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ARTICLE IN MEDIA BYPASS MAGAZINE, SEPT. 1997

THE VAN ALLEN ENIGMA

By Phylis and James Collier

http://www.grade-a.com/moon/articles1.htm

In the early 1950's, a 35-year-old State University of Iowa

physicsprofessor and some of his students were cruising the cold

waters ofnorthern Canada and the Atlantic Ocean, sending a series

ofrocket-carrying balloons- which they dubbed "rockoons" - 12 to 15

miles

into space.

 

They were trying to measure the nature of low-energy cosmic

raysswirling around the earth. The experiments continued for five

more years. Then, in 1958,Professor James Van Allen discovered his

monster. Suddenly, his instrumentation warned of a giant beast of a

thing, spewing enough deadly radiation counts to kill any human who

ventured into its domain unprotected.

 

Van Allen and his students weren't sure of the size, shape and

texture of the monster, they just knew they had encountered an

incredible phenomenon.

 

Then, in l958, as part of the International Geophysical Year (a year

in which men like James A. Van Allen were praised for exploring the

realms of time and space) the young professor asked the U.S.

military to send his experiments deeper into space, this time using

a Geiger

Counter to measure the intensity of the radiation. He further

requested the most sophisticated rockets that would penetrate

l00,000 miles into space.

 

That's when the monster grew all encompassing. It appeared to

surround the entire earth and extend out some 65,000 miles, maybe

even 100,000 miles. The Geiger Counter confirmed that the region

above the earth, and in the path of the rocket, was cooking with

deadly radiation. That radiation was born from solar flares that

would race through the universe and become trapped by the earth's

magnetic field. A deadly mixture of protons and electrons.

 

It was then that Van Allen realized the Aurora Borealis, the

northern lights, was actually a visual manifestation of that

tremendous energy from the sun. You could actually see the radiation

swirling in a magnificent and deadly dance. His eventual finding of

two such lethal radiation belts, put his name in the history books

as the man who discovered the Van Allen Radiation Belts. There was

an inner belt and an outer belt. The inner belt went from 40 degrees

north and south of the Equator and was basically a doughnut

surrounding the earth. Scientific experiments conducted by Van Allen

and the military proved that belt was so deadly that no human could

survive in its orbit. The outer belt was equally as destructive,

and separated from the inner belt by an area of lesser radiation.

 

Van Allen's conclusion was delivered in a speech to the Academy of

Science in 1959. He warned future space travelers they would have

to race through these two zones on their way to outer planets.

"All manned space flight attempts must steer clear of these two

belts of radiation until adequate means of safeguarding the

astronauts has been developed" he said. Moreover, Van Allen

advised they would have to be shielded with some extra layers of

protection beyond that of the spacecraft itself. These findings

were also published in Scientific American Magazine, March, 1959.

 

Two years later, Van Allen updated his report in Space World

Magazine, December, 1961. In brief, he reported that everything he

had found in 1959 was still valid. It was also in that year that

President John F. Kennedy told an assembled group of students and

dignitaries at Rice University in Houston, that it was America's

destiny to put a man on the moon by the end of the decade. With that

statement, the space race become a political game, worth 30 billion

in taxpayer dollars to the winners. National Aeronautic and Space

Administration (NASA), which is part of the Department of Defense

and the CIA, became the caretaker of Kennedy's dream.

 

It was their job to build a spacecraft that would meet Van Allen's

scientific requirements of safety through the radiation belts. Van

Allen stated that the ship's skin, made of aluminum, would not be

enough protection for the astronauts. Extra shielding of lead or

another substance that would absorb the radiation would be needed.

That, of course, posed the problem of weight. More weight created a

booster problem. In other words, they would need a bigger rocket to

carry a ship that was properly lined against radiation penetration.

One of the most interesting of Van Allen's findings was that once

protons and electrons hit the aluminum skin of the spacecraft, they

would turn into x-rays. The kind the average dentist protects

patients against with two inch lead vests. Those rays would

naturally penetrate the astronaut's bodies and create anything from

nausea and vomiting to eventual death, depending on the length of

the exposure.

 

All of this scientific data presented a big problem for NASA. How

could they build a spacecraft that would meet radiation standards

and yet get off the ground?

 

The National Committee on Radiation Protection (NCRP) and the

International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) had

established low "permissible doses" of radiation at levels that

were

consistent with living on earth. However, where the critical dosage

on earth might be 5 rems of radiation in a year, the astronauts

would receive that amount within minutes passing through the lower

zone of the radiation belt.

 

In order to penetrate Van Allen's belt, in l965 NASA requested the

two regulatory groups modify the existing standards for space

flight. It was simply a matter of "risk over gain" and NASA

convinced them to change the standards and allow them to take the

risk. Whether or not future astronauts would be advised of these

dramatically lowered standards and substantial risk is unknown at

this time.

 

The next problem NASA faced was the shielding of the spacecraft. It

was solved in a report NASA issued in Aerospace Medicine Magazine in

1965 and 1969. The report was written prior to the first Apollo

mission to the moon.

 

NASA announced that a simple aluminum skin on the command module

was enough to protect astronauts from lethal doses of radiation.

This conclusion was based on studies NASA had conducted. Now NASA

had ingeniously solved their two basic problems, protection and

weight. They had eliminated the danger of radiation penetration,

along with the problem of radiation shielding and spacecraft

weight. We telephoned North American Rockewell, the builder of the

Command Module which carried the astronauts to the moon and back.

They verified that the craft was not protected by any additional

shielding.

 

It was at this point in our research that we realized the Van

AllenReport had been seriously compromised by NASA. Professor Van

Allen had become an icon in the scientific community for warning of

radiation dangers. One of his most important tenets was that even if

you raced quickly through the 65,000 mile belt, which starts 400

miles above the earth's surface (thus allowing for inner space

travel) you would still need considerable additional shielding. Were

his findings now bogus? We had to speak to Van Allen.

 

Professor James A. Van Allen now 83, is Professor Emeritus in

Geophysics at the University of Iowa. Our first question was why he

did not speak up after NASA's claimings and defend his original

findings. Astonishingly, he told us that his seminal Scientific

American article

in 1959 was merely "popular science."

 

"Are you refuting your findings?" we asked.

 

"Absolutely not," he answered, "I stand by them." In the next

breath, Van Allen again acquiesced to NASA's point of view. He

became positively mercurial in his answers. Basically he defended

NASA's position that any material, even aluminum without shielding,

was adequate to protect the astronauts from the radiation he once

called deadly. When we asked him the point of his original warning

about rushing through the Belt, he said, "It must have been a sloppy

statement." So there we were, down the rabbit hole, chasing Van

Allen throughhalls of mirrors. Was he taking the line of least

resistance to government pressure? Was he trashing his own report in

order not to be labeled a whistle blower? Could this renowned

scientist actually be capable of a "sloppy statement" and blatant

hyperbole published in ascientific journal?

 

If you don't believe we went to the moon, then you will say that

NASA created the perfect cover story. It allowed them to continue

receiving funding for a spacecraft they could not build, to enter a

region of space they could not penetrate. If you believe we went to

the moon, then you have to disregard Van Allen's years of research

and published findings. You would also have to believe that

aluminum, and not lead, is adequate protection against radiation in

the very heart of the Belt. . .exactly the spot where Apollo rocket

ships entered from Cape Canaveral in Florida.

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