipose tissue (fat cells), nerves,

blood vessels and lymphatics. Anatomically it overlies the pectoralis major

muscle and is anchored to the pectoralis fascia by suspensory ligaments known as

Cooper's ligaments (1,2). The breast contains about 15 to 25 lobes formed by

groups of milk glands, or lobules. Each lobule is composed of hollow milk

producing alveoli or acini, and feeds into a milk duct leading to the nipples.

The ducts converge near the areola, the darker area round the nipple, to form

ampullae or milk storage cavities. Around the areola are small glands known as

Montgomery's glands which secrete an oily substance that protects the nipples

during nursing. Lymph nodes within the breast drain into the axilliary lymph

nodes in the armpit—the first place to which breast cancer will typically

metastasize.

 

The breasts have several functions. As exocrine glands, they produce milk for

suckling the young, a function shared in common with the mammary glands of all

mammalian species. As a secondary sexual characteristic they form an intrinsic

part of a woman's attractiveness and hence of her self esteem and body image

(3). And as detailed in ancient texts such as Kama Sutra and Ananga Ranga Sutra,

and established in current studies in sexual medicine (4), the breasts also play

a significant role in sexual arousal.

 

Telarche, or the appearance of breast buds, technically known as Tanner Stage 2

breast development, is typically the first change of puberty. The age of

telarche has been dropping from a mean of 11 to a mean age of 8.87 years for

African-American girls and 9.96 years for white girls (5). Various factors that

may be associated with a younger age of onset of pubertal changes include a

changing diet pattern, adolescent obesity, stress, sexual abuse, and

oestrogen-like environmental pollutants. Earlier pubertal changes carry a host

of potential social and psychological issues. It has been found that a

vegetarian diet high in fiber can slow the age of onset of puberty (6) and

obesity can speed puberty (7). Hence an important step for a pre-adolescent girl

would be adoption of an Ayurvedic diet high in vegetables rather than a standard

American teen diet of pizza, fries and soda. In terms of lifestyle, it is

important to encourage an exercise program suited to

prakruti, to work to reduce stress within the family system and to discourage

the use of bisphenol-containin g plastic water bottles, which are tied to a host

of developmental issues including early puberty (8, 9, 10). Shatavari Kalpa is

likely to be well tolerated by teens as it has a pleasant taste and will help

support healthy breast development. Roast an ounce of shatavari with one or two

tablespoons ghee in a cast iron pan until light brown and add two tablespoons of

sucanat, rapadura or turbinado sugar, two pinches saffron and a pinch of

cardamom.

 

During the reproductive years, the breasts undergo cyclical changes. Breast size

may increase by up to 10-15% during the late luteal phase, bringing on mild

breast tenderness, swelling, pain, or lumpiness in 60% of healthy women, while

another 10% may endure moderate to severe symptoms. Fibroadenomas, the most

common benign mass breast lumps, frequently occur in women in their early 20s,

although they are not uncommon to age 35. After age 35, as the cycle begins to

change, breast cysts are more common.

 

Some very important lifestyle changes must be introduced during the reproductive

years, to help prevent fibrocystic breast disease and breast cancer. Encourage

women to avoid tight bras or bras with underwire and to select only natural

fibers such as cotton to be worn over the breasts (11). Daily breast massage

with strokes towards the axilla increases blood flow to the breasts, stimulates

lymphatic drainage and enhances oxytocin production (12). Breast Balm can be

used for daily massage. Ideally, daily breast massage will be perceived by women

as an essential self care feature, like brushing the teeth. Appropriate diet for

dosha can help reduce troublesome premenstrual breast symptoms. A formula that

supports healthy hormonal balance such as Women's Support helps promote a

regular menstrual cycle and its attendant breast changes. Shatavari and vidari

will support healthy hormonal balance and punarnava can be used to reduce excess

kapha and promote

breast comfort.

 

During pregnancy there is significant ductal, lobular, and alveolar growth occur

due to luteal and placental sex steroids, placental lactogen, prolactin, and

chorionic gonadotropin. Prolactin levels gradually rise during the first half of

pregnancy. Breast pain is often the first symptom of pregnancy. During the

second month the breasts enlarge and engorge and the areola becomes pigmented.

Breast size continues to increase throughout the pregnancy as the mammary glands

mature and prepare for milk production. During this time, building foods should

be used, such as urad dal, almonds, coconuts, dates and whole milk. Daily breast

massage using Breast Balm is useful both to promote breast comfort and support

the natural suppleness of the nipples. Use of soap on the nipples should be

avoided as this will wash away the antibacterial secretions from the Montgomery

glands and may also lead to drying and cracking of the nipples (1). Vidari is a

vital herb during

pregnancy as it supports healthy growth of both the placenta and mammary tissue

(13). Be sure to introduce Vidari early on in pregnancy as herbs may not be well

tolerated if introduced for the first time during the third trimester.

 

During birth, prolactin increases. This, in combination with growth hormone,

insulin, and cortisol effects, converts mammary cells from a presecretory to a

secretory state. Tactile stimulation of the nipple by the baby's sucking leads

to release of prolactin and oxytocin from the pituitary gland, which causes

myoepithelial cells surrounding the lobules and small ducts to contract and

express milk. Common problems with breastfeeding include insufficient milk, lack

of support and knowledge and cracked nipples (12, 13). Because support and

education are so important, an Ayurvedic post partum doula is a valuable member

of the team. Breast milk is an upadhatu of rasa dhatu, hence liquid foods such

as ojas drink, date shake and pomegranate juice are more advisable than the

traditional cheese and crackers in supporting milk production. Shatavari Kalpa

(16) vidari and licorice (17) support milk production and are valuable at this

time.

 

Ojas drink - Almond Restorative Drink, serves 1, sattvic

Ingredients:

10 raw almonds (soaked overnight)

1 c pure water

1 c milk (non-homogenized if possible)

1 T organic rose powder

1 t ghee

1/32 t saffron

1/8 t ground cardamom

pinch of black pepper

½ t of sweetener

 

Peel almonds. Blend all ingredients until smooth.

 

Galactoceoles, or milk cysts, can occur during pregnancy or lactation. These

present as palpable lumps, often tender. If milk cysts occur the mother can

apply castor oil packs. If cysts occur during lactation, (not during pregnancy)

she can take turmeric internally.

 

During menopause, declining ovarian function results in regression of breast

tissue. Lobules are reabsorbed, and to a lesser extent, so are ducts. Over

decades of menopause, nipples may flatten or retract. This normal change should

occur gradually and bilaterally. Beware of rapid (over 1-2 years instead of

decades) or unilateral retraction. This could signal subareolar breast cancer.

Women in their menopausal years should continue daily breast massage and should

focus on a high quality diet. Of the three types of food - beneficial, neutral

and harmful, post menopausal women can be guided to consume only the first

category. Treats can include such delights as Energy Balls (made from tahini,

almond butter, honey, shatavari and vidari rolled in coconut flakes), sweet

potato halvah and carrot halvah rather than M & Ms and cookies. Shatavari and

vidari provide systemic support during these years.

 

Women taking hormone replacement therapy constitute a special category as,

" Current use of HRT is associated with an increased risk of incident and fatal

breast cancer " (18). Fibroadenomas may also enlarge with HRT and breast cysts

may develop. Castor oil packs can be applied to the chest and punarnava,

shilajit and calamus can be taken internally to support healthy breast tissue.

However, any enlarging solid mass should be evaluated since this group faces a

very significant cancer risk. Daily breast massage, breast self-examination and

regular checkups are essential for these women.

 

The health and beauty of a woman's breasts form an important part of her

well-being and self esteem. At every stage of a woman's life, Ayurvedic ahara,

vihara and aushadhya provide important keys to maintaining breast health.

 

1. Breastfeeding: A Guide for the Medical Profession by Ruth A. Lawrence, Robert

M. Lawrence: Elsevier Science: March 2005

2. Breast Anatomy, Allen Gabriel, MD http://emedicine. medscape. com/article/

1273133-overview

3. Anders Pape Møller, et al. (1995). " Breast asymmetry, sexual selection, and

human reproductive success " . Ethology and Sociobiology 16 (3): 207–219.

4. Roy Levin, PhD, Cindy Meston, PhD Nipple/Breast Stimulation and Sexual

Arousal in Young Men and Women Journal of Sexual Medicine Volume 3 Issue 3,

Pages 450 - 454 27 Feb 2006

5. Neinstein LS and Kaufman FR, chapter 1: Normal Physical Growth and

Development from Neinstein L.S. Adolescent Health Care: A Practical Guide, 4th

edition, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins 2002

6. M de Ridder, JH Thijssen et al Dietary habits, sexual maturation, and plasma

hormones in pubertal girls: a longitudinal study, American Journal of Clinical

Nutrition, Vol 54, 805-813,

7. Paul B. Kaplowitz, MD, PhD Eric J. Slora, PhD Earlier Onset of Puberty in

Girls: Relation to Increased Body Mass Index and Race PEDIATRICS Vol. 108 No. 2

August 2001, pp. 347-353

8. Honma S, Suzuki A, Buchanan DL, Katsu Y, Watanabe H, Iguchi T. 2002. Low dose

effect of in utero exposure to bisphenol A and diethylstilbestrol on female

mouse reproduction. Reprod. Toxicol. 16:117-122 (2002); Howdeshell KL, Hotchkiss

AK, Thayer KA, Vandenbergh JG, vom Saal FS. 1999.

9. Exposure to bisphenol A advances puberty. Nature 401:763-764 (1999); Nikaido

Y, Yoshizawa K, Danbara N, Tsujita-Kyutoku M, Yuri T, Uehara N, Tsubura A. 2004.

10. Effects of maternal xenoestrogen exposure on development of the reproductive

tract and mammary gland in female CD-1 mouse offspring. Reprod. Toxicol.

18:803-811 (2004)

11. Singer, S. R. Grismaijer, S. Dressed to Kill. The Link Between Breast Cancer

& Bras Journal of Applied Nutrition 1995, VOL 47; NUMBER 3, pages 90-92

12. Yuji Yokoyama, Toshihiro Ueda et al, Releases of oxytocin and prolactin

during breast massage and suckling in puerperal women European Journal of

Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, Volume 53, Issue 1, January

1994, Pages 17-20

13. Bulusu Sitaram tr. Bhavpakasha of Bhavamishra Chaukhambha Orientalia

,Varanasi, 2006 p 27

14. EE Gulick -Informational correlates of successful breast-feeding MCN: The

American Journal of Maternal/Child Nursing, 1982

15. GL Bourgoin, NR Lahaie, BA Rheaume, MG Factors influencing the duration of

breastfeeding in the Sudbury region Canadian Journal of Public Health, 1997

16. Bulusu Sitaram, op. cit. p 278

17. ibid p 159

18. V Beral, E Banks, G Reeves, D Bull Breast cancer and hormone-replacement

therapy in the Million Women Study The Lancet, Volume 362, Issue 9382, Pages 419

- 427, 9 August 2003

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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