Guest guest Posted January 7, 2004 Report Share Posted January 7, 2004 By Horacio Fco. Arganis J. >"indologia2000" <indologia >vaidika1008 >Krishnas's times >Thu, 01 Jan 2004 15:26:05 -0000 > >THE EPOC OF MABHABHARATA AND BHAGAVATA PURANA >By Horacio Fco. Arganis J. Graduate Student in Linguistic and >Literature in U A de C. > >"One of the earliest estimates of the date of the Vedas was at once >among the most scientific. In 1790, the Scottish mathematician John >Playfair demonstrated that the starting-date of the astronomical >observations recorded in the tables still in use among Hindu >astrologers (of which three copies had reached Europe between 1687 >and 1787) had to be 4300 BC.3 His proposal was dismissed as absurd by >some, but it was not refuted by any scientist. Playfair's judicious >use of astronomy was countered by John Bentley with a Scriptural >argument which we now must consider invalid. In 1825, Bentley >objected: "By his [= Playfair's] attempt to uphold the antiquity of >Hindu books against absolute (biblical) facts, he thereby supports >all those horrid abuses and impositions found in them, under the >pretended sanction of antiquity. Nay, his aim goes still deeper, for >by the same means he endeavours to overturn the Mosaic account, and >sap the very foundation of our religion: for if we are to believe in >the antiquity of Hindu books, as he would wish us, then the Mosaic >account is all a fable, or a fiction."4 "we find that Bentley >has "proven" that Krishna was born on 7 August in AD 600 (the most >conservative estimate elsewhere is the 9th century BC), and on >p.158ff., that Varaha Mihira (AD 510-587) was a contemporary of the >Moghul emperor Akbar (r.1556-1605). >Before that, Sir Williams Johns and others formulated the borrowing >theory that holds that Krishna and his history, as the Bhâgavata and >Visnu puranas, etc, were a derived from Christianity. Therefore, all >the texts that tried on him, for logical consequence were of a period >After Dominus. >Before a rigorous observation the discovery of a ephistemological >problem is noticed, denominated, by the funder of scientific methode >philosopher, Francis Bacon, íldolus specus or cavern idols. This >refers that dueto prejudices of temperament, character, personal >likes, religious, ethnocentric, social and political factors that had >contaminated the investigations on the work in question. In other >words, these erudites tend to lock in their own fossilization of >suppositions and they deformed the reality from the study phenomenon, >when accommodating it to their paradigm, for the suppression of >everything that could contradict them. In fact, this ídolus-specus >type is applied to the racial, national prejudices and all type of >subjective attitudes, as those that have an incompatibility with the >search of new discoveries and vehement adherence to certain paradigm. >Nevertheless, the first thing that is demanded when one attempts an >approach in the scientific investigation, it is the suspension of all >the previous trials. That is to say the phenomenical application of >the epoje; what means, momentarily to suspend any previous trial and >to proceed from zero to the examinación of the object, and this way >to discover the reality of such a phenomenon. Otherwise, the >psychological studies of perception demonstrate, that among more >there is demarcation toward a posture, she/he gets lost the capacity >to evaluate the evidences that document that this could be missed >objectively. > >1.2 Dataciones >"The erudites have been unable to arrive to a concerning clear >consent to the date of the Bhâgavatam." > >XIII d. C. H.H. Wilson and Colebroock >XI d. C. Dasgupta >IX-X d. C. Sharma, Buitenen, etc. goes >IX d. C. Ingalls, Hopkins, Pargiter etc. >VI d. C. Eliade, Hazra, etc. >IV-V d. C. Tagore, Krisnamurti >III d. C. Diksitah >IV-V to. C. Hudson. >X-IX to. C. Vyas. >XII-XIII to. C. Gyani. >XX to. C. Bhaktivinoda >XXX to. C Ghokale >L B. C. Vartak > >Another problem that sustains this investigation is that when >revising the significant suppositions that the erudites have >presented on the one dated of the Bhâgavatam, she/he is discovered >that: The English critics Colebrook and Wilson dated it for the XIII >A. D ., under the apparent indication that the work in the 12º Canto >gives a chronology where it points out that of the character, that >gives beginning and end to the work, king Pariksit, until king >Chandragupta Maurya, 1250 years would pass. Then, of there until >kings Andhras. Reason that, the work had to be from a later time to >these figures. >This registration has its base in the reference that gives the Greek >historian Meghastenes in the s. IV B. C, in their IndiKA work, about >king Sandrakutus, which was identified with king Chandragupta Maurya. >This was the apparent Stone of Rosetta by which was reformulated the >whole chronology of the history of the India. Then it was intended >that the grandson, king Asoka Maurya, was the Asoka Buddhist convert >that made councils and he financed the expansion of budhims doctrine, >to who was dated in the 200 B. C. Therefore, the battle of the >Mahabhâtara had to have been for the X B. C. >The problem with that proposal is that Meghastenes didn't make >mention of Chanakya, king Chandragupta Maurya's minister, neither >Chanakya mentions in his works to the Greeks as Alejandro or >Meghastenes, the last one, who visited the court of Sandrakutus. >Joining this that, the kings that preceded and succesed to the >Sandrakutus, that the Greek historian mentions, they are: Xandramas >and Sandrocyptus. Which don't coincide with Nanda and Bindusar or >Asoka, whose were those of Chandragupta Maurya. The only equivalence, >phonologically acceptable, it is the relationship among those of king >Chandragupta-Gupta I: Chamdramas - Xandramas, and Samudragupta - >Sandrocyptus. For what such a discovery leads to modify the dates. >Since these discoveries, presented in the University of New Brunswick >in Canada for Prasada Gokhale, insinuate that Chandragupta Maurya >lived for the 1534 B. C., and king Chandragupta I Gupta in the 325 B. >C., when he confronted Great Alejandro's forces. Also, the Buddhist >Asoka was a king of Kashmir and not emperor Maurya's Asoka grandson. >This is significant because it justifies this investigation, since it >coincides with the historical recounts that Srimad-Bhâgavatam >describes itself. >Dr. Prasada Gokhale, he had put many literary and astronomical >evidences showing that Lord Buddha did not lived in the 550 BC. but >1800 B. C. Jiva Goswami in his Krsna Sandharbha Anuccheda 24 >wrote: "Lord Buddha appears when two thousand years of the Kali age >have passed". Before of the misidentification between the Sandracutus >mentioned by the Greek historian Maghastenes with Chandrgupta Maurya >by Sir William Jones, even Jones like all Indian historians accept >two things: Lord Buddha was around 1000 BC and Shankara live in the >440 BC. The Rajatarangini , a history text of Kashmir by Kalhana >record how the Ashoka of the Gonanda dynasty embracing the faith of >Gotama Buddha, etc. He was a ahimsa -peaceful ruler on the conversion >of Buddhism living in 1448-1400 BC. But He was not the Maurya Ashoka, >because, Murya king is know be respectful and supportive of Brahmanas >and Sharamanas, in the Girnar rock edits and in a book from Him, >where He open with the pranams to King Prithu, Lord Rama, Yudhsitira, >etc. All vaisnavas kings from the past mentioned in the Bhâgavatam. > >10.5.2 XIV-XV B. C. (1) among the indications of the religious >context of the Bhâgavatam it has a relative frequency to the rig- >vedic pateon, where are figure the cult to the gods Mitra, Varuna and >Indra. For that that another possible fact, is the discovery of a >testimony in the cuneiform characters of the clay splints, in the >corresponding to the Kingdom of Hitita Asia, 1380 B. C. In this >document the king hitita Subiluliuma and the king mitano Mattiuza, >son of Dusratta, they make a pact, where the last one invokes their >gods like witness and he makes a direct allusion to Mitra, Varuna and >Indra. According to the experts, during the XIV and XV centuries B. >C., the kings of Mitani took similar names in general to the Sanskrit >one as they corroborate it the files of the correspondence of the >Egyptian city Amarna and Bogas Keui, the capital of the Hititas. This >suggests the validity of the religious context that denotes the work >in study. >It has been observed that through the Bhâgavatam, It is distinguished >the bovine cattle raising motive, the use of oxen's carts, etc. Now, >S. Piggot reports: "This... it is very significant in view that they >have been representations of oxen yoked to the plow that they date of >the Primitive Dynastic Period of Súmer and of the third Dynasty of >Egypt; in those representations the yoke doesn't appear, but leave to >the oxen yoked to the plow by means of suspenders that fellows take >in the horns. Another similar representation, of origin kassita and >in Mesopotamia, it shows the same particularity, and it is also >noticed that the oxen have hump, characteristic of the race >indostane... Whichever it is the meaning of this fact it is >interesting to notice that the kassitas, possible members of the Indo- >European linguistic group, used in the century xv B. c. the same >method of traction of the plow that the Aryans used in the India. >Another factor of economic type that registers the work in study is >the use of the horse and the coaches. In the treaty of Kikkuli, >among Boghaz Keui's documents, it describes in technical terms a >manual on the careers of cars, where it uses similar words to the >Sanskrit to point out the number of turns around the hint. Finishing >with this category, another discovery that allows to come closer to >the one dated in connection with this context, was in the south of >Russia, by the middle of the time of XV Kubán to the XX one B. C. In >the tomb of Maikop, where was discovered a silver bowl with >representations of the horses of Przewalski. The combined value of >the indications of this category is of (13.9%). >10.5.4 the Motive of the Universal Flood (3). Inside literature of >the India, Mahâbhârata and before Satapatha Brahmana, they relate >that the God Visnu encarnate as a fish and inspired king Satyavrata >Manu to join the Vedas, the seven rishis and the seeds of all species >and to put them in an ark. Nevertheless, the better known narration >in the West on this topic is in the Hebrew literature, in the portion >of the Genesis on the story of Noé's Ark. The exegeticals has >classified two versions with certain divergences. One is denominated >the Yahuistic and the other Elohinistic. According to the >semitologis, this text harbored several revisions, but its original >content goes back to the XIV one B. C.However, several experts have >tried to discover the historical bases of the motive. The Iranian >Zend Avesta provides another story of the legend in the one which, >the god Ahuramazda ordered Yima the patriarch, to open a cave and to >save to the animals and plants from flood. The work was written in >cow leather by Zoroastre, to who has been dated in different periods >from LXXX goes to X century B. C.In the Epic poem of Gilgamés s. >XX B. C., a similar story exists, that has been considered the >intertextual base of the Hebrew story, where the main character >Utnapistim, carried out the same trip. In their investigation on the >epic of Ziusudra from Sumerian literature, Robert M. Best has >concluded that the great flood corresponded to the overflow of the >river Eufrates for the torrential rains in the century XXIX B. C. The >main character who was governor of the state of Shuruppak, navigated >in similar form to his Jewish homologous, to save to the species, >etc. That "it would have served of inspiration to the narrators of >the Flood." In the Egypt, according to the Romans historians as >Eusebio s. I B. C., Marcelino IV d. C., and the Arabs as Ibn Batuta >and Firazabadimasudi, etc., in the pyramids, there were inscriptions >in those mentions to the Flood, those date of the century XXVII-XXX >B. C.The father of the history China, Ma s. II B. C., in their >treaty the begins with a story of Yu, who was a king that saved the >residents of the Flood, before the first dynasties XXIX B. C. Other >investigators have proposed different hypothesis to explain the >catastrophe that gave origin to that the survivors transmitted by >means of epic poems and myths. William Ryan and Walter Pitman intend >that the phenomenon took place some LVI B. C.Edith and Alexander >Toolamn sustain a date of 10, 000 B. C., under the hypothesis that >seven fragments of a comet created the cataclysm in the Indian Ocean. >A near datation has been sustained by experts as D. S. Allan, B. >Delair and Paúl Violette, under other geologic causes. This allows to >infer that independently in which culture this Flood motive arose and >then it already passed to the others, this became a topic that it >affected the literature of the Old World in a remote period and it >was reflected in the study work. The percentage index inside these >reports points out a (11.1%). > >10.5.5 Bhû-Mândala (4). The word mandala means the good fortune. >However, the mandalas are diagrams that evoke the micro and >macrocosmos. In summary, it can report that the last studies on the >cosmographic pattern that contains the work in study, have brought to >the light that such diagram of circles and oceans with the mount in >form of inverted cone, with the base up and the point below, contains >implicit four meanings. >A) A planisferic map polar of the earth. >B) A map of the orbits of the planets of the solar system. >C) The center of the well-known diagram as Jambudvipa, exhibits >a map of the region of central Asia and south. >D) The celestial supraterrenals regions > >With respect to these data it must be informed that among the >meanings, the (A) it shows to the Monte Meru or Sumero like the north >pole, what suggests the axis whose rotation is in an inverted conical >way. The dvipas is the continents together with the seven seas. In >the (B) the rings together with their oceans coincide with the orbits >of the Earth, the Moon, Mars, Saturn and Uranus. Since in that time >it was ignored Neptune and Pluto. The © it indicates that Meru >mount coincides with the Pamirs Monts of Central Asia, the areas of >the south are identified, from Siberia to China and India, together >with their rivers and mountains. Lastly the (D), it describes the >supraterrenals regions where the devas and upadevas, the demigods and >other superhumans races of this folklore live. >Recapturing the words of the experts as Eliade again: "The symbolism >of the Pilar of the world is family, also, in the evolved cultures: >Egypt, India (for example, the Rig Veda, X, 89, 4; etc.) China, >Greece, Mesopotamia, Among the Babylonians." >This becomes another indicative factor, because through these >cultures one can observe that mention model was applicable in the >archaic societies of the Old World that date from 3000 to 2000 B. C. >The presence of a similar conception is even denoted in some American >societies. What allows to infer that such model could date of one >period previous to when the man passed from Asia to America in the >Glacial Era, as had been insinuate from Gorigio of Santillana and >Hertha von Dechend: "A `archaic ' culture that antedates all the old >civilizations that we know at the moment, including those of Babylon, >China and India... they possessed a sophisticated and scientific >understanding of astronomy expressed in terms that we denominate >mythology, because we don't understand it." Or as proposes G. >Betti "Such a time seems that it can be made go back at least forty >centuries before Christ to a town of Central Asía that reached a very >high civilization degree regarding all the other ones whose knowledge >spread for all Asia, Europe and Egypt and, with a lot of probability, >also for Mesoamérica. From the astronomy of this town it spends to >the Egyptian astronomy and that of the India, thirty centuries before >Christ." Wherever that had been the origin of such a cosmogonic >conception, the significant of this fact is the historical value, >which was in validity in an early era and up to now it has been able >to decode. Therfore its correspondence, as it was already indicated, >non concomita to the medieval time, like IX A. D. Apart from the >towns already mentioned, other archaic examples of a analogus >conception with Bhu-mándala would be the Iranian Zoroastrianes, the >Mongolians, the Klamucks and the Buryast of Siberia, the Turkish >tribes of the south, those of Altai Tatars, the tribes of the North >Africa. The registration that mark these evidences among the other >categories corresponds to a (16.7%). > > 10.5.6 S. XX-XVI B. C. W. J. Wilkins in the IX A. D. >indicated: "Particularly the Sarasvati should have been associated >with the reputation of sanctity that is attributed to the whole >called region Brahmavartta (northwest) that exists... located next to >the part west of the Juma (Yamuna). The Sarasvati seems to have been >for the first Hindus that the Ganges (...) it is for their >descendants." In 1950, Piggot pointed out: "In the Sind it has been >carried out extensive field work, and we probably have a quite >complete idea of the distribution of the establishments in that >region… it Seems probable that an intense field work in the Punjab >would take out to the light many other places, besides the overdrafts; >… For the east of the Indo, in the State of Bahwalpur and along the >bed, now dry, of the river Ghaggar, the Sarasvati of the old Indian >literature, is a dozen of places that they were other so many >villages or populations that, like it seems to indicate it its >position, they would be politically inside the jurisdiction of the >ruler of Harappa, and it can that they are taken as proof of the >existence of a northern Kingdom while waiting for that even not sink >to them other places overdrafts in the Punjab." >Inside of all the rivers mentioned in Rig veda, it stands out the >Sarasvati or Harahwati of the Zend Avesta. It has been discovered >that this river changed its course at least four times and originally >it flowed toward the sea through what today is known as Rajasthán, of >there she/he ran toward the occident. This has been identified with >the modern Syr–Darya that unites to the Aral sea in the north. At >the moment a stream that flows in Badarika in the Himalayas, and >another short stream in the desert of RajasthAn exists. Because the >geologic studies have found that it runs in underground form. >Previously it also flowed toward the east and it met with the Yamuna >and the Ganges in the Trivedi in Prayaga near Benares in U.T. For >twenty-four years, began a search and the geologic studies show that >approximately in the 3800 B. C., the north of the India was a green >area with big rivers like the Sindhu, the Ganges, the Yamuna and the >Sarasvati together with the Drisadvati. Which fed of the Sutlej and >the Yamuna. This allowed the current desert of Tahr, to not create a >natural division between the occident of India and the cultures of >the Middle East. According to the studies, a little before the battle >of the Mahâbhârata, the Yamuna had changed its course and it didn't >flow more toward the Sarasvati. For what is described in those dates >of Mahabhatata: "Their following stop was Prayaga, the sacred place >where the yellow waters of the Ganges unite with those blued of the >Yamuna. The river Sarasvati gets lost in this place, uniting at both >previous:..." But toward the occident, it is narrated in the >pilgrimage that made Balarama, as well as The Bhâgavatam describes it >in connection with Vidura and the same character brother of Krishna. >Using the satellite scanners and with the help of geologic studies, >the investigators from India, brought to the light the bed. According >to the obtained results, this river dried off at least 2000 B. >C.Now four specialists, Baldeo Sahai of the ISRO, archaeologist S. >Kalyan Raman, the glacialogíst Y. K. Puri and the hidrólogist Madhav >Chitle are taken charge to continue the investigation and to trace >the course of this river. The significant of this discovery is, as it >was already indicated in the chapter on the internal evidence, the >Sarasvati tend to be located in the third place of those referred in >the work in study. Also that you can trace their course flowing >without drought, just as was confirm by discoveries. This allows to >infer that the work Bhagavatam leans to date previous to the >drought. >Inside this same category the Polar star can notice, like was >observes along the internal evidence, this star figures in a >considerable percentage inside the context of some parts of the >Bhâgavatam. On the other hand, the hypothesis poschristiam that >fixes the text for the IX century or a little before, it confronts >the following thing: "due to the lack of appropriate brilliant stars, >it would seem that there was not a prominent polar star some >centuries ago from 1200 B. C., [until the 1400 d. C]." This way, the >investigators suspect that in the passages of the text >Grihyasûtras: "they seem to confirm the hypotheses of Jacobi: in the >matrimonial ceremony, when the newly-weds arrive at their new >residence, they remain sat down in silence on the skin of a bull >until the stars appear in whose moment the husband teaches to the >woman the polar star saying him: `That you are as constant as her and >happy in my house '. In Sanskrit, the star's name is dhruva >that `means ', constant `it signs '. Their invariable appearance, >always in the same place of the sky, it took as symbol of the >feminine fidelity, but in our days the polar star grieves >distinguishes for that is not of to be believed that could take as >symbol. And it happens that 2,000 years ago it was so far from the >pole that went by the sky like many other and it could not be spoken >of their immobility. Therefore, the Grihyasûtras should have been >referred to another more brilliant star that could have been near the >celestial, fixed pole, a long time ago. And Alfa Draconis was in that >case in the first half of the third millennium before Christ." This >fact is suggestive, because according to the theory of procession of >the equinoxes, it settles down that the rotation of the terrestrial >axis moves slowly in a conical path centered on the north pole of the >ecliptic or the solar orbit. To the present moment, the revolving >axis is near to the star Polaris. However, in the last 3400 years it >was not in the north pole. The last time that a star Polar notable >was near the 2600 B. C., when Tuban (Alpha Draconis) it was near to >the north pole. Because same in the 1200 B. C., the polar axis >pointed between the stars Beta Ursae Minorus and Kappa Draconis; and >until the present moment, one can not affirm that the references >mention two stars for the pole. This fact is denotative, because it >allows to infer that the author of the text in study who speaks of a >fixed Polar star that would remain eternally as the center where they >would rotate all the stars of the cosmos, he used a concept >observable in a remote age. Inside this variable, the relative >frequency of this category is (2.8%). >10.5.7 the Era of Mahâbhârata (7). On these discoveries it can make >an appointment to Romila Thopar: "The incidents that relates the epic >poetry can be accepted as historically valid if they can be evidences >to support them.This is what happens to some from the relative >excavations to this period. For example in Hastinapura... excavations >were made, and it was found that a part of its was desolated... in an >overflow of the Ganges. In the Puranas it is said that incident took >place in the reign of the king's seventh successor [Pariksit] that >governed immediately in Hastinapura after the war [of Kuruksetra]... >Incidentally, the tests of the flood appear in the level where the >culture of the Ceramic of Gray finishes in Hastinapura." According to >the indologist, the events of the Mahâbhârata took place in the Era >of Iron of the Civilization of the Ganges. Some archaeologists like >D. P. Agrawal proposes an age from the X to the IX B. C. But other, >as Jim G. Shaffer, estimates an age of the XXV one to. C.This is >sustained with the ruins of Kaushumbi, the one that worked as capital >when Delhi was flooded whose structures resemble each other to the >constructions of Harappa. In the decade of the 60's, Indigolist >Gangulli discovered artefacts in Kuruksetra that corroborate the >authenticity of the war that is mentioned in Mahabhâbhârata. >In 1986, S. R. directed a commission of archaeologists, whose after >applying the techniques characteristic of the their branch under the >Arabic Ocean, they gave as fruit the rediscovery of the ruins of >Dwaraka, the capital of the hero's Kingdom, in the costs of the >current Dwaraka in Gujarata. Among the objects are distinguished a >brass bell, iron nails, vessels of mud, similar to the style of the >brass age in other places, and ruins of the walls from was the fort >described in the Purana in analysis. They also carried out >excavations in other near areas as Bet Dwaraka or Sankotora, arriving >to satisfactory results. The official dataciones on this places went >of XV to XVI one B. C. These dates woke up the scepticism of other >experts as R. Rajaram, who proposes that it is another called city >Dwaraka. However, until the present has not been discovered a >historical reference that indicates such supposition. For what other >experts sustain that if there is an identification among the >discoveries like Andrew Rasanen indicated: "The information on the >recent excavations of Dwaraka in particular is a new addition to the >academic cellar." Well, the datación of the XV one to the XVI one had >been development under two premises: >1) Rao in his report pointed out that the level of the sea in >other parts of the world, including the Bahamas, it goes up a height >60 meters in 10,000 years, and Dwaraka it was posing on 10 meters >deep. >2) The results of the analysis of Termoluminiscency of Bet >Dwaraka's ceramic allow to estimate a similar age. >However, the vestige of the stamp or mudra of this place, tend to be >closet similarity to those of Mohenjo daro. Also, one table whose >motive is the child Krishna found in Harappa, whose age is of 2600 B. >C., it allows to infer that Dwaraka dates of a previous date. This >corroborates it the author of the URL on the topic, when he mention >the discoveries of the astronomy on the hero's birth: "Lord Krishna >was born to the midle night Julio's Friday 27 in the 3112 B. C. This >date and the time has been calculated by the astronomers based on the >planetary position on the day registered by the Wise Vyasa." Although >this calculation is not the last datación, like it will be presented >in the following category of this variable; other investigators as P. >Gokhale supposes: "The ruins of the submerged city of Dwaraka >discovered by the Dr. S. R. Rao and his group in 1985 (Archeological >Unit Marinates) along the coast of Gujarat, it provides authenticity >of the existence of the civilization of the Mahâbhârata c. 3000 B. >C." The value that you/they already add the vestiges described inside >this category is of (5.6%) in that that regarding the data of this >variable. >10.5.8 beginning of Kali yuga (7). The historian Juan of Dios >Gonzales J., indicates: "The Christian chose Christ's birth like the >beginning of a new era; the Muslims, the escape of Mohammed from Meca >(Hégira). Starting from these [religious] events. Each civilization >begins to count the years." In similar form, Teresa. E. Rohde reports >that for the historians, the Hindus marked the beginning of an >calendaric era called Kali-yuga "starting from the death of Krishna." >What The Bhâgavatam relates when: "Lord Visnu... well-known as >Krishna... He ascended to the spiritual sky, Kali entered in this >world, and people began to take pleasure in the sinful acts." For >that the determination of the beginning of this era, is a key hint to >approach to the possible datación of the text in study. Because this >date will allow to clarify the events like the Battle of the >Mahâbharata, and the hero's birth and the period of the Gangetic >Culture . >The specialists have proposed three possible dataciones: >to) The era of Kali began in the 900 or 1000 B. C. This date has been >broadly accepted by the specialists, like working an useful tool for >numerous investigations. >b) The erudites of V d. C.: Varaha Mihira, Vriddha Garga and >Kalhana, in base of astronomical calculations, proposed that the >taking of king Yudhistira, after the Battle of Kuruksetra, was to 653 >years of the era of Kali. This suggests the 2526 B. C. Nevertheless >that their proposal was an advanced tentative for his time, it has >been objected together with the following one, for approaches that >will be explained in the later lines. >c) The era of Kali began officially when Krishna disappeared of the >planet in the 3102 B. C. For what the battle of the Mahâbhârata had >to be a little before this period. This was computed in the V. A. D. >for astronomer Aryabhatta and sustained later by Bháskara. However, >this date has received an emotional underestimate from the part of >the circles of erudites, especially who resist to the revision of >the müellerane model dates . Inside this oscillation of dates, the >proposition (a) it works as work tool, although it tend to be >disintegrate before with the discoveries mentioned. Because as it was >already explained in the justification, it is based on the >supposition of 12º Canto, that predicts a chronology where it is >pointed out that of king Pariksit until king Chandragupta Maurya, >about 1250 years would pass. And then the Greek historian's >registration Meghastenes in the s. IV B. C, in his Indika work, on >king Sandrakutus, which was identified with king Chandragupta Maurya. >Therefore the battle of the Mahabhâtara had to have been for the X B. >C. Also, such a conjecture loses credibility before the calculations >astronomical overdrafts in the last decades. The (b), although it >differs of the © in the datación of the period of the Battle of >Kuruksetra, which opened the way to king Yudhistira's coronation, >this doesn't disagreed in their astronomical calculations with the >proposal © of the Kali-yuga beginning. Also that evidences don't >exist in the texts, that this events had happened to 600 years after >the mentioned era. With respect to the proposition ©, it was >rejected by the erudites under the supposition pointed out in the >justification, that Aryabhatta plagiarized his data of the Greek >astronomy of Tolomeo. That which has also been doubtful. Adding that >that R. L. Thompson has demonstrated that the arguments of those that >sustain such a plagiarism, suffer of serious methodological lacks; >and this investigator has exposed as Aryabhatta it arrived to those >calculations for means characteristic of his culture. Jointly, other >independent investigators have arrived to a similar datación through >astronomical computations, with more recent calculation systems, >discarding Waerden who affirmed: "According to the modern >calculations, no conjunction took place in the 3102 B. C." >One of the first works that corroborated the meeting of the planets >in Kali Yuga's star in the mentioned date, was of astronomers Jean- >Sylvain Bailly and John Playfair in 1790. Another of the tentatives >to locate the stellar figures that are mentioned in the texts, was >the work carried out by K. Srinivasa Raghavan and their team in >1979, using the Vedanga Jotysha, verified the event in the 3104 B. >C. and the Bharatas battle in the 3138 B. C. Shiram Sathe has >evaluated the counts of several experts and they tend to coincide >with the 3102 B. C., like date limit. A brief variation has been >obtained by K. N. Partanik denoting October 16 for the Battle of the >Mahâbhârata 3138 B. C.Count Bijornstierna summarizes a calculation >for the beginning from Kali to February 20 of the 3102 Bc .Starting >from their investigations in India, Henry P. Stapp in 1994 >reported: "According to the same Vedic texts and to the traditional >almanacs Panchangas of the India, these computations were registered >at the beginning of the present time called Kali yuga, 5091 years >behind." What suggests the 3097 B. C. Richard L. Thompson has >calculated with the programs Duffet–Smith of astronomy, the positions >of the planets and they coincide with brief variation to the >registrations of the texts, dating February 18 of 3102 B. C. for the >beginning of Kali yuga. >This has been confirmed with another registration. The cycle of the >constellation of the seven sages, the one which pass in 3600 years >when Seven Rishis iniate travels all the lunar mansions, and the >studies of J. E. Mitchiner suggests that this phenomenon began the >6676 B. C. and it finished the 3076 B. C., that which is narrated in >The Bhâgavatam: "When the constellation of the seven sages is passing >through the lunar mansion Mabhâ, the era of Kali begins. This will >last a thousand two hundred years of the devas." >Another type of evidences that indicate these dates is the >inscriptions of Pulakésisa II c. VIII AD. and other earlier ones , >they were found in Belgaum and Nidhapur, that point out the 3102 for >the Battle of Kuruksetra. Likewise, the star Rohini or Aldebaran were >in the localization that is described in the Purana in exam, when the >hero Vásudeva was born, in the 3162 B. C., according to the program >Sky Globe. The dependability of this program can vary for five years >with an 1% average of error. Jointly, Heliodoro pointed out that >Krishna lived hundred thirty eight generations of kings before >Alejandro's time, to which the investigators attribute around of >twenty years average for king, what suggests 2760 years, more 330 >B. C. = 3090 B. C.The sum of the vestiges inside this variable that >sustains this datación, is (26.4%). >To conclude with this brief report, in my thesis, we uses an full >methodolgy applying to triagunlation to subject the body of evidence >intern (geographical, chronological, astronomical, intertextuality, >social, economic, philosophical, religious, political, language type) >and external (documental, epigrafic, sculpture, numismaticts, and >discoveries adjunts) on the Bhâgavata purana, to tests statistical of >percentages and we discover that the weight of the evidence tend to >sustain to remote antiquity, with the hope of opening new horizons in >the search of more discoveries that they allow the advance of the >knowledge. Nevertheless like I noticed in my thesis mentioning to >Klostermaier: >"While the older theory rested on exclusively philological arguments, >the new theory includes astronomical, geological, mathematical and >archaeological evidence. On the whole, the latter seems to rest on >better foundations." > And also to Max Planck who pointed out: > "A new scientific truth doesn't triumph by means of the convincing >of its opponents, making them see the light, but rather because this >opponents end up dying and a new generation grows that familiarizes >with it ." > > > _______________ Worried about inbox overload? Get MSN Extra Storage now! http://join.msn.com/?PAGE=features/es Quote Link to comment Share on other sites More sharing options...
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