DEFINING THE SEXES: VNN POST WITH OLYMPIC & NATIONAL LIBRARY OF MEDICINE

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BATTLING THE MATERIALISTIC IMPERSONALISM OF SEXISM...

 

 

 

Now Try to Define a 'Man' or a 'Woman'...

 

The Self is Infinitely More Than the Sum of Some Bodily Parts

 

 

 

By Bhakti Ananda Goswami

 

c 9-18-2003

 

 

 

Ah! The pleasant security of being inexperienced and mal-educated,

but absolutely sure that you know everything!

 

 

 

This is the sad state of certitude of Jerry Falwell and his cadre of

inexperienced and ill-informed homophobic marriage-defenders, who are

at it again. Their current "One Man and One Woman" Marriage

Initiative in the U.S.A. ( http://www.onemanonewoman.com/ ) is

picking up steam, and we should all welcome it, because ultimately

medical challenges to such a law will prove that it is impossible to

use any medical criteria for justly defining a 'man' or 'woman'. The

many kinds of intersex persons, including sex-reversed persons (born

that way), who cannot fit any chromosomal or anatomical definition of

male or female will have to have their constitutional rights upheld.

The reality of such persons will never permit a simple chromosomal,

gonadal or genital definition of male or female, man or woman. By

trying to force a legal medical definition of 'man' and 'woman' for

marriage purposes, Falwell and his followers are in for a real shock

from God and Mother Nature! Already the International Olympic

Committee has entangled itself in a nightmarish legal mess, by trying

to define 'male' and 'female' for athletic competition legal

purposes. The Committee had to stop genetic testing, due to the

suprizing number of intersex persons who were being unjustly kept out

of the Olympic Games, because they could not pass the

Committee's 'sex' testing!

 

"After decades of dispute over not only the process, but also the

procedure of gender testing in the Olympic Games, a January 1999

decision has been ratified to end this testing altogether. This was a

ratification of the resolution passed in 1996 at the International

Olympic Committee World Conference on Women and Health to find a way

to discontinue the practice. "

 

http://cronopio.geo.lsa.umich.edu/~crlb/COURSES/140-

ScienceandMedia/140-webpage/FINAL00140/Final00-GS140/sports.html

 

 

The reality is that life on Earth is much more complicated than the

simple, common (mis) understanding of male or female so passionately

believed-in by persons like Mr. Falwell and the promoters of this

amendment. Hoping to influence the moral decline of our Nation,

these marriage defenders mean well, but are making a terrible mistake

based on a belief in human sexual dimorphism that is not based in

reality. Neither is their misunderstanding Biblically based. You

will not find sex chromosomes or mixed-sex gonads etc. mentioned

anywhere in the Bible. The sad fact is that their idea of male and

female is based on bad out-dated 19th century and early 20th century

science. They are still living in the early scientific era when it

was wrongly assumed that animals and humans came in only two models,

with only two kinds and expressions of sex chromosomes...XY=male and

XX=female. Now modern science KNOWS that this is simply not

true!

 

 

 

Consequently the key to the failure of this misguided marriage-

protection legislation is the fact that no purely biological simple

definition of male or female will ever suffice. XX and XY

chromosomes cannot be used to legally define every human, because not

all humans are merely XX or XY. Some are chromosomally XXY, XO or

Mosaic, having various chromosomal patterns in different tissues

throughout their bodies. Mosaic persons can test XX, XY, XXY, XO or

something else in various parts of their bodies! Then there are

naturally sex-reversed people whose bodies are the opposite of the

standard issue. Such persons have XX chromosomes with male anatomy,

or XY chromosomes with female anatomy. Neither can gonads (ovaries

or testes) or other reproductive parts be used to define every

person's sex, because some otherwise normal men have a uterus

(Persistent Mullerian Duct Syndrome) and some chromosomal 'women'

have a functional penis and testes. There are even completely "sex-

reversed" (this is the actual medical term!) people who have normal-

looking bodies that are the opposite of their sex chromosomes. Thus

Complete-AIS XY 'genetic males' look like normal women and may

function sexually just like normal women, and Complete-CAH

XX 'genetic females' have normal external male anatomy. Such

naturally sex-reversed people have always been sex-assigned and

raised as their anatomical sex, not their so-called chromosomal or

genetic sex. There are also otherwise normal looking and feeling men

and women who have been born without any genitals, as well as

intersex persons who were born with both a functional vagina and a

functional phallus. Furthermore, some intersex people are so-

called "true hermaphrodites" (a medical label that is being phased-

out as offensive), because they have ovotestes or both testicular and

ovarian tissue in their mixed-sex gonads. Although most intersex

persons are infertile, some can and do biologically parent children

or successfully give birth. In 2001, when I was compiling a survey

of the best and most recent research on sex differentiation and

intersex conditions in vertebral species (including our own), I read

a number of biology and medical journal reports on intersex and sex-

reversed animals and humans who had fathered or given birth to

healthy off-spring. Yes, there are XY women who have given birth to

normal children. So there are not only reproductively successful XY

sex-reversed females in other species, but there are even fertile and

infertile (with treatment) XY human females who have given birth!

 

 

 

Such cases can be studied on-line at the National Library of Medicine

( http://www.nlm.nih.gov/ ) Entrez PubMed journal search site

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi . This search site is

very easy to use and accesses over 12 million scientific journal

citations, going all the way back to the 1960s. Hundreds of

scientific papers on intersex and sex-reversal in humans and other

species can be read at this site. The U. S. National Library of

Medicine is the leading institution of its kind in the world. Just a

search of 'environmental estrogens' and related terms will pull up

hundreds of world-class studies on modern pollution-caused intersex

conditions in animals and man. The feminization of ALL SPECIES due

to environmental estrogen mimicking compounds is a very serious world

problem. It has been called a crisis and an epidemic. In some badly

polluted areas, the incidence of XY feminized intersex has doubled in

the last 20 years. So more and more people are being born every day

who cannot be sex-assigned according to the typical XY-male type of

differentiation. What will Mr. Falwell and his 'man and woman'

marriage crusaders want the legal establishment to do with these

souls?

 

 

 

There are more and more intersex humans that break all of the rules

of any possible simple and dimorphic legal-medical "male and female"

sex assignment. This means that any rule used to define "one man and

one woman" for marriage purposes can and will be eventually

challenged and struck down, at the nation's highest court, by the

scientific facts presented in defense of intersex persons who will

have to challenge any simple dimorphic definitions of 'male and

female' or 'man and woman', to secure their most basic human rights.

Seeing such a legal nightmare on the legislative horizon, more and

more informed people in the government will try to block this doomed

legal project. The institution of Christian Marriage cannot

be "defended" by denying a vast number of intersexed human beings

their very right to exist.

 

 

 

So, let the ill-informed bring on this amendment, and let science

respond with the question: "OK, how will we define `male'

and `female'?" The ensuing struggle will be very educational! I

welcome it, as it will for once and for all end the legal-medical

tyranny of anatomical parts over people who do not fit neatly into

our society's fantasy of a simple, sexually dimorphic species.

 

 

 

This amendment is exactly what is needed to bring the scientific,

medical and human rights legal issues of assigning sex to national

and global attention. Simplistic definitions of male and female, or

man and woman, are the fantasy of inexperienced and poorly educated

people like Mr. Falwell. Such prejudiced people would benefit from

some volunteer service that exposes them to the real medical, legal

and pastoral needs of intersex and sex-reversed people and their

families. In the real world, human beings come in a continuum of

complex biological conditions that range from the common standard

issue XX=female and XY=male, through an extremely complex continuum

of intersex states, all the way to the naturally sex-reversed XX-male

and XY-female. A large number of humans exist in every state

possible and viable in between 'normal' male and female, and

chromosomally sex-reversed male and female. In fact, estimates for

various population groups range from 1 in 2000 to 1 in 100 for

persons born with some atypical sex differentiation or intersex

condition. That is a lot of people who will not fit into any one-

size-fits-all legal-medical definition of 'male and female'. Such

intersex and sex-reversed persons are fully human and have basic God-

given human rights too! As it is now, there is an enormous medical

ethics debate going on about how to 'treat' and assign sex to the

increasingly large number of intersex persons being born every day.

At some point this medical ethics problem and the legal issue of

defining 'man' and 'woman' for marriage purposes will merge. When

they do, it will stimulate a new era for human rights education and

activism.

 

 

 

Education regarding the medical-legal impossibility of defining male

and female is therefore the key to a human rights centered outcome in

this amendment struggle. The sanctity of sacramental marriage (in

any faith) cannot be preserved by denying the existence and basic

human rights of part of the human race.

 

 

 

For a copy of the Topical Index to my Sex Differentiation Study

entitled "Improving Medical and Pastoral Responses To The Needs Of

Intersex Persons...A Resource: Sex Differentiation and Behavior, An

Introduction To Animal And Human Studies " (Compiled by David

Sherman, August 2001) please write bhakti.eohn

 

 

 

 

SOME REFERENCES TO MY ABOVE LETTER REGARDING THE MEDICAL DEFINITION

OF A MAN AND A WOMAN

 

Citation of these references is not an endorsement of the research or

treatment methodologies used.

 

UNITED STATES NATIONAL LIBRARY OF MEDICINE SCIENTIFIC JOURNAL

CITATIONS

 

CAN XX AND XY 'SEX CHROMOSOMES' BE USED TO DEFINE EVERY HUMAN

BEING'S 'SEX', ASSIGNING THE SEX OF 'MALE' TO EVERYONE WITH XY

CHROMOSOMES AND THE SEX OF 'FEMALE' TO EVERYONE WITH XX CHROMOSOMES?

NO, BECAUSE NOT ALL HUMANS HAVE SIMPLY XX OR XY CHROMOSOMES, AND

SOMETIMES AN XY PERSON HAS A FEMALE BODY AND AN XX PERSON HAS A MALE

BODY. IN BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE THIS IS CALLED "SEX-REVERSAL", AND IT

OCCURS NOT ONLY IN HUMANS, BUT IN MANY SPECIES FROM FISH AND REPTILES

TO BIRDS AND MAMMALS, INCLUDING THE 'GREAT APES' AND HUMANS. BELOW

ARE SOME EXAMPLES OF INDIVIDUAL HUMAN PATIENTS, AND CLASSES OF

ATYPICAL OR INTERSEX CONDITIONS CONSIDERED FORMS OF "SEX-REVERSAL",

WHICH ARE FOUND IN BOTH ANIMALS AND HUMAN BEINGS. THESE ARE ALL

FROM TWO SINGLE TERM SEARCHES, WHICH YIELDED 60 AND 234 JOURNAL

CITATIONS RESPECTIVELY. I ONLY LOOKED AT ABOUT THE FIRST 20 AND 60.

 

THE FIRST TERM WAS "XY PREGNANCY" AND THE SECOND WAS "SEX-

REVERSAL". NOT GIVEN BELOW ARE REFERENCES TO THE ENORMOUS NUMBER OF

STUDIES, WHICH HAVE BEEN DONE ON INTERSEX AND SEX-REVERSAL IN

PRIMATES. A SECTION ON PRIMATE STUDIES IS INCLUDED IN MY 2001 SURVEY

OF THE LITERATURE ON SEX DIFFERENTIATION AND SEX DIMORPHIC BEHAVIOR

IN VERTEBRATES.

 

SEX-REVERSED XY WOMEN

 

SUCCESSFUL PREGNANCIES IN SEX-REVERSED XY WOMEN, WHO HAD NO EGGS OF

THEIR OWN.

 

 

Selvaraj K, Ganesh V, Selvaraj P.

Successful pregnancy in a patient with a 46,XY karyotype.

Fertil Steril. 2002 Aug;78(2):419-20.

PMID: 12137885 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

 

Tanaka Y, Fujiwara K, Yamauchi H, Mikami Y, Kohno I.

Pregnancy in a woman with a Y chromosome after removal of an ovarian

dysgerminoma.

Gynecol Oncol. 2000 Dec;79(3):519-21.

PMID: 11104633 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

 

Dirnfeld M, Bider D, Abramovicia H, Calderon I, Blumenfeld Z.

Subsequent successful pregnancy and delivery after intracytoplasmic

sperm injection in a patient with XY gonadal dysgenesisms.

Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2000 Jan;88(1):101-2.

PMID: 10659926 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

 

Kan AK, Abdalla HI, Oskarsson T.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?

cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=9262272&dopt=Abstract

Two successful pregnancies in a 46,XY patient. Fertility and

Endocrinology Centre, In Vitro Fertilisation Unit, Lister Hospital,

London, UK.

Hum Reprod. 1997 Jul;12(7):1434-5.

PMID: 9262272 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

 

Bardeguez AD, De Ziegler D, Weiss G.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?

cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=2381633&dopt=Abstract

Multifetal pregnancy in a gonadal dysgenesis mosaic.

Obstet Gynecol. 1990 Sep;76(3 Pt 2):502-4.

PMID: 2381633 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

 

 

 

 

IN THESE TWO CASES, XY CHROMOSOMES WERE DETECTED IN WOMEN WHO WERE

FERTILE (WHO HAD VIABLE EGGS OF THEIR OWN). IN THE FIRST CASE, XY

CHROMOSOMES WERE DETECTED AFTER HER PREGNANCY. IN THE SECOND CASE,

THE WOMAN IS DESCRIBED AS BEING FERTILE, HAVING XY CHROMOSOMES AND A

FEMALE "PHENOTYPE", WHICH MEANS ANATOMY.

 

De Moor G, De Bock G, Noens L, De Bie S.

 

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?

cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=3414310&dopt=Abstract

A new case of human chimerism detected after pregnancy: 46,XY

karyotype in the lymphocytes of a woman.

Acta Clin Belg. 1988;43(3):231-5.

PMID: 3414310 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

 

 

Sudik R, Jakubiczka S, Nawroth F, Gilberg E, Wieacker PF.

Chimerism in a fertile woman with 46,XY karyotype and female

phenotype.

Hum Reprod. 2001 Jan;16(1):56-58.

PMID: 11139536 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

 

 

 

 

HERE ARE SOME OTHER REFERENCES TO NATURAL HUMAN SEX-REVERSAL

 

SPECIFICALLY REGARDING XX SEX-REVERSED MEN

Domenice S, Nishi MY, Billerbeck AE, Carvalho FM, Frade EM, Latronico

AC, Arnhold IJ, Mendonca BB.

Molecular analysis of SRY gene in Brazilian 46,XX sex reversed

patients: absence of SRY sequence in gonadal tissue.

Med Sci Monit. 2001 Mar-Apr;7(2):238-41.

PMID: 11257728 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

 

Huang B, Wang S, Ning Y, Lamb AN, Bartley J.

Autosomal XX sex reversal caused by duplication of SOX9.

Am J Med Genet. 1999 Dec 3;87(4):349-53.

PMID: 10588843 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

 

Kolon TF, Ferrer FA, McKenna PH.

Clinical and molecular analysis of XX sex reversed patients.

J Urol. 1998 Sep;160(3 Pt 2):1169-72; discussion 1178.

PMID: 9719302 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

 

Reddy PP, Papenhausen PR, Suh YM, Riddick LM, Calvano CJ, Mandell J.

XX sex reversal: molecular analysis of the SRY/ZFY regions.

J Urol. 1997 Sep;158(3 Pt 2):1305-7.

PMID: 9258201 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

 

 

HUMAN SEX-REVERSAL IN GENERAL, AND XY FEMALE SEX REVERSAL (MORE

COMMONLY STUDIED THAN XX MALE SEX-REVERSAL)

Jameson JL, Achermann JC, Ozisik G, Meeks JJ.

Battle of the sexes: new insights into genetic pathways of gonadal

development.

Trans Am Clin Climatol Assoc. 2003;114:51-63; discussion 64-5.

Review.

PMID: 12813911 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE

 

Dewing P, Bernard P, Vilain E.

Disorders of gonadal development.

Semin Reprod Med. 2002 Aug;20(3):189-98. Review.

PMID: 12428199 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE

 

Cotinot C, Pailhoux E, Jaubert F, Fellous M.

Molecular genetics of sex determination.

Semin Reprod Med. 2002 Aug;20(3):157-68. Review.

PMID: 12428196 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE

 

Salas-Cortes L, Jaubert F, Bono MR, Fellous M, Rosemblatt M.

Expression of the human SRY protein during development in normal male

gonadal and sex-reversed tissues.

J Exp Zool. 2001 Nov 1;290(6):607-15.

PMID: 11748609 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

 

Ostrer H.

Identifying genes for male sex determination in humans.

J Exp Zool. 2001 Nov 1;290(6):567-73. Review.

PMID: 11748605 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

 

Vilain E. SEE ABOVE

Genetics of sexual development.

Annu Rev Sex Res. 2000;11:1-25. Review.

PMID: 11351829 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

 

Salas-Cortes L, Jaubert F, Nihoul-Fekete C, Brauner R, Rosemblatt M,

Fellous M.

SRY protein is expressed in ovotestis and streak gonads from human

sex-reversal.

Cytogenet Cell Genet. 2000;91(1-4):212-6.

PMID: 11173859 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

 

Calvari V, Bertini V, De Grandi A, Peverali G, Zuffardi O, Ferguson-

Smith M, Knudtzon J, Camerino G, Borsani G, Guioli S.

A new submicroscopic deletion that refines the 9p region for sex

reversal.

Genomics. 2000 May 1;65(3):203-12.

PMID: 10857744 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

 

Ottolenghi C, Veitia R, Barbieri M, Fellous M, McElreavey K.

The human doublesex-related gene, DMRT2, is homologous to a gene

involved in somitogenesis and encodes a potential bicistronic

transcript.

Genomics. 2000 Mar 1;64(2):179-86.

PMID: 10729224 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

 

Ottolenghi C, Veitia R, Quintana-Murci L, Torchard D, Scapoli L,

Souleyreau-Therville N, Beckmann J, Fellous M, McElreavey K.

The region on 9p associated with 46,XY sex reversal contains several

transcripts expressed in the urogenital system and a novel doublesex-

related domain.

Genomics. 2000 Mar 1;64(2):170-8.

PMID: 10729223 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

 

SEX REVERSAL GENE NOT EXPRESSED IN THE FATHER, BUT EXPRESSED IN THE

CHILD (SHOWS THAT THE 'EXPRESSION' OR OUTCOME OF A GENE MUTATION IS

NOT ALWAYS PREDICTABLE ! )

Imai A, Takagi A, Tamaya T.

A novel sex-determining region on Y (SRY) missense mutation

identified in a 46,XY female and also in the father.

Endocr J. 1999 Oct;46(5):735-9.

PMID: 10670762 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

 

Takagi A, Imai A, Tamaya T.

A novel sex-determining region on Y (SRY) nonsense mutation

identified in a 45,X/47,XYY female.

Fertil Steril. 1999 Jul;72(1):167-9.

PMID: 10428169 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

 

Vilain E, McCabe ER.

Mammalian sex determination: from gonads to brain.

Mol Genet Metab. 1998 Oct;65(2):74-84. Review.

PMID: 9787099 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

 

Flejter WL, Fergestad J, Gorski J, Varvill T, Chandrasekharappa S.

A gene involved in XY sex reversal is located on chromosome 9, distal

to marker D9S1779.

Am J Hum Genet. 1998 Sep;63(3):794-802.

PMID: 9718346 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

 

REFERS TO ONE STUDY OF 45 SEX-REVERSED XY FEMALES

Scherer G, Held M, Erdel M, Meschede D, Horst J, Lesniewicz R, Midro

AT.

Three novel SRY mutations in XY gonadal dysgenesis and the enigma of

XY gonadal dysgenesis cases without SRY mutations.

Cytogenet Cell Genet. 1998;80(1-4):188-92.

PMID: 9678356 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

 

FIVE SISTERS, TWO OF THEM SEX-REVERSED XY FEMALES

Hines RS, Tho SP, Zhang YY, Plouffe L Jr, Hansen KA, Khan I,

McDonough PG.

Paternal somatic and germ-line mosaicism for a sex-determining region

on Y (SRY) missense mutation leading to recurrent 46,XY sex reversal.

Fertil Steril. 1997 Apr;67(4):675-9.

PMID: 9093193 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

 

CONCLUSIONS FROM THE LONGEST STUDY ON SEX HORMONES, THE BRAIN AND

BEHAVIOR (PARTIAL ABSTRACT ONLY)

Balthazart J, Tlemcani O, Ball GF.

Do sex differences in the brain explain sex differences in the

hormonal induction of reproductive behavior? What 25 years of

research on the Japanese quail tells us.

Horm Behav. 1996 Dec;30(4):627-61. Review.

PMID: 9047287 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

 

 

 

SEX-REVERSAL IN OTHER SPECIES

 

SOME ANIMAL SPECIES HAVE REPRODUCTIVELY SUCCESSFUL XY FEMALES !

ALSO AMONG THE ABSTRACTS BELOW, YOU WILL FIND RESEARCH RELEVANT TO

SEX-SIGNALING-RESPONSES AND SAME-SEX-PAIRING STUDIES.

 

 

 

SOME NLM PubMed SEARCH RESULTS ...SOME MORE EXAMPLES

 

 

 

1: Park EH, Taketo T. Related Articles, Links

Onset and Progress of Meiotic Prophase in the Oocytes in the B6.YTIR

Sex-Reversed Mouse Ovary.

Biol Reprod. 2003 Aug 6 [Epub ahead of print]

PMID: 12904311 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

2: Vaillant S, Guemene D, Dorizzi M, Pieau C, Richard-Mercier N,

Brillard JP. Related Articles, Links

Degree of sex reversal as related to plasma steroid levels in

genetic female chickens (Gallus domesticus) treated with Fadrozole.

Mol Reprod Dev. 2003 Aug;65(4):420-8.

PMID: 12840815 [PubMed - in process]

5: Nanda I, Hornung U, Kondo M, Schmid M, Schartl M. Related

Articles, Links

Common spontaneous sex-reversed XX males of the medaka Oryzias

latipes.

Genetics. 2003 Jan;163(1):245-51.

PMID: 12586712 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

6: Bugno M, Klukowska J, Slota E, Tischner M, Switonski M. Related

Articles, Links

A sporadic case of the sex-reversed mare (64,XY; SRY-negative):

molecular and cytogenetic studies of the Y chromosome.

Theriogenology. 2003 Apr 1;59(7):1597-603.

PMID: 12559464 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

7: Smith CA, Katz M, Sinclair AH. Related Articles, Links

DMRT1 is upregulated in the gonads during female-to-male sex

reversal in ZW chicken embryos.

Biol Reprod. 2003 Feb;68(2):560-70.

PMID: 12533420 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

8: Shimasaki Y, Kitano T, Oshima Y, Inoue S, Imada N, Honjo T.

Related Articles, Links

Tributyltin causes masculinization in fish.

Environ Toxicol Chem. 2003 Jan;22(1):141-4.

PMID: 12503757 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

9: Bianchi NO. Related Articles, Links

Akodon sex reversed females: the never ending story.

Cytogenet Genome Res. 2002;96(1-4):60-5.

PMID: 12438781 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

12: Kirankumar S, Pandian TJ. Related Articles, Links

Effect on growth and reproduction of hormone immersed and

masculinized fighting fish Betta splendens.

J Exp Zool. 2002 Nov 1;293(6):606-16.

PMID: 12410610 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

13: Bakker J, Honda S, Harada N, Balthazart J. Related Articles,

Links

Sexual partner preference requires a functional aromatase (cyp19)

gene in male mice.

Horm Behav. 2002 Sep;42(2):158-71.

PMID: 12367569 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

14: Shibata K, Takase M, Nakamura M. Related Articles, Links

The Dmrt1 expression in sex-reversed gonads of amphibians.

Gen Comp Endocrinol. 2002 Jul;127(3):232-41.

PMID: 12225764 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

15: Quillet E, Aubard G, Queau I. Related Articles, Links

Mutation in a sex-determining gene in rainbow trout: detection and

genetic analysis.

J Hered. 2002 Mar-Apr;93(2):91-9.

PMID: 12140268 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

16: Milnes MR Jr, Roberts RN, Guillette LJ Jr. Related Articles,

Links

Effects of incubation temperature and estrogen exposure on aromatase

activity in the brain and gonads of embryonic alligators.

Environ Health Perspect. 2002 Jun;110 Suppl 3:393-6.

PMID: 12060834 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

17: Pailhoux E, Vigier B, Vaiman D, Servel N, Chaffaux S, Cribiu EP,

Cotinot C. Related Articles, Links

Ontogenesis of female-to-male sex-reversal in XX polled goats.

Dev Dyn. 2002 May;224(1):39-50.

PMID: 11984872 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

18: Pailhoux E, Mandon-Pepin B, Cotinot C. Related Articles, Links

Mammalian gonadal differentiation: the pig model.

Reprod Suppl. 2001;58:65-80. Review.

PMID: 11980203 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

19: Lund TD, West TW, Tian LY, Bu LH, Simmons DL, Setchell KD,

Adlercreutz H, Lephart ED. Related Articles, Links

Visual spatial memory is enhanced in female rats (but inhibited in

males) by dietary soy phytoestrogens.

BMC Neurosci. 2001;2(1):20. Epub 2001 Dec 17.

PMID: 11801187 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

20: Renfree MB, Coveney D, Shaw G. Related Articles, Links

The influence of estrogen on the developing male marsupial.

Reprod Fertil Dev. 2001;13(4):231-40. Review.

PMID: 11800162 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

 

21: Schelling C, Pienkowska A, Arnold S, Hauser B, Switonski M.

Related Articles, Links

A male to female sex-reversed dog with a reciprocal translocation.

J Reprod Fertil Suppl. 2001;57:435-8.

PMID: 11787187 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

22: Vaillant S, Dorizzi M, Pieau C, Richard-Mercier N. Related

Articles, Links

Sex reversal and aromatase in chicken.

J Exp Zool. 2001 Dec 1;290(7):727-40.

PMID: 11748621 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

23: Pailhoux E, Vigier B, Vaiman D, Schibler L, Vaiman A, Cribiu E,

Nezer C, Georges M, Sundstrom J, Pelliniemi LJ, Fellous M, Cotinot C.

Related Articles, Links

Contribution of domestic animals to the identification of new genes

involved in sex determination.

J Exp Zool. 2001 Dec 1;290(7):700-8.

PMID: 11748618 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

26: Pailhoux E, Parma P, Sundstrom J, Vigier B, Servel N, Kuopio T,

Locatelli A, Pelliniemi LJ, Cotinot C. Related Articles, Links

Time course of female-to-male sex reversal in 38,XX fetal and

postnatal pigs.

Dev Dyn. 2001 Nov;222(3):328-40.

PMID: 11747069 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

27: Vaillant S, Magre S, Dorizzi M, Pieau C, Richard-Mercier N.

Related Articles, Links

Expression of AMH, SF1, and SOX9 in gonads of genetic female

chickens during sex reversal induced by an aromatase inhibitor.

Dev Dyn. 2001 Oct;222(2):228-37.

PMID: 11668600 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

28: Belaid B, Richard-Mercier N, Pieau C, Dorizzi M. Related

Articles, Links

Sex reversal and aromatase in the European pond turtle: treatment

with letrozole after the thermosensitive period for sex determination.

J Exp Zool. 2001 Sep 15;290(5):490-7.

PMID: 11555856 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

29: Coveney D, Shaw G, Renfree MB. Related Articles, Links

Estrogen-induced gonadal sex reversal in the tammar wallaby.

Biol Reprod. 2001 Aug;65(2):613-21.

PMID: 11466233 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

30: Papoulias DM, Noltie DB, Tillitt DE. Related Articles, Links

Effects of methyl testosterone exposure on sexual differentiation in

medaka, Oryzias latipes.

Mar Environ Res. 2000 Jul-Dec;50(1-5):181-4.

PMID: 11460688 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

31: Tsang TE, Khoo PL, Jamieson RV, Zhou SX, Ang SL, Behringer R,

Tam PP. Related Articles, Links

The allocation and differentiation of mouse primordial germ cells.

Int J Dev Biol. 2001;45(3 Spec No):549-55.

PMID: 11417898 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

34: Agulnik AI, Harrison WR, Bishop CE. Related Articles, Links

Smcy transgene does not rescue spermatogenesis in sex-reversed mice.

Mamm Genome. 2001 Feb;12(2):112-6.

PMID: 11210179 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

36: Nagler JJ, Bouma J, Thorgaard GH, Dauble DD. Related Articles,

Links

High incidence of a male-specific genetic marker in phenotypic

female chinook salmon from the Columbia River.

Environ Health Perspect. 2001 Jan;109(1):67-9.

PMID: 11171527 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

37: Adkins-Regan E, Wade J. Related Articles, Links

Masculinized sexual partner preference in female zebra finches with

sex-reversed gonads.

Horm Behav. 2001 Feb;39(1):22-8.

PMID: 11161880 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

38: Dournon C, Membre H, Bautz A. Related Articles, Links

Sex reversal of germ cell gametogenesis in chimeras of Pleurodeles

waltl (urodele amphibian): genetic and immunogenetic demonstration

using tolerance or rejection of skin grafts.

Dev Growth Differ. 2001 Feb;43(1):97-106.

PMID: 11148455 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

39: Scholz S, Gutzeit HO. Related Articles, Links

17-alpha-ethinylestradiol affects reproduction, sexual

differentiation and aromatase gene expression of the medaka (Oryzias

latipes).

Aquat Toxicol. 2000 Oct 1;50(4):363-373.

PMID: 10967398 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

40: Wong J, Luckers L, Okawara Y, Pelletier R, Taketo T. Related

Articles, Links

Follicular development and atresia in the B6.Y(TIR) sex-reversed

mouse ovary.

Biol Reprod. 2000 Sep;63(3):756-62.

PMID: 10952917 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

41: Stavnezer AJ, McDowell CS, Hyde LA, Bimonte HA, Balogh SA,

Hoplight BJ, Denenberg VH. Related Articles, Links

Spatial ability of XY sex-reversed female mice.

Behav Brain Res. 2000 Jul;112(1-2):135-43.

PMID: 10862944 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

44: Fagundes V, Christoff AU, Scalzi-Martin J, Hozier J, Moreira-

Filho CA, Yonenaga-Yassuda Y. Related Articles, Links

X;Y translocation revealed by chromosome microdissection and FISH in

fertile XY females in the Brazilian rodent Akodon montensis.

Cytogenet Cell Genet. 2000;88(1-2):124-9.

PMID: 10773685 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

45: Kitano T, Takamune K, Nagahama Y, Abe SI. Related Articles,

Links

Aromatase inhibitor and 17alpha-methyltestosterone cause sex-

reversal from genetical females to phenotypic males and suppression

of P450 aromatase gene expression in Japanese flounder (Paralichthys

olivaceus).

Mol Reprod Dev. 2000 May;56(1):1-5.

PMID: 10737961 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

48: Hubler M, Hauser B, Meyers-Wallen VN, Arnold S. Related

Articles, Links

Sry-negative XX true hermaphrodite in a Basset hound.

Theriogenology. 1999 May;51(7):1391-403.

PMID: 10729102 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

49: Amleh A, Smith L, Chen H, Taketo T. Related Articles, Links

Both nuclear and cytoplasmic components are defective in oocytes of

the B6.Y(TIR) sex-reversed female mouse.

Dev Biol. 2000 Mar 15;219(2):277-86.

PMID: 10694422 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

52: Kitano T, Takamune K, Kobayashi T, Nagahama Y, Abe SI. Related

Articles, Links

Suppression of P450 aromatase gene expression in sex-reversed males

produced by rearing genetically female larvae at a high water

temperature during a period of sex differentiation in the Japanese

flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus).

J Mol Endocrinol. 1999 Oct;23(2):167-76.

PMID: 10514554 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

53: Suzuki S. Related Articles, Links

Androgenic gland hormone is a sex-reversing factor but cannot be a

sex-determining factor in the female crustacean isopods Armadillidium

vulgare.

Gen Comp Endocrinol. 1999 Sep;115(3):370-8.

PMID: 10480988 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

54: Parma P, Pailhoux E, Cotinot C. Related Articles, Links

Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis of genes

involved in gonadal differentiation in pigs.

Biol Reprod. 1999 Sep;61(3):741-8.

PMID: 10456852 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

55: Krisfalusi M, Cloud JG. Related Articles, Links

Gonadal sex reversal in triploid rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss).

J Exp Zool. 1999 Sep 1;284(4):466-72.

PMID: 10451424 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

56: Wennstrom KL, Blesius F, Crews D. Related Articles, Links

Volumetric analysis of sexually dimorphic limbic nuclei in normal

and sex-reversed whiptail lizards.

Brain Res. 1999 Aug 14;838(1-2):104-9.

PMID: 10446322 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

59: Sheehan DM, Willingham E, Gaylor D, Bergeron JM, Crews D.

Related Articles, Links

No threshold dose for estradiol-induced sex reversal of turtle

embryos: how little is too much?

Environ Health Perspect. 1999 Feb;107(2):155-9.

PMID: 9924012 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

60: Jimenez R, Burgos M. Related Articles, Links

Mammalian sex determination: joining pieces of the genetic puzzle.

Bioessays. 1998 Sep;20(9):696-9. Review.

PMID: 9819558 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

61: Vilain E, McCabe ER. Related Articles, Links

Mammalian sex determination: from gonads to brain.

Mol Genet Metab. 1998 Oct;65(2):74-84. Review.

PMID: 9787099 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

64: Jamieson RV, Zhou SX, Wheatley SC, Koopman P, Tam PP. Related

Articles, Links

Sertoli cell differentiation and Y-chromosome activity: a

developmental study of X-linked transgene activity in sex-reversed

X/XSxra mouse embryos.

Dev Biol. 1998 Jul 15;199(2):235-44.

PMID: 9698443 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

67: Nagamine CM, Capehart J, Carlisle C, Chang D. Related Articles,

Links

Ovotestes in B6-XXSxr sex-reversed mice.

Dev Biol. 1998 Apr 1;196(1):24-32.

PMID: 9527878 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

69: Wallace H, Wallace BM, Badawy GM. Related Articles, Links

Lampbrush chromosomes and chiasmata of sex-reversed crested newts.

Chromosoma. 1997 Dec;106(8):526-33.

PMID: 9426285 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

70: Amleh A, Taketo T. Related Articles, Links

Live-borns from XX but not XY oocytes in the chimeric mouse ovary

composed of B6.Y(TIR) and XX cells.

Biol Reprod. 1998 Feb;58(2):574-82.

PMID: 9475416 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

72: Hunt PA, Worthman C, Levinson H, Stallings J, LeMaire R, Mroz K,

Park C, Handel MA. Related Articles, Links

Germ cell loss in the XXY male mouse: altered X-chromosome dosage

affects prenatal development.

Mol Reprod Dev. 1998 Feb;49(2):101-11.

PMID: 9444653 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

73: Abinawanto, Zhang C, Saito N, Matsuda Y, Shimada K. Related

Articles, Links

Identification of sperm-bearing female-specific chromosome in the

sex-reversed chicken.

J Exp Zool. 1998 Jan 1;280(1):65-72.

PMID: 9437853 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

74: Vanderhyden BC, Macdonald EA, Merchant-Larios H, Fernandez A,

Amleh A, Nasseri R, Taketo T. Related Articles, Links

Interactions between the oocyte and cumulus cells in the ovary of

the B6.Y(TIR) sex-reversed female mouse.

Biol Reprod. 1997 Sep;57(3):641-6.

PMID: 9283002 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

75: Reddy PP, Papenhausen PR, Suh YM, Riddick LM, Calvano CJ,

Mandell J. Related Articles, Links

XX sex reversal: molecular analysis of the SRY/ZFY regions.

J Urol. 1997 Sep;158(3 Pt 2):1305-7.

PMID: 9258201 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

76: Pask A, Toder R, Wilcox SA, Camerino G, Graves JA. Related

Articles, Links

The candidate sex-reversing DAX1 gene is autosomal in marsupials:

implications for the evolution of sex determination in mammals.

Genomics. 1997 May 1;41(3):422-6.

PMID: 9169141 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

 

 

78: Williams J, Partington BP, Smith B, Hedlund CS, Law JM. Related

Articles, Links

Pyovagina and stump pyometra in a neutered XX sex-reversed beagle: a

case report.

J Am Anim Hosp Assoc. 1997 Jan-Feb;33(1):83-90.

PMID: 8974032 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

 

 

 

 

80: Amleh A, Ledee N, Saeed J, Taketo T. Related Articles, Links

Competence of oocytes from the B6.YDOM sex-reversed female mouse for

maturation, fertilization, and embryonic development in vitro.

Dev Biol. 1996 Sep 15;178(2):263-75.

PMID: 8812128 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

EXAMPLES OF ABSTRACTS REGARDING HUMAN SEX-REVERSAL AND XY FEMALE

FERTILITY AND PREGNANCY

 

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?

cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12137885&dopt=Abstract

1: Fertil Steril. 2002 Aug;78(2):419-20.

 

Successful pregnancy in a patient with a 46,XY karyotype.

 

Selvaraj K, Ganesh V, Selvaraj P.

 

Fertility Research Center, G.G. Hospital, Tamil Nadu, India.

kamala

 

OBJECTIVE: To report a case of successful pregnancy in a patient with

46,XY karyotype with primary ovarian failure. DESIGN: Case report.

SETTING: Fertility Research Center, G.G. Hospital, Chennai, Tamil

Nadu, India. PATIENT(S): A 27-year-old woman with hypoplastic uterus,

normal fallopian tubes on both sides, and gonadal dysgenesis.

INTERVENTION(S): Chromosomal analysis, diagnostic laparoscopy, donor

oocyte program, gamete intrafallopian transfer, and gonadectomy. MAIN

OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Response to hormone replacement therapy and the

probability of achieving a pregnancy by a tubal procedure. RESULT(S):

Treatment was successful, and the patient delivered a live baby.

CONCLUSION(S): A hypoplastic uterus of patients with the 46,XY

karyotype can be stimulated by the use of cyclical steroid therapy to

accommodate pregnancy and facilitate tubal procedures in patients

with normal fallopian tubes.

 

PMID: 12137885 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

 

 

 

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?

cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11104633&dopt=Abstract

1: Gynecol Oncol. 2000 Dec;79(3):519-21. Related Articles, Links

 

 

Pregnancy in a woman with a Y chromosome after removal of an ovarian

dysgerminoma.

 

Tanaka Y, Fujiwara K, Yamauchi H, Mikami Y, Kohno I.

 

Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kawasaki Medical School,

Kurashiki City, Japan.

 

BACKGROUND: It appears to be a general belief that pregnancy might be

impossible in women with the XY karyotype. Therefore, it is

recommended that patients with dysgerminoma of the ovary associated

with the XY karyotype should undergo a bilateral salpingo-

oophorectomy. CASE: We report an extremely rare case of a true

hermaphrodite with a 20% 46,XX/80% 46,XY karyotype who became

pregnant after removal of an ovarian dysgerminoma. The patient had a

completely normal female phenotype. A dysgerminoma with ovotestis was

found in the right ovary. Two courses of chemotherapy following a

right salpingo-oophorectomy were carried out. Nine months later she

became pregnant and delivered a healthy male infant. CONCLUSION: A

unilateral salpingo-oophorectomy followed by combination chemotherapy

can be the treatment of choice for any woman who wishes to preserve

her capacity for conception at the time of operation for dysgerminoma

of the ovary. Copyright 2000 Academic Press.

 

PMID: 11104633 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

 

 

 

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?

cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=10659926&dopt=Abstract

1: Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2000 Jan;88(1):101-2. Related

Articles, Links

 

 

Subsequent successful pregnancy and delivery after intracytoplasmic

sperm injection in a patient with XY gonadal dysgenesisms.

 

Dirnfeld M, Bider D, Abramovicia H, Calderon I, Blumenfeld Z.

 

Carmel Hospital, Rambam Medical Center, Technion, Israel.

 

Report of a rare case of subsequent twin delivery after

intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) into donated oocytes in a 30-

year-old woman with a diagnosis of XY dysgenesis, who underwent a

gonadectomy at the age of 13 years. Her husband suffers from severe

oligo-astheno-terato-spermia.

 

PMID: 10659926 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

 

 

 

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?

cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=9262272&dopt=Abstract

1: Hum Reprod. 1997 Jul;12(7):1434-5. Related Articles, Links

 

 

Two successful pregnancies in a 46,XY patient.

 

Kan AK, Abdalla HI, Oskarsson T.

 

Fertility and Endocrinology Centre, In Vitro Fertilisation Unit,

Lister Hospital, London, UK.

 

Two successful pregnancies (singleton followed by twins) following

ovum donation/in-vitro fertilization in a 46,XY woman have been

studied. Although similar cases have previously been presented: in a

pure XY patient and in a 45,X/46,XY patient, this case is one in

which a subsequent successful pregnancy has resulted. In such

patients, the rate of Caesarean section appears to be increased, and

we postulate that the hypoplastic nature of the uterus, although able

to respond quite well to both exogenous and endogenous hormones to

accept and maintain a pregnancy, may lack the capability to respond

fully in labour by dilating appropriately.

 

PMID: 9262272 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

 

 

 

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?

cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=3414310&dopt=Abstract

1: Acta Clin Belg. 1988;43(3):231-5. Related Articles, Links

 

 

A new case of human chimerism detected after pregnancy: 46,XY

karyotype in the lymphocytes of a woman.

 

De Moor G, De Bock G, Noens L, De Bie S.

 

PMID: 3414310 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

 

 

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?

cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=2381633&dopt=Abstract

1: Obstet Gynecol. 1990 Sep;76(3 Pt 2):502-4. Related Articles,

Links

 

 

Multifetal pregnancy in a gonadal dysgenesis mosaic.

 

Bardeguez AD, De Ziegler D, Weiss G.

 

Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Medicine and

Dentistry of New Jersey-New Jersey Medical School, Newark.

 

A successful triplet gestation in a 45,X/46,XY woman is presented. A

previously hypoplastic uterus was prepared for implantation by

exogenous hormone replacement. Conception was achieved through in

vitro fertilization of donor oocytes and transfer of four embryos

into a hormonally primed endometrium. This case illustrates that some

women with 45,X/46,XY karyotype can have a successful triplet

pregnancy. Therefore, a conservative approach during gonadectomy in

patients with a Y chromosome may be warranted.

 

PMID: 2381633 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]