Fw: bhumya amalki - Phyllanthus

[Guest guest]

Dear Cybervaidya,

 

Thanks for the info. Will definitely appreciate a picture of the plant to clear

any confusion. I have received from Dr. Anu a detailed posting on research

studies conducted with the plant. Attached for information of those interested.

 

-

Dr Anu V

 

Tuesday, August 17, 2004 5:39 PM

bhumya amalki - Phyllanthus - Kezharnelli

 

 

Family: Euphorbiaceae

 

Genus: Phyllanthus

 

Species: niruri, amarus

 

Synonyms: Phyllanthus carolinianus, P, sellowianus, P. fraternus, P. kirganella,

P. lathyroides, P. lonphali, Nymphanthus niruri

 

Common Names: Chanca piedra, quebra pedra, stone-breaker, arranca-pedras,

punarnava, amli, bhonya, bhoomi amalaki, bhui-amla, bhui amla, bhuianvalah,

bhuimy-amali, bhuin-amla, bhumyamalaki, cane peas senna, carry-me-seed, creole

senna, daun marisan, derriere-dos, deye do, erva-pombinha, elrageig, elrigeg,

evatbimi, gale-wind grass, graine en bas fievre, hurricane weed, jar-amla, jar

amla, kizha nelli, malva-pedra, mapatan,para-parai mi, paraparai mi, pei,

phyllanto, pombinha, quinine weed, sacha foster, cane senna, creole senna,

shka-nin-du, viernes santo, ya-taibai, yaa tai bai, yah-tai-bai, yerba de san

pablo

 

Part Used: Entire plant

 

 

 

PLANT DESCRIPTION

Documented Properties

& Actions: Analgesic, antibacterial, antihepatotoxic, anti-inflammatory,

antilithic, antimalarial, antimutagenic, antinociceptive, antispasmodic,

antiviral, aperitif, carminative, choleretic, deobstruent, digestive, diuretic,

febrifuge, hepatotonic, hepatoprotective, hypoglycemic, hypotensive, laxative,

stomachic, tonic, vermifuge

Plant

Chemicals

Include: Alkaloids, astragalin, brevifolin, carboxylic acids, corilagin,

cymene, ellagic acid, ellagitannins, gallocatechins, geraniin, hypophyllanthin,

lignans, lintetralins, lupeols, methyl salicylate, niranthin, nirtetralin,

niruretin, nirurin, nirurine, niruriside, norsecurinines, phyllanthin,

phyllanthine, phyllanthenol, phyllochrysine, phyltetralin, repandusinic acids,

quercetin, quercetol, quercitrin, rutin, saponins, triacontanal, tricontanol

 

 

 

Chanca piedra is a small, erect, annual herb that grows 30-40 cm in height. It

is indigenous to the rainforests of the Amazon and other tropical areas

throughout the world, including the Bahamas, southern India, and China. P.

niruri is quite prevalent in the Amazon and other wet rainforests, growing and

spreading freely (much like a weed). P. amarus and P. sellowianus are closely

related to P. niruri in appearance, phytochemical structure, and history of use,

but typically are found in the drier tropical climates of India, Brazil, and

even Florida and Texas.

 

The Phyllanthus genus contains over 600 species of shrubs, trees, and annual

or biennial herbs distributed throughout the tropical and subtropical regions of

both hemispheres. Unfortunately, there remains a great deal of confusion among

scientists regarding plant identification and, in many cases, plant

misidentification makes evaluation of published information difficult. P. amarus

(Thonn. & Schum) and P. sellowianus are often considered a variety of P. niruri,

or no distinction is made among these three species in published clinical

research. Oftentimes one name is indicated to be synonymous with another and,

sometimes, both names are used interchangeably as if referring to one plant. It

became so confusing that, in the 1990s, a major reorganization of the

Phyllanthus genus was conducted (which classified P. amarus as a type of P.

niruri).

 

The Spanish name of the plant, chanca piedra, means "stone breaker" or

"shatter stone." It was named for its effective use to generations of Amazonian

indigenous peoples in eliminating gallstones and kidney stones. In Brazil, the

plant is known as quebra-pedra or arranca-pedras (which also translates to

"break-stone"). The plant is employed for numerous other conditions by the

indigenous peoples, including blennorrhagia, colic, diabetes, malaria,

dysentery, fever, flu, tumors, jaundice, vaginitis, and dyspepsia. Based on its

long documented history of use in the region, the plant is considered analgesic

and as an aperitif, carminative, digestive, emmenagogue, laxative, stomachic,

tonic, and vermifuge.

 

Chanca piedra has a long history in herbal medicine systems in every tropical

country where it grows. For the most part, it is employed for similar conditions

worldwide. The natural remedy is usually just a standard infusion or weak

decoction of the whole plant or its aerial parts. Its main uses are for many

types of biliary and urinary conditions including kidney and gallbladder stones;

for hepatitis, cold, flu, tuberculosis, and other viral infections; liver

diseases and disorders including anemia, jaundice and liver cancer; and for

bacterial infections such as cystitis, prostatitis, venereal diseases and

urinary tract infections. It is also widely employed for diabetes and

hypertension as well as for its diuretic, analgesic, stomachic, antispasmodic,

febrifugal, and cell protective properties in many other conditions. It is

little wonder that chanca piedra is used for so many purposes in herbal medicine

systems: in clinical research over the years, the plant has demonstrated

antihepatotoxic, antilithic, analgesic, hypotensive, antispasmodic, antiviral,

antibacterial, diuretic, antimutagenic, and hypoglycemic activities.

 

Since the mid-1960s, chanca piedra has been the subject of much phytochemical

research to determine the active constituents and their pharmacological

activities. It is a rich source of phytochemicals, including many which have

been found only in the Phyllanthus genus. Many of the "active" constituents are

attributed to biologically active lignans, glycosides, flavonoids, alkaloids,

ellagitannins, and phenylpropanoids found in the leaf, stem, and root of the

plant. Common lipids, sterols, and flavonols also occur in the plant. Because of

the confusion among P. niruri, P. amarus, and P. sellowianus over the years (and

the reclassification of the genus), the research reviewed herein will encompass

that which has been reported on all three of these very similar species.

 

The first notable area of study has validated chanca piedra's longstanding

traditional use for kidney stones. In 1990, the Paulista School of Medicine in

São Paulo, Brazil, conducted studies with humans and rats with kidney stones.

They were given a simple tea of chanca piedra for 1-3 months and it was reported

that the tea promoted the elimination of stones. They also reported a

significant increase in diuresis and sodium and creatine excretion. Subsequently

the medical school educated new doctors about the ability to treat kidney stones

with this natural remedy and now it is found in many pharmacies throughout

Brazil. In a 1999 in vitro clinical study, a chanca piedra extract exhibited a

potent and effective inhibitory effect on the formation of calcium oxalate

crystals (the building blocks of most kidney stones). In a 2002 in vivo study,

researchers seeded the bladders of rats with calcium oxalate crystals and

treated them for 42 days with a water extract of chanca piedra. Their results

indicated that chanca piedra "strongly inhibited the growth of the matrix

calculus and reduced the number of stone satellites compared with the group

receiving water." Several of the animals even passed the stones which did form.

Previously (in the mid-1980s) the antispasmodic activity of chanca piedra was

reported. This led researchers to surmise that "smooth muscle relaxation within

the urinary or biliary tract probably facilitates the expulsion of kidney or

bladder calculi." Researchers had already reported chanca piedra's antispasmodic

properties and smooth muscle relaxant properties (including a uterine relaxant

effect) in earlier studies. In 1990, Nicole Maxwell reported that Dr. Wolfram

Wiemann (of Nuremburg, Germany) treated over 100 kidney stone patients with

chanca piedra obtained in Peru and found it to be 94% successful in eliminating

stones within a week or two.

 

Chanca piedra is also used in herbal medicine for gallstones and, while no

research has been performed that specifically validated this use, one study does

indicate that chanca piedra has an effect on gallbladder processes. In a 2002

study, Indian researchers reported that chanca piedra increased bile acid

secretion (demonstrated choleretic activity) and significantly lowered blood

cholesterol levels in rats. The beneficial effects of lowering cholesterol and

triglyceride levels was also confirmed by another in vivo (rat) study in 1985.

 

The plant's traditional use for hypertension has been explored by research as

well. The hypotensive effects were first reported in a dog study in 1952 (in

which a diuretic effect was noted also). The hypotensive effects were attributed

to a specific phytochemical in chanca piedra called geraniin (an ellagitannin

phytochemical) in a 1988 study. In 1995 Indian researchers gave human

hypertensive subjects chanca piedra leaf powder in capsules and reported a

significant reduction in systolic blood pressure, a significant increase in

urine volume, and in urine and serum sodium excretion. Chanca piedra's diuretic

effect in humans was recorded as far back as 1929 and, in India, a tablet of

chanca piedra (called Punarnava) is sold as a diuretic there. In the above 1995

study, researchers also reported that blood glucose levels were reduced

significantly in human subjects studied. Two other studies with rabbits and rats

document the hypoglycemic effect of chanca piedra in diabetic animals. Yet

another study documented chanca piedra with aldose reductase inhibition (ARI)

properties. ARIs are substances that act on nerve endings exposed to high blood

sugar concentration to prevent some of the chemical imbalances that occur and

thus protect the nerve. (This activity also supports chanca piedra's traditional

use for diabetes). This ARI effect was attributed, in part, to another

ellagitannin phytochemical-ellagic acid-found in chanca piedra. This

well-studied phytochemical has been documented with many other beneficial

effects in numerous clinical studies (over 400 to date).

 

Another area of study has focused on the pain-relieving and/or antinociceptive

effects of chanca piedra and conducted at a Brazilian university. So far,

they've published six studies on their findings. The first three studies

(published in 1994-1995) reported strong and dose-dependent analgesic effects in

mice administered water and/or alcohol extracts of chanca piedra (orally,

intragastrically, and intraperitoneally) against six different

laboratory-induced nociception (pain) models. Even when mice were fed orally

with a hydroalcohol extract at only 35 mg/kg these marked analgesic effects were

recorded. In 1996, they isolated and tested the hypotensive phytochemical

geraniin from chanca piedra and reported that it was seven times more potent as

an analgesic than aspirin or acetaminophen. Their last two studies, published in

2000, continued to document chanca piedra's analgesic properties against normal

pain models in mice (as well as newly-tested neurogenic pain models) and report

their effectiveness. Again they related this effect to the phytochemical

geraniin and reported its ability to inhibit several neurotransmitter processes

that relay and receive pain signals in the brain. Unlike aspirin (which can harm

the mucosal lining of the stomach and cause ulcers), geraniin has been reported

to have antiulcerous and gastroprotective properties instead. This analgesic

effect is probably why so many people taking chanca piedra for kidney stones (a

very painful affair) report such quick relief (and long before chanca piedra

could actually break down and expel a stone).

 

The antihepatotoxic (liver-protecting) activity of chanca piedra is another

area of study which has been established with clinical research. These effects

have been attributed to (at least) two novel lignan phytochemicals named

phyllanthin and hypophyllanthin. The researchers who reported the

cholesterol-lowering effects also reported that chanca piedra protected rats

from liver damage induced by alcohol, and normalized a "fatty liver." One in

vitro study and four in vivo studies (with rats and mice) document that extracts

of chanca piedra effectively protect against liver damage from various chemical

liver toxins. Two human studies reported chanca piedra's antihepatotoxic actions

in children with hepatitis and jaundice. Indian researchers reported that chanca

piedra was an effective single drug in the treatment of jaundice in children,

and British researchers reported that children treated with a chanca piedra

extract for acute hepatitis had liver function return to normal within five

days. Researchers in China also reported antihepatotoxic actions when chanca

piedra was administered (900 mg powdered herb twice daily) to adults with

chronic hepatitis. A recent (2000) study even documented that chanca piedra (in

a water extract given orally) increased the life span of mice with liver cancer

from 33 weeks (control group without treatment) to 52 weeks. Another research

group tried to induce liver cancer in mice that had been pre-treated with a

water extract of chanca piedra. Their results indicated the chanca piedra

extract dose-dependently lowered tumor incidence, levels of

carcinogen-metabolizing enzymes, levels of liver cancer markers, and liver

injury markers. Both studies indicate that the plant has more of a protective

and antiproliferative effect against cancer than a direct anti-tumorous effect

or selective ability to kill a cancer cell.

 

It may well be that chanca piedra's documented antimutagenic effect plays an

important factor in this reported anticancerous activity. In several animal

studies (as well as within cell cultures), extracts of chanca piedra have

stopped or inhibited cells (including liver cells) from mutating in the presence

of chemical substances known to create cellular mutations and DNA strand breaks

(which can lead to the creation of cancerous cells). One of these studies

indicated that chanca piedra inhibited several enzyme processes peculiar to

cancer cells' replication and growth-rather than a direct cytotoxic ability to

kill the cancer cell (sarcoma, carcinoma, and lymphoma cells were studied). This

cellular-protective quality was evidenced in other research which indicated that

chanca piedra protected against chemically-induced bone marrow chromosome damage

in mice, as well as against radiation-induced chromosome damage in mice. The

latter study reported that only 25 mg of extract per kg of animal body weight

protected mouse chromosomes against 4 gy of gamma radiation damage.

 

The last area of published research (which is the most extensive and the most

confusing) concerns chanca piedra's antiviral properties. Both human and animal

studies indicate that chanca piedra can help protect the liver, even during

hepatitis infection. Chanca piedra has also been reported to have direct

antiviral activity in human, animal, and test tube studies against the Hepatitis

B virus. Over 20 clinical studies have been published to date about these

effects, and the results have been somewhat inconsistent and confusing (unless

thoroughly evaluated).

 

Hepatitis is enough of a worldwide concern however, to merit sifting through

the disparate studies. Hepatitis B infection (HBV) is the leading cause of liver

cancer (hepatoma) worldwide; hepatoma is considered 100% fatal. Carriers of HBV

are 200 times more likely to develop liver cancer decades after initial

infection. Many people who contract HBV become chronic (and, often,

asymptomatic) carriers of the disease while still being contagious to others.

HBV is reported to be 100 times more infectious than HIV and, like HIV, is

transmitted through blood transfusions, needles, sexual contact, and in utero

(from mother to child). Statistics on HBV are staggering: one out of every 250

Americans are HBV carriers! The Center for Disease Control (CDC) estimates that

200,000 new U.S. cases of HBV infection per year are added to the current

estimate of one million carriers in the U.S. (and an estimated 300 million

worldwide). The CDC also reports that (in the U.S.) 3,000-4,000 annual deaths

from cirrhosis and 1,000 deaths from hepatoma are HBV-related. So when Dr.

Baruch Blumberg reported that chanca piedra could clear up the chronic carrier

state of Hepatitis B in 1988, it was a big deal. Dr. Blumberg was the winner of

the 1963 Nobel Prize for discovering the HBV antigen. This led to the discovery

that HBV was the primary cause of liver cancer and initiated development of HBV

vaccines.

 

Most of Blumberg's early research was carried out in India in collaboration

with an Indian research group. Their first human study reported that a water

extract of Phyllanthus amarus cleared the HBV surface antigen from 22 of 37

chronic HBV patients in only 30 days (and they continued to test negative for 9

months, at which time the report was published). This same group had published

several earlier in vitro studies as well as animal (woodchuck) studies.

(Woodchucks respond to chronic HBV infection in much the same manner as do

humans). All reported similar and effective anti-HBV effects. By that time,

Blumberg was employed with the Fox Chase Cancer Center in Philadelphia; he, Fox

Chase, and the Indian researchers filed two patents on the plant's (now called

P. niruri) ability to treat HBV and its antiviral properties in 1985 and 1988.

The first patent was specific to HBV; the second stated that the plant's

antiviral properties were achieved in part through a strong inhibition of

reverse transcriptase (which made it possible to treat such retroviruses as HIV

and sarcoma and leukemia viruses). It was also during this time that the group

developed a new and "better" extraction process. This process involved multiple,

complicated extractions (in which the plant was first macerated in cold water,

then filtered to extract the resulting fluid first in hexane, then in benzene,

then in methanol, and back into water). Their documentation revealed, however,

that they didn't know specifically what the active chemicals were in the final

extract that were providing the antiviral effects. While it was certainly a

patentable process, much of the subsequent published research by this group

throughout the 1990s using this new, patented "water extract" conflicted with

their earlier studies, and was not as effective in the in vivo research for HBV.

This caused much confusion as to whether chanca piedra (P. niruri or P. amarus)

was an effective treatment or not. To add to the confusion, in 1994, a New

Zealand research group prepared a chemically-altered extract (of P. amarus)

which was standardized to the geraniin content (the chemical documented with

analgesic and hypotensive properties). They started a double-blind HBV human

trial, later discontinued it due to lack of response, and published another

negative result study.

 

Meanwhile, a separate research group in China (where HBV is endemic ) working

with a straight water extract and/or herb powder published two positive studies

showing good results with human HBV patients in 1994 and 1995. Their second

study suggested that different results were obtained through different

Phyllanthus species of plants used (and that yet another species- P. urinaria

provided the best anti-HBV results). The Chinese published a more recent (2001)

study which compared 30 chronic HBV patients taking a chanca piedra extract to

25 patients taking interferon (IFN-alpha 1B) for three months. Both treatments

showed an equal effectiveness of 83%, but the chanca piedra group rated

significantly higher in the normalization of liver enzymes (ALT, AG, and SB) and

recovery of liver function than the interferon-treated group. Finally, The

Cochrane Hepato-Biliary Research Group in Copenhagen reviewed all the HBV

published research (22 randomized trials) and published an independent review of

the results. It stated that treatment with "Phyllanthus herb" (they acknowledged

the confusion in nomenclature among the species) had "a positive effect on

clearance of serum HBsAg" (HBV surface antigen) comparable to interferon and was

better than nonspecific treatment or other herbal medicines for HBV and liver

enzyme normalization. They also indicated that large trials were warranted due

to these documented effects and the lack of standardization of the research

methods and herb species used in the various published studies.

 

Concerned with HIV specifically, a Japanese research group reported P.

niruri's HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibition properties in 1992 when a simple

water extract of the plant was used. They attributed this effect to a

phytochemical called repandusinic acid A which, when tested individually,

demonstrated significant reverse transcriptase inhibition and cytotoxicity to

HIV-1 at very small dosages (a 90% in vitro inhibition using only 2.5 mcg). In

1996, Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute isolated yet

another chemical in chanca piedra with reverse transcriptase inhibition

activity-a novel compound that they named niruriside and described in a 1996

study. In addition to these antiviral properties, the plant has also shown other

antimicrobial effects. Chanca piedra demonstrated in vitro antibacterial actions

against Staphylococcus, Micrococcus, and Pasteurella bacteria as well as in vivo

and in vitro antimalarial properties, which validates other traditional uses.

 

Chanca piedra is a perfect example of a highly beneficial medicinal plant

which is deserving of much more research-but one which is fraught with the

typical problems of working with a complicated, phytochemically-rich plant.

Unless a major (and well-funded) pharmaceutical or research company can isolate

a single, patentable chemical (or come up with a patentable extraction process

that actually works as well as a simple water extract) to justify the high cost

of research, chanca piedra probably will remain in the "unproven herbal remedy"

category. There just aren't enough non-profit dollars or government grant funds

available to fund research on natural plant extracts that can't be patented.

Since chanca piedra's many biological activities and benefits are attributed to

many chemicals (whose synergistic interactions are unclear), and most seem to be

completely water soluble, for-profit research dollars will probably be spent

elsewhere.

 

But what a natural remedy it is! With its applications for kidney and

gallstones, cellular and liver protection, hypertension and high cholesterol,

cancer prevention, and its analgesic and antiviral effects, it is gaining in

popularity on many continents as an herbal remedy. It's also important to note

than in all the research published over the last 20 years, no signs of toxicity

or side effects have been reported in any of the human or animal studies, even

in acute or chronic use. Animal studies report no genotoxic, mutagenic or

carcinogenic effects.

 

 

Traditional Remedy: A standard herb infusion or weak decoction is prepared as

the traditional remedy. (See preparation method instructions if needed.)

Depending on what it's employed for, 1-3 cups are taken daily. Prevention and

health maintenance dosages are reported by practitioners to be 1-3 cups weekly.

Some pharmacies in Brazil and South America sell concentrated fluid extracts or

water/glycerine extracts. Depending on the concentration of the extracts, 2-6 ml

are taken 2-3 times daily. Alcohol tinctures have not been traditionally used

with chanca piedra (as the more fragile, water-soluble phytochemicals and

sterols are thought to be damaged in alcohol).

 

Contraindications:

a.. Chanca piedra has demonstrated hypotensive effects in animals and

humans. People with a heart condition and/or taking prescription heart

medications should consult their doctor before taking this plant. It may be

contraindicated for some individuals depending on the condition and/or

medications may need monitoring and adjusting.

b.. Chanca piedra has been considered in herbal medicine to be abortive (at

high dosages) as well as an emmenagogue. While not studied specifically in

humans or animals, animal studies do indicate it has uterine relaxant effects.

It is therefore contraindicated during pregnancy.

c.. Chanca piedra has been documented with female antifertility effects in

one mouse study (the effect was reversed 45 days after cessation of dosing).

While this effect has not been documented in humans, the use of the plant is

probably contraindicated in women seeking pregnancy or taking fertility drugs.

This effect has not been substantiated sufficiently to be used as a

contraceptive, however, and should not be relied on for such.

d.. Chanca piedra has demonstrated hypoglycemic effects in animals and

humans. It is contraindicated for people with hypoglycemia. Diabetics should

consult their doctor before taking this plant as it may be contraindicated for

some individuals and/or insulin medications may need monitoring and adjusting.

e.. Chanca piedra has been documented in human and animal studies with

diuretic effects. Chronic and acute use of this plant may be contraindicated in

various other medical conditions where diuretics are not advised. Chronic

long-term use of any diuretic can cause electrolyte and mineral imbalances;

however, human studies with chanca piedra (for up to three months of chronic

use) has not reported any side effects. Consult your doctor if you choose to use

this plant chronically for longer than three months concerning possible side

effects of long term diuretic use.

Drug Interactions:

a.. May potentiate insulin and antidiabetic drugs.

b.. This plant contains a naturally-occurring phytochemical called geraniin.

This chemical has been documented with negative chronotropic, negative

inotropic, hypotensive and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor effects in

animal studies with frogs, mice and rats. As such, this plant may potentiate

antihypertensive drugs, Beta-blocker drugs and other heart medications

(including chronotropic and inotropic drugs).

c.. May potentiate prescription diuretic drugs.

 

 

 

ETHNOBOTANY: WORLDWIDE USES

Amazonia Anodyne, apertif, blennorrhagia, carminative, colic, diabetes,

digestive, diuretic, dropsy, dysentery, dyspepsia, emmenagogue, fever, flu,

gallstones, gonorrhea, itch, jaundice, kidney aliments, kidney stones, laxative,

malaria, proctitis, stomachache, stomachic, tenesmus, tonic, tumor, vaginitis,

vermifuge

Bahamas/

Caribbean Antihepatotoxic, antispasmodic, appetite stimulant, antiviral,

aperitif, bactericidal, cold, constipation, diuretic, fever, flu, hypoglycemic,

laxative, stomachache, typhoid

Brazil Abortifacient, ache (joint), albuminuria, analgesic,

antibacterial, anticancerous, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, antilithic,

antispasmodic, antiviral, aperient, arthritis, biliary conditions, bladder

problems, bladder stones, calculi, catarrh (liver and kidney), chologogue,

cystitis, deobstruent, diabetes, diaphoretic, digestion stimulant, diuretic,

fever, gallbladder, gallstones, gastritis, gastrointestinal problems, gout,

hepatitis, hepatoprotective, hydropsy, hypertension, hypoglycemic, jaundice,

kidney colic, kidney pain, kidney stones, liver, malaria, muscle relaxant,

obesity, prostatitis, purgative, renal colic, renal problems, stomachic,

sudorific, tonic, uric acid excess, urinary problems, uterine relaxant

Haiti Carminative, colic, digestive, diuretic, fever, indigestion,

malaria, spasmolytic, stomachache, stomachic, tenesmus

India Anemia, asthma, astringent, bronchitis, conjunctivitis, cough,

deobstruent, dropsy, diabetes, diarrhea, diuretic, dysentery, fevers, eye

disorders, galactagogue, genitourinary disorders, gonorrhea, hepatitis,

jaundice, leucorrhea, menorrhagia, oligogalactia, ringworm, scabies, stomachic,

thirst, tuberculosis, tumor (abdomen), urogenital tract infections, warts

Malaya Caterpillar sting, dermatosis, diarrhea, diuretic, emmenagogue,

itch, miscarriage, piscicide, purgative, renosis, syphilis, vertigo

Peru Calculus, diuretic, emmenagogue, gallstones, hepatitis, kidney

pain, kidney problems, kidney stones, renal problems, urinary infections,

vermifuge

United States Analgesic, bronchitis, chologogue, deobstruent, diabetes,

fever, gallbladder problems, gallstones, gout, hepatitis, hypertension, kidney

problems, kidney stones, liver disease, uric acid excess, urinary tract

infections

Elsewhere Analgesic, antipyretic, appetite stimulant, blennorrhagia,

bruises, chologogue, cough, cuts, diabetes, diarrhea, diuretic, dropsy,

dysentery, dyspepsia, emmenagogue, eye diseases, fever, gallstones, gonorrhea,

itch, jaundice, kidney disease, kidney stones, laxative, malaria, menorrhagia,

menstrual problems, poultice, purgative, rectitis, stomachache, tonic,

tuberculosis, urinary tract infections, vaginitis, venereal diseases

 

 

 

Posted By

 

Dr.ANU