Vedic Archeology:Repertoire of a smith/smithy at Adichanallur and at Jiroft

[Guest guest]

HinduThought, Srinivasan Kalyanaraman

<kalyan97@g...> wrote:

 

*http://kalyan97.blogspot.com/2006/01/repertoire-of-smithy.html*

 

* *

 

*Repertoire of a smith/smithy at Adichanallur and at Jiroft*

 

 

 

Two series of epigraphs are presented: one is a potsherd from a

funerary urn

at Adichanallur; the other are a set of epigraphs on stone vessels at

Jiroft. Both series are relatable to Sarasvati hieroglyphs (

http://spaces.msn.com/members/sarasvati97) Both the series are

relatable to

the continuum of rebus writing system using glyphs to denote property

items,

metals, minerals, alloys, furnaces, in particular â€" all products and

possessions of a smithy or mint.

 

 

 

The glyphs in the two series are: quiver (with arrows), bird; woman;

antelope; monitor lizard

 

 

 

1. *Jiroft.* Antelope, snake, tiger. ranku 'antelope', 'liquid

measure'; read rebus: ranku 'tin'. kol = tiger (Santali) kol

'pancaloha, alloy of five metals (Ta.)

http://sarasvatismithy.blogspot.com/ na_ga `*serpent*' (Sanskrit)

na_ga `lead' (Sanskrit)

 

 

 

1. *Adichanallur.* Lizard: kuduru d.okka = a kind of lizard (Pa.)

(DEDR

1712) kuduru = a goldsmith's portable furnace (Te.) DEDR *1712*

*Pa.**kudur

**á¸okka* a kind of *lizard*. *Go.** *(A. Ko.) *kudur d.okke* id.;

(Mu.) *kudur d.ekke* garden *lizard*; (Ch.) *kidri d.okke* house *

lizard* (* Voc. *753).

 

* *

 

*bat.a* = a kind of iron (G.lex.) *bhat.a* = a furnace, a kiln; it.a

*bhat.a

* a brick kiln (Santali) *bat.a* = a quail, or snipe, coturuix

coturnix cot;

bon.d.e bat.a = a large quail; dak bat.a = the painted stripe,

rostraluta

benghalensis bengh; gun.d.ri bat.a = a small type, coloured like a

gun.d.ri(quail); ku~k

bat.a = a medium-sized type; khed.ra bat.a = the smallest of all;

lan.d.ha

bat.a = a small type (Santali.lex.) *bat.ai*, (Nag.); bat.er (Has.);

[H.

bat.ai or bat.er perdix olivacea; Sad. bat.ai] coturnix

coromandelica, the

black-breasted or rain-quail; two other kinds of quail are called

respectigely: hur.in bat.ai and gerea bat.ai (Mundari.lex.) vartaka =

a duck

(Skt.) batak = a duck (G.lex.) vartika_ = quail (RV.); wuwrc

partridge

(Ash.); barti = quail, partridge (Kho.); vat.t.aka_ quail (Pali);

vat.t.aya(Pkt.);

bat.t.ai (N.)(CDIAL 11361). ranku 'antelope', 'liquid measure'; read

rebus:

ranku 'tin'. kola 'woman' (Nahali, Assamese); rebus: kol 'pancaloha,

alloy

of five metals'; kollan 'smith' (Tamil) There is a place close by

Adichanallur called Salem which is rich in iron ore. The hill there is

called kolli malai. Rebus: CDIAL *3944* *khÅliâ€"* f. '*quiver*'

(Skt.) P. *

khol* f. 'sheath, case'; Ku. *khol* 'covering'; N. *khol* 'sheath',

B. *khol

*, kho*lÄ*; Or. *kho**ḷi* '*quiver*', *kho**ḷÄ* 'sheath', H.

*khol* m.; â€" G.

*kho**ḷiyũ* n. 'quilt'; M. *kho**ḷ* m.f. 'pillow- case,

mattress cover'.

DEDR *2133* *Ta. kol* working in iron, blacksmith; *kollan*

blacksmith. *Ma.

kollan* blacksmith, artificer. *Ko. koll* smithy, temple in Kota

village. *

To. kwall* Kota smithy. *Ka. kolime, kolume, kulame, kulime, kulume,

kulme*fire- pit, furnace; (Bell.;

U.P.U.) *konimi* black- smith; (Gowda) *kolla* id. *Ko**á¸. kollë*

black-

smith. *Te. kolimi* furnace. *Go.** *(SR.) *kollusÄnÄ* to mend

implements;

(Ph.) *kolstÄnÄ, kulsÄnÄ* to forge; (Tr.) *kÅlstÄnÄ* to repair

(of plough-

shares); (SR.) *kolmi* smithy (* Voc. *948). *Kuwi** *(F.) *kolhali*

to

forge.

 

 

 

This a potsherd from a burial urn containing bones. At this site,

remains of

living quarters (rampart wall, potters' kilns, a smith's shop) have

been

found.

 

 

 

It is reasonable to assume that this potsherd from the funerary urn is

relatable to the smith. If the assumption is valid, the glyphs

depicted on

the potsherd may relate to the repertoire of the smithy or the

property

items owned by the smith or the professions performed by the smith.

The

epigraph found on a potsherd is a remarkable evocation of Sarasvati

hieroglyphs. The glyphs included in this epigraph are: bird, stack of

paddy, woman, antelope, alligator or lizard.

 

 

 

The photo with vases and cups discovered at Jiroft depicts: antelope,

tiger

fighting snakes, two tigers face to face. All these are Sarasvati

hieroglyphs ! I am sure there would also be artefacts related to early

metalwork. It will be nice to access additional info.on:

 

The albums of Sarasvati epigraphs and decipherment of Mleccha

(Meluhha)

related to smithy, mint are at

http://spaces.msn.com/members/sarasvati97

 

It has been demonstrated that the Adichanallur picture of a potsherd

from a

funerary urn is also related to smithy; all glyphs are Sarasvati

hieroglyphs: sheaf of paddy, bird, woman, antelope and lizard

(alligator?)

 

 

 

Megalithic sites in Bharat

 

 

 

Adichchanallur, (ca. 1st cent. BCE) has yielded bronze bowls, pots,

highly

ornamental cylindrical jars and a huge bronze vase stand decorated

with four

rams having long horns which radiate from the centre of the vase base.

(Alexander Rea*, Catalogue of the Prehistoric Antiquities from

Adichchanallur and Perumbalur*, Madras Government Museum, Madras,

1915).

Vijaya Ramaswamy notes: "The *perumpanattrupadai* describes the kollan

(blacksmith) blowing the bellows made of fine animal skin.

(*Perumpanattrupadai

*199-200 and 206 in *Pathupattu *ed. P.V. Somasundaranar, Saiva

Siddhanta

Kazhagam, Tirunelveli, 1971).The Jain religious epic *Perungadai

*uses the

burning of raw metal in the furnace as a poetic metaphor for mental

purification. (*Perungadai *cited in S. Velusami, 'Tamil Nagarigattil

Irumbin Pangu' (in Tamil) in R. Nagasamy ed., *Tamil Nattu Varalattru

Karutharang, *Varalattru Peravai, Chennai, 1979, p. 201.)The raw iron

mixed

with sand was heated along with coal. The sand used in the smelting

process

was of a special variety."

 

"Among the artefacts discovered at the burial site were a profusion

of red

ware, black ware, black-and-red ware, copper bangles, copper ear-

rings, iron

spear-heads, terracotta lids with tiered knobs, terracotta vessels

that

could be used both as lids and as bowls, globular vessels and long-

necked

utensils. There were vases, pots with exquisite decorations, broken

daggers

and swords made of iron. There were also Neolithic celts, iron

implements,

urns with clan marks and urns with hooks inside…Three copper

bangles and

some copper chisels were also found at the site. Outside, around the

urns,

were bigger pots, which were red ware. Iron implements, knives,

daggers,

spearheads and Neolithic celts used in farming were found around the

urns.

Some pots rested on ring stands of different shapes. The lids came in

different shapes - conical, globular, and so on. More than a thousand

pot-vessels were unearthed intact. Lots of terracotta beads in

conical shape

and hop-scotches were found…Satyamurthy called the Adichanallur

burial site

"the earliest site in Tamil Nadu" and was sure that its history would

go

back to 1,000 B.C. "In our excavation, we have come across a culture

earlier

to the megalithic period. It is a well-stratified culture. The

pottery is

typologically different from that of megalithic pottery," he said.

(According to archaeologists, the Iron Age in South India stretched

between

1,000 B.C. and 300 B.C. The Iron Age and the megalithic age were

contemporaneous in South India. The Iron Age signifies the beginning

of

civilisation)."

http://www.flonnet.com/fl2213/stories/20050701000106500.htm

 

"Adichanallur, District Tuticorin, Tamil Nadu: The excavation at this

megalithic burial site yielded three phases of urn burials confined

to a

single cultural horizon and revealed more than 160 urns within an

area of

600 square meters. Apart from a significant number of skeletal

remains,

pottery assemblage comprising black-and-red ware, black ware and red

ware

was also recovered. Besides, iron objects including spearherads,

swords,

knives, celts and chisels, copper bangles, terracota and stone beads,

etc.

were duly documented."

http://indiaculture.nic.in/indiaculture/pdf/Annual0405.pdf

 

Vijaya Ramaswamy further observes: "It is noteworthy that iron and

bronze

melting techniques in South India have shown a remarkable degree of

continuity. Hamilton Buchanan, writing around 1800, describes iron

and steel

smelting at Chennimalai in Salem district in an almost identical

manner and

says that the special sand was obtained from Viracholapuram in

Gangeyam

district. Iron was then sold in the form of blocks or steel frames.

See

Buchanan, Hamilton, Francis, *A Journey from **Madras** Through the

Countries of Mysor, Canara and Malabar,* 2 vols., London, 1807. The

section

on mining in the Salem district in volume one contains the above

information."

http://www.india-seminar.com/2003/523/523%20vijaya%20ramaswamy.htm

 

 

 

A small copper image of a Goddess has been discovered in the urn-

burials of

Adichchanallur. (K. V. Raman, *Sakti Cult in Tamil Naduâ€"a Historical

Perspective* (paper presented at a seminar on Sakti Cult, 9th session

of the

Indian Art History Congress at Hyderabad, in November 2000 ; in press;

loc.cit. http://micheldanino.voiceofdharma.com/tamilculture.html )

 

 

 

 

 

Bridle equipment recovered from excavations in India.(After Ill. 2

in: LS

Leshnik, 1971, Some early Indian horse-bits and other bridle

equipment, *American

Journal of Archaeology*, Vol. 75, 145). a. Timurgarh (7th -6th c.

BCE);

b,h,m Taxila; i. Navadatoli; j. Kolhapur; k. Sambhar; l. Rairh; n.

Nagpur

(1st c. CE); o. Adichchanallur; p. Jadigenahalli (2nd-1st c. BCE); q.

Guntakal (1st-2nd c. CE).

 

 

 

See Item O. This is a bridle equipment recovered at Adichchanallur.

http://www.hindunet.org/saraswati/harness02.jpg

 

 

 

"The objects from *Adichchanallur* include diadems, bowls, cups with

various

animal and bird topped. The animals shown are dog, cock, deer etc.

They are

shown singly or collectively. Some of the diadems were covered with

gold

leaf. Incised geometrical and embossed dots are found decorating these

vases. Chemical analysis of the objects show 23% of tin. It is

believed that

the objects were locally manufactured and not imported."

http://www.intamm.com/culture/hara.htm#Harappa%20And%20Tamil%

20Culture S.

Gurumurthy, Harappa and Tamil Culture

 

 

 

See the location map of jiroft, not far from the coastline of Gulf of

Makran and Persian Gulf, close to Tepe Yahya (another Sarasvati

civilization site) and Meluhha:

http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200405/images/Jiroft_map9-

lg.jpg

 

See pictures of metal artefacts (ladle and arrowhead) at:

http://www.payvand.com/news/05/jan/1105.html This URL refers to the

site as

with industrial workshops. Brass works have been found at the site !

Sarasvati hieroglyphs !

 

 

 

"They recently discovered the oldest known commercial seal,

estimated to be

about 5000 years old, at the historical site of Jiroft. The seal,

which

bears the image of a goat with its head leaning back, was discovered

near

the governmental structure of the site during the third stage of

excavations.The 2x2cm marble seal was skillfully made, indicating

that the

region was a developed economic center 5000 years ago." This is a

claim

made in this news report. While a detailed report and a replica of

the seal

is awaited, the fact that the glyph is goat with its head leaning

back

shows two things: 1. that the goat could be read as

ran:ku 'antelope';

rebus: 'tin (ore)'; 2. that the leaning back of the head could be

read as

krammara 'head turned back'; rebus: karma_ra 'smith'.

 

 

Another report says that the glyph is "a goat with the head turned

around

to look back." http://www.iran-daily.com/1383/2185/html/art.htm

 

 

 

http://www.hindunet.org/saraswati/chank/salsak1.jpg This is

thepicture of a

famous seal of Sarasvati civilization. See the goat withits head

turned

backwards depicted on the pedestal of the seated yogi.This

orthography of an

antelope looking backwards is repeated on anumber of inscriptions,

including

the one found on a s'ankha seal atBet Dwaraka.

http://www.hindunet.org/saraswati/chank/salsakwa.htm

 

 

 

Iranian archaeologist Yusef Majidzadeh believes that Jiroft is the

ancient

city of Aratta, which was described as a great civilization in an

Iraqi

clay inscription. See also:

http://www.smithsonianmag.si.edu/smithsonian/issues04/may04/iran.html

 

 

 

"Jiroft Inscription", Oldest Evidence of Written Language

Jan 12, 2006

 

 

 

 

 

Studies by five linguists from the United States, France, Russia,

Denmark,

and Iran on a discovered inscription in Jiroft indicate that this

Elamit

script is 300 years older than that of the great civilization of Susa.

Archeologists believe that Jiroft was the origin of Elamit written

language

in which the writing system developed first and was then spread

across the

country and reached Susa. The discovered inscription of Jiroft is the

most

ancient written script found so far.

 

The city of Jiroft is situated close to Halil Rud historical site.

Halil

Rud, located on the basin of Halil Rood River enjoyed a rich

civilization.

Many stone and clay objects as well as other historical evidence

belonging

to the third millennium BC have been discovered during the

archeological

excavations and also the illegal diggings by the smugglers in this

area. 120

historical sites, including that of Jiroft, have been identified in

the

basin of the 400 kilometer length of Halil Rud River.

 

According to archeological studies, the history of Halil Rud area

goes back

to some 3000 years ago. The discovered stone dishes in the area

belonging to

the first half of the third millennium BC point to the developed art

of

carving on stones at that time.

 

"Five Elamit professional linguists from different countries have

studied

the brick inscription discovered in Jiroft. According to the studies,

they

have concluded that this discovered inscription is 300 years older

than that

found in Susa; and most probably the written language went to Susa

from this

region. However, more studies are still needed to give a final

approval to

this thesis," said Yousof Majid Zadeh, head of archeological

excavation team

in Jiroft.

 

"This inscription was discovered in a palace. Although it is not yet

known

which Elamit king this inscription belongs to, it is definitely an

Elamit

inscription. More studies are needed to determine the exact time in

which it

was inscribed, but most probably it is the most ancient written

language.

Further excavations are being carried out to find the rest of the

inscription. However, what is obvious about this discovered

inscription is

that it is older than the Elamit inscription of Susa," explained

Majidzadeh.

 

 

 

 

The inscription was carved on a brick, and only the lower left corner

of it

has been remained. Although only two lines with a few words are

remained

intact on this inscription, there is no doubt that it is an Elamit

written

script.

 

The most famous Elamit script is the Susinak inscription which was

unearthed

during archeological excavations in Susa. This inscription is most

probably

left from the reign of Susinak, Elamite king who ruled during the

second

half of the first millennium BC. .

 

Elamit language is only partly understood by scholars. It had no

relationship to Sumerian, Semitic or Indo-European languages, and

there are

no modern descendants of it. After 3000 BC the Elamits developed a

semi-pictographic writing system called Proto-Elamit. Later the

cuneiform

script was introduced.

 

Archeological excavations are being carried out in north and south

shores of

the Halil Rud River in order to discover different dwellings and

cemeteries

in the region.

The wide plundering of the historical and archeological relics by the

smugglers led to the lost of a lot of these invaluable evidences.

Most of

these historical relics were taken out of the country. Although Iran

is

trying to redeem them, some of those who have collected these relics

refuse

to give them back claiming that these articles were not made in Iran

and

thus don't belong to this country. Iranian archeologists are trying to

discover more evidence to prove Iran's possession over these

historical

objects.

 

http://www.iranian.ws/iran_news/publish/article_12225.shtml

 

 

 

S. Kalyanaraman, Ph.D. 14 January 2006 kalyan97@g...

http://www.hindunet.org/saraswati http://protovedic.blogspot.com

 

 

 

 

Woman, tiger, smithy (forge): kol

 

 

 

This is a pan-bharatiya lexeme with three meanings, confirming the

Proto-vedic continuity theory for Bharatiya languages. The roots may

lie in

mleccha (meluhha) composed of substrates: Nahali (kol 'woman') and

Santali

(kul 'tiger'; kol 'smelter').

 

 

 

Three terra cotta objects that combine human and animal features.

These

objects may have been used to tell stories in puppet shows or in

ritual

performances.

 

On the left is a seated animal figurine with female head. The manner

of

sitting suggests that this may be a feline, and a hole in the base

indicates

that it would have been raised on a stick as a standard or puppet.

The head

is identical to those seen on female figurines with a fan shaped

headdress

and two cup shaped side pieces. The choker with pendant beads is also

common

on female figurines. http://www.harappa.com/indus/88.html

 

 

 

Plano convex molded tablet showing a female deity battling two tigers

and

standing above an elephant. A single Indus script depicting a spoked

wheel

is above the head of the deity.

 

On the reverse (89), <http://www.harappa.com/indus/90.html> an

individual is

spearing a water buffalo with one foot pressing the head down and one

arm

holding the tip of a horn. A gharial [crocodile] is depicted above the

sacrifice scene and a figure seated in yogic position, wearing a

horned

headdress, looks on. The horned headdress has a branch with three

prongs or

leaves emerging from the center. http://www.harappa.com/indus/90.html

 

 

 

kola bride, son's wife, younger brother's wife (Nk.); koral younger

brother's wife; kommal (*pl*. kommasil) daughter (Nk.); kor.ol bride

(Pa.);

kor.al son's wife, younger brother's wife; kod.us-, kod.c- to sprout

(Ga.);

kor.iya ga_r. son's wife, younger brother's wife (Mand..); kur.a,

kr.ua,

kr.uha wife (Kui); kur.ia, ku_ria daughter-in-law; kur.va younger

brother's

wife (Kuwi); kor.gi young (of children); qro infant (Malt.); xarruni_

wife

(Br.)(DEDR 2149). kur.i_ woman, wife (Phal.); ku_ru young girl;

ko_r.i_,

kur.hi_ (K.); kur.a_ bridegroom (L.); kur.i_ girl, virgin, bride;

woman

(L.); girl, daughter (P.); kur.i, kul.i_, kol.a_ boy; kur.i_ girl

(WPah.);

a~_t.-kur.a_ childless (a~_t.a tight)(B.); ko_ son; ku_i_ daughter

(WPah.);

ko son; koi daughter; kua_, ko_i_, koa_, ku_i_ (WPah.)(CDIAL 3245).

kur.mattrelationship by marriage (P.)(CDIAL 3234). kola 'woman'

(Nahali. Assamese).

 

 

 

kul tiger; kul dander den of tiger; an.d.kul to become tiger; hudur.

to

growl as tiger; maran. d.at.kap kul a big-headed tiger (Santali.lex.)

kolo,

kolea_ jackal (Kon.lex.) ko_lhuya-, kulha- jackal (Pkt.)[cf.

kul.l.a-narijackal (Ta.)(DEDR 1839)]; kolha_,

ko_ jackal; *adj*. crafty (H.); kohlu~, kolu~ jackal (G.); kolha_,

kola_(M.)(CDIAL 3615).

karaj a jackal (Santali.lex.) kudke fox (Kor.); kudike jackal (Tu.);

kudkaid. (Ka.); kor-o

naka jackal (small in size, opposed to peri naka)(Kond.a)(DEDR 1851).

kulaippu barking, snarling (Ta.)(DEDR 1811). ko_lupuli = big tiger

(Te.)

 

 

 

*Furnace*: kola_ burning charcoal (L.P.); ko_ila_ burning charcoal

(L.P.N.);

id. (Or.H.Mth.), kolla burning charcoal (Pkt.); koilo dead coal (S.);

kwelocharcoal (Ku.);

kayala_ charcoal (B.); koela_ id. (Bi.); koilo (Marw.); koyalo (G.)

(CDIAL

3484). < Proto-Munda. ko(y)ila = kuila black (Santali): all NIA forms

may

rest on ko_illa.] koela, kuila charcoal; khaura to become charcoal;

ker.e to

prepare charcoal (Santali.lex.) kolime, mulime, kolume a fire-pit or

furnace

(Ka.); kolimi (Te.); pit (Te.); kolame a very deep pit (Tu.); kulume

kanda_ya a tax on blacksmiths (Ka.); kol, kolla a furnace (Ta.);

kolla a

blacksmith (Ma.); kol metal (Ta.)(Ka.lex.) kol iron smelters

(Santali.lex.)

cf. kol working in iron, blacksmith (Ta.)(DEDR 2133). *Temple**;

smithy*:

kol-l-ulai blacksmith's forge (kollulaik ku_t.attin-a_l : Kumara.

Pira.

Ni_tiner-i. 14)(Ta.lex.) kollu- to neutralize metallic properties by

oxidation (Ta.lex.) kole.l smithy, temple in Kota village (Ko.);

kwala.l

Kota smithy (To.); kolmi smithy (Go.)(DEDR 2133). kollan--kamma_lai <

+

karmas'a_la_, kollan--pat.t.arai, kollan-ulai-k-ku_t.am blacksmith's

workshop, smithy (Ta.lex.) lohsa_ri_ smithy (Bi.)(CDIAL 11162). cf.

ulaismith's forge or furnace (Na_lat.i,

298); ulai-k-kal.am smith's forge; ulai-k-kur-at.u smith's tongs;

ulai-t-turutti smith's bellows; ulai-y-a_n.i-k-ko_l smith's poker,

beak-iron

(Ta.lex.) *Self-willed man*: lo_hala made of iron (Skt.); lohar,

lohariyoself-willed and unyielding man (G.)(CDIAL 11161). cf.

goul.i, goul.ia_ herdsman (Kon.lex.) goil cowhouse, hut, pasture

ground

(P.); gol drove of cattle sent to another village (P.); go_uliya

herdsman

(Pkt.); goili_ (P.)(CDIAL 4259). kol brass or iron bar nailed across

a door

or gate; kollu-t-tat.i-y-a_n.i large nail for studding doors or gates

to add

to their strength (Ta.lex.) *Tool-bag*: lokhar bag in which a barber

keeps

his tools (N.); iron tools, pots and pans (H.); lokhar. iron tools

(Ku.);

lokhan.d. iron tools, pots and pans (H.); lokha~d. tools, iron,

ironware

(G.); iron (M.)(CDIAL 11171). lod.hu~ *pl*. carpenter's tools (G.)

(CDIAL

11173). karuvi-p-pai instrument-case; barber's bag (Ta.lex.) cf.

karuvu-kalam treasury, treasure-house (Ta.lex.) *Cobbler's iron

pounder*:

lohaga~ga_, lahau~ga_ cobbler's iron pounder (Bi.); leha~ga_ (Mth.);

luha~_gi_ staff set with iron rings (P.); loha~_gi_ (H.M.);

lavha~_gi_ (M.);

laha~_gi_, loha~gi_ (M.)(CDIAL 11174). *Image: frying pan*: lohra_,

lohri_small iron pan (Bi.)(CDIAL 11160).

lo_hi_ any object made of iron (Skt.); pot (Skt.); iron pot (Pkt.);

lo_hika_large shallow wooden bowl bound with iron (Skt.);

lauha_ iron pot (Skt.); loh large baking iron (P.); luhiya_ iron pan

(A.);

lohiya_ iron or brass shallow pan with handles (Bi.); lohiyu~ frying

pan

(G.)(CDIAL 11170). lauhabha_n.d.a iron pot, iron mortar (Skt.);

lo_habhan.d.a copper or brass ware (Pali); luha~_d.ir.i_ iron pot

(S.);

luha~_d.a_ (L.); frying pan (P.); lohn.d.a_, lo~_hd.a_ (P.); luhu~r.e

iron

cooking pot (N.); lohora_ iron pan (A.); loha~r.a_ iron vessel for

drawing

water for irrigation (Bi.); lohan.d.a_, luhan.d.a_ iron pot (H.);

lod.hu~iron, razor (G.)[cf.

xolla_ razor (Kur.); qole id. (Malt.); hola'd razor (Santali)(DEDR

2141)];

lod.hi_ iron pan (G.)(CDIAL 11173).