Digest Number 898

[Guest guest]

In a message dated 9/28/02 5:55:15 AM,

writes:

 

<< I think that most of us would be quick to get the

vaccination--and reasonably so. >>

 

I would run from the vaccine yet parents are subjecting their own kids to the

guinea pig trials. Clinical trials have a more appealing definition but

bottom line is " lab rat kids " . This is true INSANITY! The only explanation

for this must be all the individuals must be medicated and not able to make

an informed decision!

Jane

 

SMALL NUMBER OF CHILDREN TO BE INOCULATED, OFFICIALS SAY

 

By Delthia Ricks

 

NEWSDAY

 

 

Doctors in Cincinnati are among those planning an unprecedented

 

clinical trial in which the smallpox vaccine will be tested in a small

 

number

 

of children, federal health officials confirmed yesterday.

 

The idea is to establish vaccine dosages suitable for children in

 

the

 

event that mass vaccination is needed because of a bioterrorist attack.

 

Tests, which will be conducted at Cincinnati's Children's Hospital

 

Medical Center and Harbor-UCLA Medical Center in Southern California, will

 

mark the first time the vaccine has ever been tested in children, using

 

the

 

rigors of modern science.

 

 

Though doctors administered the vaccine successfully in children for

 

two centuries before the disease's eradication, a formal controlled

 

clinical

 

trial had not been performed even in the 1960s, a period well within the

 

era

 

of evidence-based medicine.

 

 

Doctors involved in the design of the trial hope testing will begin

 

before the end of the year. Fewer than 50 children are expected to be

 

entered

 

into the trial in both states.

 

 

" We're just waiting for the final word, to hear that it's a go. All

 

of

 

the pieces seem to be in place, " said Dr. David Bernstein, director of the

 

division of infectious diseases at Cincinnati Children's Hospital and

 

Medical

 

Center. Bernstein will be the chief investigator of the study's Ohio arm.

 

 

He does not foresee trouble enrolling children into the trial and is

 

discussing the test with Cincinnati pediatricians. Because test subjects

 

must

 

be closely monitored and wear special bandages after their inoculation,

 

neither site will accept enrollees from out of state.

 

 

" This is a good vaccine and millions of children have been safely

 

immunized with it, " said Dr. Michael Lane, a smallpox expert now retired

 

from

 

the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

 

 

Medical researchers plan to test the Dryvax vaccine, Bernstein said,

 

which was the same one used to eradicate smallpox in an aggressive global

 

campaign in the 1960s and '70s. It is also the same vaccine administered

 

in a

 

nationwide adult clinical trial that began late last year. Findings

 

announced

 

in March showed that Dryvax could be diluted and still maintain its

 

effectiveness.

 

 

But Dryvax is not problem-free. Although doctors think current

 

medical

 

knowledge may make the vaccine safer, it is a live-virus vaccine that has

 

caused encephalitis and potential brain damage in some recipients. It also

 

carries a 1 in 1 million chance of death, a ratio worked out by Lane and

 

colleagues in a series of groundbreaking studies on the vaccine conducted

 

at

 

the CDC in the 1960s.

 

* * * * * * * * * * *

 

What will happen next? Pandemonium. The press has done its job over

 

the last few months reinforcing the belief that an epidemic is about to

 

occur, potentially causing millions of deaths. Americans thousands of miles

 

from Washington will demand the smallpox vaccine, a vaccine with the highest

 

risk of complications of any vaccine ever manufactured and with a dubious

 

track record for success.

 

 

However, because you are informed, you will have a different response.

 

You will not panic. You will turn off the TV. You won’t listen to your

 

hysterical neighbors. And more importantly, you won’t rush to be vaccinated.

 

Here’s why:

 

 

On June 20, 2002, I attended the Center for Disease Control’s (CDC)

 

meeting of the Advisory Committee for Immunization Practices (ACIP) and

 

listened to one and a half days of testimony prior to posting the

 

recommendations for smallpox vaccination that are currently being considered

 

by the CDC and the Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS.) Many

 

testimonies and comments were presented by public participants and by

 

various physicians and researchers associated with the CDC. Noting that two

 

weeks have past since the June 20th meeting and the media has still not

 

reported on this historic event, I decided it was imperative to report the

 

content and outcome of this meeting to the general public. After reading

 

this report you will gain a new perspective on smallpox and, hopefully, in

 

the event of an outbreak, you will understand that you have nothing to fear.

 

 

Generally accepted facts

 

 

Nearly every article or news headliner regarding smallpox is designed

 

to instill and continually reinforce fear in the minds of the general

 

public. Apparently the goal is to make everyone demand the vaccine as soon

 

as it is available and/or in the event of an outbreak. A very similar media

 

campaign was developed prior to the release of the Salk polio vaccine in

 

1955. The polio vaccine had been in development for more than a year prior

 

to its release and was an untested “investigational new drug,” just as the

 

smallpox vaccine will be. The difference is that the potential side effects

 

and complications of the smallpox vaccine are already known, and they are

 

extensive.

 

 

Generally accepted facts about smallpox include:

 

 

1. Smallpox is highly contagious and could spread rapidly, killing

 

millions

 

 

2. Smallpox can be spread by casual contact with an infected person

 

 

3. The death rate from smallpox is thought to be 30%.

 

 

4. There is no treatment for smallpox

 

 

5. The smallpox vaccine will protect a person from getting the

 

disease

 

 

As it turns out, these “accepted facts” are not the “real facts.”

 

 

Myth 1: Smallpox is highly contagious

 

 

“Smallpox has a slow transmission and is not highly contagious,”

 

stated Joel Kuritsky, MD, director of the National Immunization Program and

 

Early Smallpox Response and Planning at the CDC. This statement is a direct

 

contradiction to nearly everything we have ever heard or read about

 

smallpox. However, keep in mind that this comes “straight from the horse’s

 

mouth” and should be considered the “real story” regarding how smallpox is

 

spread.

 

 

 

Even if a person is exposed to a known bioterrorist attack with

 

smallpox, it doesn’t mean that he will contract smallpox. The signs and

 

symptoms of the disease will not occur immediately, and there is time to

 

plan. The infection has an incubation period of 3 to 17 days, and the

first symptom will be the development of a high fever (>101º F), accompanied

by nausea, vomiting, headache, severe abdominal cramping and low back pain.

The person will be ill and most likely bed-ridden; not out mixing with the

general public.

Even with a fever, it is critically important to realize that at this

point the person is still not contagious. In fact, the fever may be caused

by something else, such as the flu.

However, if a smallpox infection is developing, the characteristic

rash will begin to develop within two to four days after the onset of the

fever. The person becomes contagious and has the ability to spread the

infection only after the development of the rash. “The characteristic rash

of variola major is difficult to misdiagnose,” stated Walter A. Orenstein,

M.D., Director of the National Immunization Program (NIP) at the CDC. The

classic smallpox rash is a round, firm pustule that can spread and become

confluent. The lesions are all in the same stage of development over the

entire body and appear to be distributed more on the palms, soles and face

than on the trunk or extremities.

ACTION ITEM: In the event of an exposure, it is imperative that you do

everything you can to improve the functioning of your immune system so that

an “exposure” does not have to result in an “outbreak.”

a. Stop eating all foods that contain refined white sugar

products, since sugar inhibits the functioning of your white blood cells,

your first line of defense.[ii]

(There are many other health-conscious dietary considerations to

consider, but that is beyond the scope of this article.)

b. Start taking large doses of Vitamin C. Vitamin C has been

proven in hundreds of studies to be effective in protecting the body from

viral infections,[iii] including smallpox.[iv] For an extensive scientific

review on the use of this nutrient and a “dosing recipe”, read “Vitamin C,

The Master Nutrient, by Sandra Goodman, Ph.D.

www.positivehealth.com/permit/Articles/Nutrition/vitcpre.htm

c. If you develop a fever, you still have time to plan. Purchase

enough fresh, organic produce and filtered water to last three weeks. Move

the kids to grandma’s or the neighbor’s house. Remember: YOU MAY NOT GET THE

INFECTION AND YOU ARE NOT CONTAGIOUS UNTIL YOU GET THE RASH!

Myth 2: Smallpox is easily spread by casual contact with an infected

person

Smallpox will not rapidly disseminate throughout the community. Even

after the development of the rash, the infection is slow to spread. “The

infection is spread by droplet contamination and coughing or sneezing are

not generally part of the infection. Smallpox will not spread like

wildfire,” said Orenstein. He stated that the spread of smallpox to casual

contacts is the “exception to the rule.” Only 8% of cases in Africa were

contracted by accidental contact.

Transmission of smallpox occurs only after intense contact, defined as

“constant exposure of a person that is within 6-7 feet for a minimum of 6-7

days.”[v] Dr. Orenstein reported that in Africa, 92% of all cases came

from close associations and in India, all cases came from prolonged personal

contact. Dr. Tom Mack from the University of Southern California stated that

in Pakistan, 27% of cases demonstrated no transmission to close associates.

Nearly 37% had a transmission of only one generation, meaning that the

second person to contract smallpox did not pass it onto the third person.

These statistics directly contradict models that predict an exponential

spread to millions.

Even without medical care, isolation was the best way to stop the

spread of smallpox in Third World, population dense areas. With a slow

transmission rate and an informed public, Mack estimated that the total

number of smallpox cases in America would be less than 10, a far cry from

the millions postulated by the press.

Dr. Kuritsky said at the CDC Public Forum on Smallpox on June 8 in St.

Louis, “Given the slow transmission rate and that people need to be in close

contact for nearly a week to spread the infection, the scenario in which a

terrorist could infect himself with smallpox and contaminate an entire city

by walking through the streets touching people is purely fiction.”

Point to ponder: Mass vaccination was halted in Third World countries

because it didn’t work. In India, villages with an 88% vaccination rate

still had outbreaks. After the World Health Organization began a

surveillance and containment campaign, actively seeking cases of smallpox,

isolating them in their homes, and vaccinating family members and close

contacts, outbreaks were virtually eliminated within 2 years. The CDC and

the WHO organization attribute the eradication of smallpox to the ring

vaccination of close contacts. However, since the infection runs its course

in 3-6 weeks, perhaps ISOLATION ALONE would have effectively accomplished

the same thing.

Myth #3: The death rate from smallpox is 30%

Nearly every newspaper and journal article quotes this statistic.

However, as pointed out in the presentation by Dr. Tom Mack, it appears that

the “30% fatality rate” has come from skewed data. Dr. Mack has worked with

smallpox extensively and saw more than 120 outbreaks in Pakistan throughout

the early 1970s. Villages would apparently have “an importation” every 5-10

years, regardless of vaccination status, and the outbreak could always be

predicated by living conditions and social arrangements. There were many

small outbreaks and individual cases that never came to the attention of the

local authorities.

Mack stated that even with poor medical care, the case fatality rate

in adults was “much lower than is generally advertised” and thought to be

10-15%. He said that the statistics were “loaded with children that had a

much higher fatality,” making the average death rate reported to be much

higher. Amazingly, he revealed his opinion that even without mass

vaccination, “smallpox would have died out anyway. It just would have taken

longer.”

Even so, people died. Why? After all, smallpox is a skin disease and

“other organs are seldom involved.”[vi] I posed this question to the

committee on two separate occasions. Kathi Williams of the National Vaccine

Information Center asked this question at the Institute of Medicine meeting

on June 15th. On June 20, an answer was finally forthcoming when a member of

the ACIP committee said, “That is a good question. Does anyone know the

actual cause of death from smallpox?”

At that point, Dr. D.A. Henderson, from the John Hopkins University

Department of Epidemiology volunteered a comment. Dr. Henderson directed the

World Health Organization's global smallpox eradication campaign (1966-1977)

and helped initiate WHO's global program of immunization in 1974. He

approached the microphone and stated, “Well, it appears that the cause of

death of smallpox is a ‘mystery.’” He stated that a medical resident had

been asked to do a complete review of the literature and “not much

information” was found. It is postulated that the people died from a

“generalized toxemia” and that those with the most severe forms of

smallpox—the hemorrhagic or confluent malignant types—died of complications

of skin sloughing, similar to a burn. However, he concluded by saying, “it’s

frustrating, because we don’t really know.”

COMMENT: I find this to be extremely frightening. If we knew why

people died when they contracted smallpox, perhaps current medical

technology could treat the complications, making the death rate much lower.

Considering that the last known case of smallpox in the U.S. was in Texas in

1949, continuing to report that smallpox has a 30% death rate is similar to

saying that all heart attacks are fatal. Based on 1949 technology, that

would be accurate reporting. But in 2002, all heart attacks are NOT fatal.

Neither would smallpox have a mortality rate of 30%.

Myth #4: There is no treatment for smallpox

A more accurate statement is “there are no pharmaceutical drugs for

the treatment for smallpox.” But they are working on that too. There are 274

antiviral drug compounds and testing is underway to see if one can be useful

in the treatment of smallpox.[vii] One such drug is called

hexadecylosypropyl-cidofovir (HDP-CDV). Not yet available for human use, it

has been found to be 100 times more potent than its cousin, cidofovir, a

drug used to treat retinal infections in HIV patients. If studies pan out,

HDP-CDV will be offered in a pill or capsule form over 5-14 days for the

prevention and treatment of people exposed to smallpox.[viii]

Unfortunately, this drug is being developed in Europe and will most likely

be kept out of the US market until long after the general public has been

subjected to mass vaccination.

It is important to note that there are several different presentations

of a smallpox infection. The most common is called “ordinary discrete”

smallpox, occurring in more than 40% of the cases. The outbreak is seen as a

small scattering of pustules distributed across the body. The person with

this type of smallpox needs minimal medical care and the reported death rate

is <10%.[ix]

For mild cases of smallpox, adequate hydration and anti-fever products

are essential for comfort and maintaining a temperature below 102ºF.

Keeping the skin clean to prevent secondary bacterial infections is also

important. A 1927 Textbook of Medicine recommends applying gauzed soaked in

carbolic acid to “decrease itching and prevent extensive scarring.”[x]

Carbolic acid is used acutely for burns that tend to ulcerate and other skin

conditions that cause burning or prickling pain. Homeopathic forms of

carbolic acid are also available.

For the severe complications of smallpox, modern day treatment options

are available. The hemorrhagic type of smallpox, occurring in approximately

3% of cases, presents as hypotensive shock and can be treated accordingly.

In another 3% of serious cases, the confluent-type has extensive skin

involvement. These patients can be treated the same as a burn patient. All

severe cases need to be treated for dehydration and watched for signs of

bacterial suprainfection.

Research done by Dr. Peter Havens, MS, MD from the Medical College of

Wisconsin postulated that death from smallpox was due to multisystem organ

failure, a complication of an untreated acute cytokine (inflammatory)

response. Massive oxidative stress occurs, leading to free-radical damage in

the kidneys and other internal organs. However, Dr. Havens estimates that

modern medical technology would indeed decrease the death rate, to possibly

as low as 2-3%.

COMMENT: The treatment of choice for severe free-radical stress is

high dose intravenous Vitamin C. If conventional medicine would recognize

the value of this treatment, they would also be forced to realize mass

vaccination is simply not necessary.

Treating severely ill patients would require hospitalization and

unfortunately, smallpox spreads the most quickly in the hospital setting due

to poor isolation techniques. In addition, most patients in hospitals are

ill and immunosuppressed by disease or medication, making them more

susceptible to infection. Dr. Mike Lane, former director of the CDC’s

smallpox eradication program in the 1970s, said severely ill smallpox

patients could be treated in a suburban motel or remote government building.

“You can bring care to the patient if you elect to use the Motel 6 on the

edge of town” rather than put smallpox victims in a hospital where the

disease could spread to patients with weakened immune systems.

Side bar with Dr. Mike Lane:

Dr. Lane and I had a private conversation during a coffee break.

During his presentation, he had been adamant that those within the “first

ring” would need to be mandatorily vaccinated with 100% compliance. The

“first ring” includes those that have had immediate, close contact with

patients who had confirmed cases of smallpox. Lane stated that this was the

only way that “ring vaccination would work.” When I questioned his

definition of 100% compliance, he said, “Medical contraindications would not

apply…there would be NO exceptions. I would rather vaccinate them and take

my chances treating the potential complications. In India, we vaccinated

everyone. The only medical contraindication was leprosy, and we sometimes

vaccinated them. I’m sure that we killed a few people, but we did the best

that we could.”

I pressed the issue further by saying, “if the death rate really is

30% (which I doubt), doesn’t that mean the survival rate is 70%? Shouldn’t

that person have the right to play the odds with his health if he chose to?”

His answer was the same: “If the person is exposed, there will be NO

exceptions, medical or otherwise. Those people in the first ring—regardless

of health status MUST be vaccinated.”

That means that all people with medical contraindictions—organ

transplants, cancer, HIV, eczema and other skin conditions—would be

vaccinated, even it was against their will and with the use of force, if

necessary. He was quite the zealot about it; hopefully, in the event of a

smallpox exposure, more reasonable minds will prevail.

Myth #5: The vaccine will keep me from getting the infection

Most people believe that all vaccines work to protect them, meaning

that the vaccine will be clinically effective. What most people do not know

is that vaccines have never been proven to protect them from getting the

infection.

This little known fact is not only true for all vaccines, it is also

true for the smallpox vaccine. Here are a few examples:

Chickenpox vaccine:

“No data exists regarding post-exposure efficacy of the current

varicella vaccine.”

“Vaccinated persons have a less severe out break than unvaccinated”

(300 vs. 50 lesions.)[xi]

Pertussis vaccine:

" The findings of efficacy studies have not demonstrated a direct

correlation between antibody response and protection against pertussis

disease.”[xii]

Smallpox vaccine:

“Neutralizing antibodies are reported to reflect levels of protection,

although this has not been validated in the field.” [xiii]

Dr. Harold Margolis, Senior Advisor to the Director for Smallpox

Planning and Response, stated in Atlanta that “the vaccine decreased the

death rate among those vaccinated by ‘modifying the disease’, not by

preventing infection.”

TAKE HOME POINTS:

Smallpox is NOT highly contagious. You have time. Don’t panic.

Smallpox is only spread by close contact of less than 6 feet for at

least 6-7 days. You aren’t that close to coworkers or commuters.

Treatment for smallpox should be surveillance and containment, without

vaccination.

Smallpox is not highly fatal. There are treatments for smallpox.

The vaccine will not protect you from getting the infection. The

vaccine has high complication rates, is an experimental drug and there are

many contraindications. (Please see article at

www.mercola.com/2002/jun/12/smallpox_update.htm )

Addendum:

As I was completing this report this morning, I read in the New York

Times that the CDC plans to increase the number of “first responders” who

receive the vaccination to 500,000 from the agreed-to 15,000.[xiv]

Preparations are also underway for rapid mass vaccination of the general

public. The more extensive vaccination plan is possible because supplies are

increasing. As I have stated before, the government spent more than $780

million to develop its arsenal. Now that we have it, we will use it.

In addition to medical first responders, a presentation at the June

20th meeting suggested that first responders should also include a class to

be defined as “economic first responders,” those who would be necessary in

keeping the economy moving in the event of a nationwide “lock down” caused

by an outbreak. This group would include pilots, truck drivers, food

handlers, etc. It is the “etc.” that is of concern. Where do you draw the

line? Obviously, the line will be drawn after Tommy Thompson’s vision of a

“vaccine for every man, woman and child” has been fulfilled.

One of the major problems is the lack of vaccinia immune globulin

(VIG), the “antidote” that is needed for those who experience a severe

reaction to the vaccine. The Times article reports that there are only 700

doses currently available. Dr. Tom Mack, among others at the CDC warned

that, “in the absence of VIG, extensive vaccination would be extremely

dangerous.”

With the continued rhetoric about the US plans to go to war with Iraq,

we are essentially taunting Saddam into launching a biological weapons

attack on our own people. We are not given an exact knowledge as to Saddam’s

capability but are given euphemisms such as “reasonably high” or “quite

high.” But we don’t know for sure. And if the government knows, it is not

telling. And if Saddam does have biological smallpox, what is the chance he

has other weapons of biological destruction, those for which we do not have

a vaccine?

We are developing “grounds” for a war with Iraq in spite of the rest

of the world telling us to stay out of there. I encourage all to spend some

time on this site: www.globalpolicy.org for some eye-opening information on

policy that you won’t see in the popular press.

We are setting the stage for a health disaster unlike anything we have

seen before in America, and it will be our own doing. World health records

(England, Germany, Italy, the Philippines, British India, etc.) document

that devastating epidemics followed mass vaccination. The worst smallpox

disaster occurred in the Philippines after a 10 year compulsory US program

administered 25 million vaccinations to its population of 10 million

resulting in 170,000 cases and more than 75,000 deaths from ‘smallpox’, in a

country having only scattered cases in rural villages prior to the onslaught

of vaccines.[xv]

I received an excellent bulletin from Larken Rose

(www.Theft-By-Deception.com) who is an activist regarding taxes. So much of

what he said applies to the vaccine movement, that I got his permission to

include part of his letter here. It is time to STAND AGAINST forced

vaccination. Stop the hysteria! Information is power. However, after gaining

power, you must ACT.

Here is something to inspire you:

More than 200 years ago, the people of this country chose to tell King

George, not just that he was unreasonable, not just that they didn’t like

him, not just that they had complaints about him, but that they were going

to RESIST BY FORCE his tyrannical ways. The Declaration was not a threat to

take King George to court; it was not a petition, or a request for fairness,

or even a demand. It was a STATEMENT—a DECLARATION—that the people of

America REFUSED TO TOLERATE the oppression, and were going to openly resist

it, and didn’t give a damn what the King thought about it.

Though it may be politically incorrect to describe it this way, the

Declaration of Independence was a bunch of people openly stating that they

were going to IGNORE the law (not debate it or litigate it), and OVERTHROW

their present government. (King George was not a foreign invader; he was

" the government. " ) Again, in the words of the Declaration, " when a long

train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the same object,

evidences a design to reduce them under absolute despotism, it is the people

’s right, it is their duty, to throw off such government. "

Where are the Americans who still have that attitude?

There are a few (very few), and most people consider them to be

" fringe extremists. " Where do YOU draw the line? What injustice would

government agents have to commit, before YOU would openly resist? Is there

a line for you? Or would you complain and bicker all the way to absolute

tyranny?

" Power concedes nothing without a demand. It never did, and it never

will. Find out just what people will submit to, and you have found out the

exact amount of injustice and wrong which will be imposed upon them, and

these will continue till they have resisted with either words or blows, or

with both. The limits of tyrants are prescribed by the endurance of those

whom they suppress. "

- Frederick Douglas-

This is a very different country today from what it was 226 years ago.

We have become a country of sheep. We occasionally " baaa " at government

injustice, but we do not ACT. For the most part, our “rebelliousness " now

consists of pushing buttons in voting booths, to hopefully elect the less

scummy of two lying scumbags (after a debate about which one is scummier).

For most people that is the extent of their resistance to

government-imposed injustice. Each of us cowers in a corner for fear that we

will be the next one that government makes an " example " of. While

self-preservation is no sin, at some point a country of " self-preservers "

will " preserve " itself into total submission to tyrants.

We are one step away from that now.

Once upon a time, a group of individuals declared to the world that

they would fight and risk death, rather than tolerate the oppressions of an

abusive government. Now, we are too comfortable for that. We are spoiled. We

are cowards. For today’s battle, we need only the smallest fraction of the

courage our forefathers demonstrated.

We do not need to lie in the mud, squinting in the cold to see the

rifle sites, waiting for the glimpse of British Troops that we know are

headed our way just over the next ridge. We do not need to run into the

open field, in heavy enemy fire, to retrieve our buddy who just had his leg

blown off by a cannonball.We do not need to leave our families and friends

to fight, and possibly to die. No, today the price for our freedom (at

least a huge chunk of it) is a pittance compared to what others have paid,

but I have my doubts about whether we are willing to pay even that. What is

that price? What do we need to do?

We need to just say NO by affirming the following:

I will avoid fear.

I will seek alternatives to the forced medical experimentation.

I will avoid being injected with an experimental new drug based on a

“hunch” or based on something that happened hundreds or thousands of miles

from where I live.

I will resist the government’s efforts to take away my right to do

what I believe is best for my body.

I will take personal responsibility for my heath and for the health of

my family.

----

----------

JAMA, June 9, 1999; Vol. 281, No. 22, p 3132

[ii] Bernstein J et al. Depression of lymphocyte transformation

following oral glucose ingestion. Am. J. of Clin. Nut. 1977;30:613

[iii] Murata A. Virucidal Activity of Vitamin C: Vitamin C for

Prevention and Treatment of Viral Diseases. Proceedings of the First

Intersectional Congress of Microbiological Societies, Science Council of

Japan 3:432-442. 1975.

[iv] Kligler IJ, Bernkopf H. Inactivation of Vaccinia Virus by

Ascorbic Acid and Glutathione. Nature, vol. 139:pp.965-966. 1937

[v] Am. J. Epid. 1971; 91:316-326.

[vi] JAMA, June 9, 1999; Vol. 281, No. 22, p 2130

[vii] LeDuc, James and Jahrling, Peter B. Strengthening National

Preparedness for Smallpox: an Update. Emerging Infectious Diseases, Jan-Feb

2001, Vol. 7., No. 1

[viii] Highfield, Roger. New drug could conquer smallpox,

www.news.telegraph.co.uik 3-21-02.

[ix] Data from Rao, 1972, quoted in Fenner Table 1.2

[x] Blumgarten, A.S. “A Textbook of Medicine” for nursing students.

1927.

[xi] MMWR July 12, 1996/45(RR11); p. 12

[xii] MMWR March 28, 1997/Vol.46/No. RR-7, pg. 4

[xiii] JAMA, ibid. p 2131

[xiv] www.nytimes.com/2002/07/07/national/07SMAL.html?todaysheadlines

[xv] Physician William Howard Hay's address of June 25, 1937; printed

in the Congressional Record.