Question about needle materials

[Guest guest]

To All:

 

Are effective needles always made of a conductive material?

 

I've been doing some reading on energetic medicine, which has led me

to an abstract by a Dr. Haltiwanger, who postulates that the efficacy

of acupuncture may be related to electrical changes in the body

caused by the imposition of the needles at various points. The

statement was made in an offhand way, and I'm really just looking for

opinions or further reading on the matter, and thought I'd start with

the question above.

 

The question is not limited to modern practice- what was in common

use 100 years ago? 200? Longer?

 

Thanks in advance

D. Tooker