Kings, governors and rulers of Greater India

(Note; The List below is a comprehensive list of the hundreds of

Leaders that have ruled over the Greater India region. The authors

of this website are innaccurate in some of their statements, esp

regarding the Aryan Invasion Theory etc. But the list allows one to

get a sample of the great continuity of Indian history. From a Vedic

Understanding, its obvious that all of this did not arise out of a

vacuum. What is sampled here is actually a representation of the

decline of Vedic Indian Civilization.

Vrndavan)

 

Greater India

The Indian subcontinent has been occupied by humans for an extremely

long time, and its history is exceedingly complex. Never in all

history has absolutely all of what might be considered Indian

territory been unified under a single authority; the British Raj

(1878-1948) has perhaps come closer than any other in this regard.

Modern India, while not covering all the territory of its

predecessor, is nevertheless a powerful and influential state, not

only in Asia but in the world at large.

 

 

 

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GREATER INDIAA general survey of empires spanning much, if not all,

of the subcontinent of southern Asia. Local states will be found

below, in their own section.

 

Between about 1400 BCE and around 800 BCE, the Indian subcontinent

saw a succession of invasive waves of Aryan peoples, migrating

southeast out of Central Asia. No single, all-encompassing empire

took shape immediately, but as the earlier inhabitants of the region

(the Dravidians) were pushed ever southward, numerous states emerged

from the Indus Valley to the Ganges and Brahmaputra River systems,

and extending south into the Deccan Plateau. Among these states were

Gandhara, Kurut, Kosala, Magadha, Avanti, Bhoja, and Andhra, among

many others. One of the smaller states, located north of the Ganges

and approaching the Himalayas (the modern India/Nepal frontier) was

Sakya, the homeland of Gautama Buddha. Eventually, large empires did

emerge, the first to do so was the Mauryan Empire...

MAURYA

Chandragupta Maurya.........................c. 320-c. 300

Bindusara...................................c. 300-c. 273

Asoka Vardhana..............................c. 273-c. 232

Kunala (in the West)........................c. 232-c. 225 with...

Dasaratha (in the East).....................c. 232-c. 225

Samprati....................................c. 225- ?

Saliska........................................fl. late 3rd c.

Devadharma.....................................fl. late 3rd c.

Satamdhanu.....................................fl. early 2nd c.

Brihadratha.................................c. 194-187

The Mauryan state swiftly lost cohesion, and was replaced by lesser

territories. Two of the largest and most stable were the core of the

Mauryan Empire, Magadha, located in the central Ganges plain, and

Satavahana, in the central Deccan and the south. But by the 1st

century BCE, the Indian subcontinent was a mass of lesser states

with no pretensions to Imperial status. Not until the 3rd century CE

did another large state emerge - like the Mauryans, from Magadha. At

its greatest extent, the Gupta Empire covered all of Northern India,

from the Indus to the Bengal Delta, but it could not subdue the

Deccan or lands farther south...

GUPTA

Gupta.......................................c. 275-c. 300

Ghatotkacha.................................c. 300-c. 320

Chandragupta I..............................c. 320-c. 350

Samudragupta................................c. 350-c. 370

Ramagupta...................................c. 370-c. 376

Chandragupta II.............................c. 376-c. 415

Kumaragupta I...............................c. 415-c. 455

Skandagupta.................................c. 455-c. 467

Kumaragupta II..............................c. 467-c. 477

Budhagupta..................................c. 477-c. 495

Chandragupta III............................c. 495-c. 500

Vainyagupta.................................c. 500-c. 510

Narasimhagupta..............................c. 510-c. 540

Kumaragupta III.............................c. 540-c. 550

Vishnugupta.................................c. 550- ?

PUSHPABHUTI

Naravardhana................................c. 500- ?

Rajyavardhana I

Adityavardhana

Prabhakaravardhana..........................c. 580-c. 605

Rajyavardhana II............................c. 605-c. 606

Harshavardhana..............................c. 606-647

Once more, the Empire crumbled, and was replaced by lesser states.

The era between about 500 CE and about 1200 CE is dominated by three

contending powers, the Pratiharas (west), the Rastrakutas (east),

and the Palas (south). Around these, a host of minor states arose,

endured for a time, and faded...

PRATIHARA The Pratiharas came to power in western India and, from

their capital at Kannauj, dominated western and northern India for

centuries, before being overwhelmed in turn by the Ghurids of

central Asia.

Nagabhata I.................................c. 750- ?

Devaraja

Vatsaraja...................................c. 783-c. 815

Nagabhata II................................c. 815-c. 833

Ramabhadra..................................c. 833-c. 836

Bhoja I.....................................c. 836-c. 893

Mahendrapala I..............................c. 893-c. 914

Mahipala....................................c. 914- ?

Bhoja II

Vinayakapala

Mahendrapala II.............................c. 946-c. 948

Devapala....................................c. 948-c. 960

Vijayapala..................................c. 960- ?

Rajyapala

Trilochanapala.............................c. 1018-1030

This era saw the emergence of Muslim influence in India, extending

into the region from beyond the Indus River. The next large state to

hold sway was, in fact, a Muslim one: the Sultanate of Delhi has its

own entry on this page. Eventually, Delhi and almost all the rest of

India fell under a dynasty arising out of the far northwest, the

Mughals ("Mongols", from the fact that Babur was a great-great-great

grandson of Timur (Tamburlane))...

MUGHAL

Babur.........................................1526-1530

Humayun.......................................1530-1539 d. 1556

SURI

Sher Shah.....................................1539-1545

Islam Shah....................................1545-1553

Firuz..............................................1553

Mohammed Adil.................................1553-1555 opposed

by...

Sikandar......................................1554-1555 and...

Ibrahim.......................................1554-1555

MUGHAL

Humayun (restored)............................1555-1556

Akbar I.......................................1556-1605

Jahangir......................................1605-1627

Dawar Bakhsh..................................1627-1628

Shah Jahan I..................................1628-1658 d. 1666

opposed by

Murad Bakhsh (in Gujarat).....................1657-1658 and...

Shah Shuja (in Bengal)........................1657-1660 opposing...

Aurangzeb.....................................1658-1707

A'zam Shah.........................................1707

Bahadur Shah I................................1707-1712

'Azim-ush-Sha'n....................................1712

Jahandar Shah.................................1712-1713

Farrukh-Siyar.................................1713-1719

Rafi-ud-Darajat....................................1719

Shah Jahan II......................................1719

Nikusiyar..........................................1719

Mohammed Shah.................................1719-1748

Ahmed Shah....................................1748-1754

'Alamgir II...................................1754-1759

Shah Jahan III................................1759-1760

Shah Alam II..................................1760-1788 d. 1806

Bidar Bakht........................................1788

Shah Alam II (restored).......................1788-1806

Mohammed Akbar II.............................1806-1837

Bahadur Shah II...............................1837-1858 d. 1862

To Great Britain..............................1858-1948

VICEROYS OF INDIA (position established 1858)

Charles John Canning, Earl Canning.......1856-1862

James Bruce, Earl of Elgin...............1862-1863

Sir Robert Cornelis Napier (acting), 1863 d. 1890

Sir William Thomas Denison (acting), 1863-1864 d. 1871

Sir John Laird Mair Lawrence.............1864-1869 d. 1879

Richard Southwell Bourke, Earl of Mayo...1869-1872

Sir John Strachey (acting), 1872

Francis Napier, Baron of Ettrick (acting), 1872

Thomas George Baring, Vct Baring of Lee..1872-1876 d.1904

Robert Bulwer-Lytton, Baron Lytton.......1876-1880 d. 1891

George Frederick Samuel Robinson, M Ripon...1880-1884 d. 1909

Frederick Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood, E of Dufferin...1884-1888

Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, M of Lansdowne..1888-1894 d.1927

Victor Alexander Bruce, E of Elgin.......1894-1899 d. 1917

George Nathaniel Curzon, L Curzon........1899-1905 d. 1925

Gilbert John Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, E of Minto...1905-1910 d.

1914

Charles Hardinge, B Hardinge of Penshurst...1910-1916 d. 1944

Frederick John Napier Thesiger, B Chelmsford...1916-1921 d. 1933

Rufus Daniel Isaacs, B Reading of Erleigh...1921-1925 d. 1935

Victor Alexander George Robert Bulwer-Lytton, E of Lytton (acting)

1925-1926 d.1947

Edward Frederick Lindley Wood, B Irwin...1926-1929 d. 1959

George Joachim Goschen, V Goschen of Hawkhurst...1929-1931 d. 1952

George Freeman Freeman-Thomas, L Willingdon...1931-1936 d. 1941

Victor Alexander John Hope, M Linlithgow.1936-1943 d. 1952

Archibald Percival Wavell, V Wavell......1943-1947

Louis Franc. Alb. Vict. Nich. Mountbatten, E Mountbatten of

Burma...1947 m. 1979

WELF

Victoria......................................1878-1901

WETTIN (Windsor after 1917)

Edward VII....................................1901-1910

George V......................................1910-1936

Edward VIII........................................1936 d. 1972

George VI.....................................1936-1948 d. 1952

Independent member of the Commonwealth........1947-1950

Republic......................................1950-

 

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LOCAL STATES A small sampling of some of the vast number of local

polities to have dotted the landscape of southern Asia. The area

covered here includes the modern nations of India, Pakistan,

Bangladesh, Nepal, and Bhutan. Ceylon and the Maldive Islands are

located on a separate page.

 

AHMADNAGAR A successor state to the Deccan Sultanate.

 

NIZAM

Ahmad Shah I..................................1490-1509

Burhan Shah I.................................1509-1553

Husain Shah I.................................1553-1565

Murtaza Shah..................................1565-1588

Miran Husain..................................1588-1589

Isma'il Shah..................................1589-1591

Burhan Shah II................................1591-1595

Ibrahim Shah..................................1595-1596

Ahmad Shah II......................................1596

Bahadur Shah..................................1596-1600

Murtaza Shah II...............................1600-1610

Burhan Shah III...............................1610-1631

Husain Shah II................................1631-1633

To the Mughal Empire..........................1633-1713

To Poona thereafter...

ANJUVANNAM (Shingly) A "pocket principality" in Cranganore, on the

Malabar Coast of southern India. Anjuvannam was created by a grant

from Bhaskara Ravivarman II, the Chera Emperor of Kerala, to Joseph

Rabban, the leader of the exceedingly ancient Malabari Jewish

community. The grant was engraved on a set of copper plates, extant

to this day, which forms a charter of royal privileges for Kerala's

Jews. Some have postulated that Anjuvannam was not a traditional

territorial principality, but rather an extraterritorial

principality to which all the Jews of Kerala belonged (akin to the

authority of the Resh Galuta in the Muslim world).

Benei JOSEPH

Joseph Rabban..................................fl. c. 1000

??

Israel.......................................early 1300's

Nissim, a 14th century rabbi who visited Malabar, reported seeing

an "Israel King". He may have been referring to an actual personal

name, or to a generic Jewish potentate.

?

Joseph Azar....................................fl. 1341 d. c. 1370

Joseph Azar and his elder brother fought for control of Anjuvannam.

Their civil war brought participation by other kings, including the

rajahs of Cochin, and Anjuvannam and the Jewish privileges enjoyed

in Kerala were ultimately eliminated. Joseph Azar and his brother

both escaped to Cochin, where they established a new Jewish

community. The Malabari Jewish community continues to exist to the

present day, though most of India's Jews have emigrated to Israel

and elsewhere.

ARCOT A town strategically placed on the route between Madras and

Bangalore, in southern India. The district was the scene of much

fighting in the 17th and 18th centuries between local Moslems,

Marathas, British, and French forces.

Within French sphere of influence..........c. 1690-1763

Nawabs of Arcot

Zulf'iqar 'Ali Khan...................c. 1690-1703

Da'ud Khan...............................1703-1710

Mohammed Sa'adat-Allah Khan I............1710-1732

Dost 'Ali Khan...........................1732-1740

Safdar 'Ali Khan.........................1740-1742

Sa'adat-Allah Khan II....................1742-1744

Anhwar ud-Din Mohammed...................1744-1749

Within British sphere of influence............1763-1825

Wala Jah Mohammed 'Ali...................1749-1795

'Umdut ul-Umara..........................1795-1801

'Azim ud-Dawlah..........................1801-1819

'Azim Jah................................1819-1825

To Great Britain directly.....................1825-1948

To India......................................1948-

ASSAM Extreme northeastern India, a rough triangle bounded by

Bangladesh, Bhutan / Tibet, and Burma. This region was the largest

supplier of tea to the British Empire during the days of the Raj.

KAMARUPA

Pushyavarman................................c. 355-c. 380

Samudravarman...............................c. 380-c. 405

Balavarman I................................c. 405-c. 420

Kalyanavarman...............................c. 420-c. 440

Ganipativarman..............................c. 440-c. 450

Mahendravarman..............................c. 450-c. 485

Narayaravarman..............................c. 485-c. 510

Bhutivarman.................................c. 510-c. 555

Chandramukhavarman..........................c. 555-c. 565

Sthitivarman................................c. 565-c. 585

Susthitavarman..............................c. 585-c. 593

Supratisthitivarman.........................c. 593-c. 594

Bhaskaravarman..............................c. 594-c. 650

Avantivarman................................c. 650-c. 655

Salastambha.................................c. 655-c. 675

Vigrahastambha..............................c. 675-c. 685

Palaka......................................c. 685-c. 700

Kumara......................................c. 700-c. 715

Vajradeva...................................c. 715-c. 725

Harshadeva..................................c. 725-c. 750

Balavarman II...............................c. 750-c. 765

One or two Kings, name(s) unknown

Salambha....................................c. 790-c. 810

Arathi......................................c. 810-c. 815

Hatjaravarman...............................c. 815-c. 835

Vanamalavarmadeva...........................c. 835-c. 865

Jayamala....................................c .865-c. 885

Balavarman III..............................c. 885-c. 910

Six Kings, names unknown

Tyagasimha..................................c. 970-c. 990

Brahmapala..................................c. 990-c. 1010

Rativapala.................................c. 1010-c. 1040

Indrapala..................................c. 1040-c. 1065

Gopala.....................................c. 1065-c. 1080

Harshapala.................................c. 1080-c. 1095

Dharmapala.................................c. 1095-c. 1115

To Gauda...................................c. 1115-c. 1131

Timeyadeva............................c. 1125-c. 1126

Jayapala...................................c. 1131-c. 1138

Vaidyadeva.................................c. 1138-c. 1145

Rayarideva.................................c. 1145-c. ?

Udayakarna..................................... ? -c. 1175

Vallabhadeva...............................c. 1175-c. 1195

Vishvasundaradeva..........................c. 1195-1228

AHOM

Sukapha.......................................1228-1268

Suteupha......................................1268-1281

Subinpha......................................1281-1293

Sukhangpha....................................1293-1332

Sukhrangpha...................................1332-1364

Sutupha.......................................1364-1376

vacant

Tyaokhamti....................................1380-1389

vacant

Sudangpha.....................................1397-1407

Sujangpha.....................................1407-1422

Siphakpha.....................................1422-1439

Susenpha......................................1439-1488

Suhempha......................................1488-1493

Supimpha......................................1493-1497

Suhungmung Dihingia Raja......................1497-1539

Suklenmung Garghgaya Raja.....................1539-1552

Sukhampha Khora Raja..........................1552-1603

Sugengpha Pratap Singh........................1603-1641

Surampha Bhaga Singh..........................1641-1644

Sutyinpha Nariya Singh........................1644-1648

Sutyinpha Jayadhvaj Singh.....................1648-1663

Supungmung Chakradhvaj Singh..................1663-1669

Sunyatpha Udayaditya Singh....................1669-1673

Suklampha Ramdhvaj............................1673-1675

Suhung.............................................1675

Gobar..............................................1675

Sujinpha......................................1675-1677

Sudaipha......................................1677-1679

Sulikpha Lara Singh...........................1679-1681

Supatpha Gadadhar Singh.......................1681-1696

Sukhrungpha Rudra Singh.......................1696-1714

Sutanpha Shiva Singh..........................1714-1744

Sunenpha Pramatta Singh.......................1744-1751

Surampha Rajesvar Singh.......................1751-1769

Sunyeopha Lakshmi Singh.......................1769-1780

Suhitpangpha Gaurinath Singh..................1780-1794

Suklingpha Kamalesvar Singh...................1795-1810

Sudinpha Chandrakant Singh....................1810-1818 d. 1821

Brajnatha Singh...............................1818-1819

To Burma......................................1819-1824

Sudinpha Chandrakant Singh (restored)....1819-1821

Jogesvara Singh...............................1821

To the British East India Company.............1824-1857

To India thereafter...

Note the presence of a militant separatist movement active in this

region from c. 1979.

AVUKU A minor state in the southern Deccan, south-central India,

about equidistant between Hyderabad to the north and Bangalore to

the south.

Within Vijayanagar............................. ? -1473

Bukka.........................................1473-1481

Son of Bukka, name lost.......................1481-1508

Timma.........................................1508-1536

Nalla Timma...................................1536-1555

Ragunatha.....................................1555-1558

Pedda Krishnama...............................1558-1588

Shinna Krishnama..............................1588-1618

Olajapati I...................................1618-1646

Narasinha I...................................1646-1668

Raghava.......................................1668-1691

Pedda Kumara Raghava..........................1691-1735

Appa Naransinha...............................1735-1737

Shellama......................................1737-1739

Narasinha II..................................1739-1743

Kishama.......................................1743-1751

Olajapati II..................................1751-1759

Kumara Raghava................................1759-1767

Venkata Narasinha.............................1767-1771

Narayana......................................1771-1785

Krishna.......................................1785-1805

To Hyderabad thereafter...

AWADH (Oudh) An extensive province in Northern India, between the

Ganges and Nepal, and encompassing the cities of Benares, Cawnpore,

and Lucknow. Just over the edge of Awadh's northeastern frontier

with Nepal is the site of the ancient Sakya district, birthplace of

Gautama Buddha.

Kingdom of Benares

GAHADAVALA

Chandradeva................................c. 1080-c. 1100

Madanapala.................................c. 1100-c. 1114

Govindachandra.............................c. 1114-c. 1155

Vijayachandra..............................c. 1155-c. 1170

Jayachandra................................c. 1170-c. 1194

Harischandra...............................c. 1194-1200

To Delhi......................................1200-1526

To the Mughal Empire..........................1526-1722

Kingdom of Awadh

SA'ADATID Nawabs (Governors) until 1819, Kings thereafter.

Burhan ul-Mulk Mohammed Sa'adat Khan..........1720-1739

Abu'l Mansur Khan Safdar Jang.................1739-1754

Shuja ud-Dawlah Haidar........................1754-1775

Asaf ud-Dawlah (Benares to BEI Co., 1775).....1775-1797

Wazir 'Ali....................................1797-1798

Sa'adat 'Ali Khan.............................1798-1814

Ghazi ud-Din Haidar...........................1814-1827

Nasr ud-Din Haidar............................1827-1837

Mohammed 'Ali Shah............................1837-1842

Amjad 'Ali Shah...............................1842-1847

Wajid 'Ali....................................1847-1856 d. 1887

To British East India Company.................1856-1857

Barjis Qadir the Mutineer..........................1857

To Great Britain thereafter...

BAHAWALPUR A city in central Pakistan, about 75 miles from the

Indian frontier; the Nawabs (Governors, were effectively independent

from the middle of the 18th century.

To the Mughal Empire..........................1526-1802

DAUDPUTRA

Sadiq Mohammed I..............................1739-1746

Mohammed Bahawal I............................1746-1749

Mubarrak......................................1749-1772

Mohammed Bahawal II...........................1772-1809

Sadiq Mohammed II.............................1809-1825

Mohammed Bahawal III..........................1825-1852

Sadiq Mohammed III............................1852-1853

Fateh Mohammed................................1853-1858

Mohammed Bahawal IV...........................1858-1866

Sadiq Mohammed IV.............................1866-1899

Mohammed Bahawal V............................1899-1906/7

Sadiq Mohammed V............................1906/7-1955 d. 1966

To Pakistan from 1948; Mediatized 1955.

BALUCHISTANBounded by Iran, Afghanistan, India, and the Indian

Ocean. To British India 1875-1948.

To the Mughal Empire..........................1595-1638

KHANATE of KALAT

Mir Hassan....................................1638-1666

Mir Ahmad.....................................1666-1695

Mir Mehrab I.......................................1695

Mir Samandar..................................1695-1714

Mir 'Abdullah.................................1714-1734

Mir Mohabar...................................1734-1749

Mir Nasir I...................................1749-1817

Mir Mahmud I..................................1817-1831

Mir Mehrab II.................................1831-1840

Mir Nasir II..................................1840-1857

Mir Khudadad..................................1857-1893

Under British influence.......................1875-1947

Mir Mahmud II............................1893-1931

Mir 'Azam................................1931-1933

Mir Ahmad Yar............................1933-1948

To Pakistan...................................1947-

BARODA A city near the northern edge of the west coast, just east of

the Bay of Cambay and the Kathiawar Peninsula. A Maratha stronghold

in the 18th century.

To Delhi......................................1297-1391

Sultanate of Gujarat: Muzaffarid dynasty

Muzaffar Shah I...............................1391-1411

Ahmad Shah I..................................1411-1442

Mohammed Karim Shah...........................1442-1451

Qutb ud-Din Ahmad Shah II.....................1451-1458

Da'ud Shah.........................................1458

Mahmud Shah I Begara..........................1458-1511

Muzaffar Shah II..............................1511-1526

Sikandar Shah......................................1526

Nasr Khan Mahmud II................................1526

Bahadur Shah..................................1526-1537

Miran Mohammed.....................................1537

Mahmud Shah III...............................1537-1554

Ahmad Shah III................................1554-1561

Muzaffar Shah III.............................1561-1573

To the Mughal Empire..........................1573-1583

Muzaffar Shah III (restored).......................1583

To the Mughal Empire..........................1583-1734

GAEKWAR Maharajas of Baroda

Pilaji Rao....................................1721-1732

Damaji Rao....................................1732-1768

Govind Rao....................................1768-1771

Sayaji Rao I..................................1771-1789

Manaji Rao....................................1789-1793

Govind Rao (restored).........................1793-1800

Anand Rao.....................................1800-1818

Sayaji Rao II.................................1818-1847

Ganpat Rao....................................1847-1856

Khande Rao....................................1856-1870

Malhar Rao....................................1870-1875

Sayaji Rao III................................1875-1939

Pratap Singh..................................1939-1948

To India......................................1948-

BENGAL (Bangladesh) In the northeast corner of the subcontinent,

along the coast, and involving the vast delta region associated with

the Ganges and Brahmaputra River systems.

PALA

Gopala I....................................c. 750-c. 770

Dharmapala..................................c. 770-c. 810

Devapala....................................c. 810-c. 850

Vigrahapala I...............................c. 850-c. 875

Narayanapala................................c. 875-c. 908

Rajyapala...................................c. 908-c. 935

Gopala II...................................c. 935-c. 952

Vigrahapala II..............................c. 952-c. 988

Mahipala I..................................c. 988-c. 1038

Nayapala...................................c. 1038-c. 1055

Vigrahapala III............................c. 1055-c. 1070

Mahipala II................................c. 1070-c. 1075

Shurapala..................................c. 1075-c. 1077

Ramapala...................................c. 1077-c. 1120

Kumarapala.................................c. 1120-c. 1125

Gopala III.................................c. 1125-c. 1144

Madanapala.................................c. 1144-c. 1161

SENA

Ballalasena................................c. 1161-c. 1178

Lakhsmanasena..............................c. 1178-c. 1205

Vishvarupasena.............................c. 1205-c. 1220

Keshavarsena...............................c. 1220-c. 1250

vacant

ILYAS

Bughra Khan...................................1282-1291

Kai Ka'us.....................................1291-1298

Firuz Shah I..................................1298-1318

Bughra (in West Bengal).......................1318-1319 with...

Bahadur (in East Bengal, West 1319-23)........1318-1330 with...

Ibrahim (in West Bengal)......................1323-1325 and...

Azam ul-Mulk (in Satgaon).....................1323-1339 and...

Bahram Shah (in East Bengal)..................1324-1336 and...

Qadr Khan (in West Bengal)....................1325-1339 and...

Mubarrak Shah (in East Bengal)................1336-1349 and...

Ali Shah (in West Bengal).....................1339-1345 and...

Ilyas Shah (in West Bengal, all from 1352)....1345-1357 and...

Ghazi Shah (in East Bengal)...................1349-1352 and...

Sikandar I....................................1357-1390 opposed

by...

Azam..........................................1369-1410

Hamza.........................................1410-1412

Bayazid I.....................................1412-1414

Firuz II......................................1414-1415

GANESA

Raja Ganesh...................................1415-1418

Mohammed......................................1418-1431

Ahmad.........................................1431-1436

ILYAS

Mahmud I......................................1437-1459

Barbak I......................................1459-1474

Yusuf.........................................1474-1481

Sikandar II........................................1481

Fath Shah.....................................1481-1486

HABSHIS

Barbak II.....................................1486-1487

Firuz III.....................................1487-1489

Mahmud II.....................................1489-1490

Muzaffar......................................1490-1494

HUSAINI

Aladdin Husain................................1494-1518

Nusrat........................................1518-1533

Firuz IV...........................................1533

Mahmud III....................................1533-1538

To the Mughal Empire..........................1538-1539

SURI

Sher Shah.....................................1539-1540 d. 1545

Khidr.........................................1540-1545

Mohammed Khan.................................1545-1555

Bahadur.......................................1555-1561

Jalal.........................................1561-1564

KARARANI

Sulaiman......................................1564-1572

Bayazid II.........................................1572

Daoud.........................................1572-1576

To the Mughal Empire..........................1576-1757

NAWABS of BENGAL

Murshid Quli Djafar Khan.................1703-1727

Shoja ud-Din.............................1727-1739

Safaraz Khan.............................1739-1740

Ali Vardi Khan...........................1740-1756

Siraj ud-Daula...........................1756-1757

To the British East India Company.............1757-1858

Mir Djafar...............................1757-1760 d. 1765

Mir Qasim................................1760-1763

Mir Djafar (restored)....................1763-1765

Najm ud-Dawlah...........................1765-1766

Saif ud-Dawlah...........................1766-1770

To Great Britain, directly....................1858-1947

To Pakistan...................................1947-1971

Republic of Bangladesh........................1971-

BERAR A successor state to the Deccan Sultanate.

'IMAD

Fath-Allah 'Imad ul-Mulk......................1490-1504

Aladdin 'Imad Shah............................1504-1529

Darya 'Imad Shah..............................1529-1562

Burhan 'Imad Shah.............................1562-1568

Tufal Khan Dakhni.............................1568-1572

To Ahmadnagar thereafter...

BHATGAON In central Nepal, a separate Malla state during the

centuries of fragmentation.

To Nepal until c. 1482

MALLA

Rayamalla..................................c. 1482-c. 1519

Pranamalla.................................c. 1519-c. 1547

Vishvamalla................................c. 1547-c. 1560

Trailokyamalla.............................c. 1560-c. 1613

Jagatjyotimalla............................c. 1613-c. 1637

Naresamalla................................c. 1637-c. 1644

Jagatprakasamalla..........................c. 1644-c. 1673

Jitamitramalla.............................c. 1673-c. 1696

Bhupatiindramalla..........................c. 1696-1722

Ranjitamalla..................................1722-1769

To Gurkha and thence Nepal;, 1769

BHUTANA Himalayan Kingdom east of Nepal, and northwest of Assam.

Kingdom of Monyul, c. 500 BCE-c. 600 CE

??

Occupation by "Indian principalities" ?.....c. 600-c. 900

Fragmentation, each valley ruled locally....c. 600-1616

Partially occupied by Cooch ?......................16th/17th cent.

Kingdom of Bhutan

Spiritual rulers (Shabdrun Thuktrul, or Dharma Raja) This line

commences with a Tibetan Lama (of the Drukpa subsect of the

Kargyupa sect) who journeyed to Bhutan and established himself as

chief over the region.

Ngawang Namgyal...............................1616-1651

Shabdrung Ngwang Namgyel Rimpoche wielded both spiritual and

temporal authority, but from the mid 17th century, power came to be

divided between the Dharma Raja and the Deb Raja (see below). Each

successive Dharma Raja assumed office more-or-less from birth, being

regarded as the verifiable reincarnation of the previous incumbent.

Pekar Jungney.................................1651-1680

Name not found................................1680-1698

Kunga Gyaltshen...............................1698-1712 d. 1713

Phyogla Namgyal...............................1712-1730 d. 1736

Jigme Norbu...................................1730-1735

Mipham Wangpo.................................1735-1738

Jigme Dragpa I................................1738-1761

Choeki Gyaltshen..............................1762-1788

vacant

Jigme Dragpa II...............................1791-1830

Jigme Norbu...................................1831-1861

Jigme Chogyal.................................1862-1904

Jigme Dorji...................................1905-1931

Temporal regents (Druk Desi, or Deb Raja)

Tenzin Drugyel................................1651-1655

Several, names not found.

Gedun Chomphel................................1695-1701

Ngawang Tshering..............................1701-1704

Umdze Peljor..................................1704-1707

Druk Rabgye...................................1707-1719 d. c. 1729

Ngawang Gyamtsho..............................1719-1729

Mipham Wangpo.................................1729-1736

Khuwo Peljor..................................1736-1739

Ngawang Gyaltshen.............................1739-1744

Sherab Wangchuk...............................1744-1763

Druk Phuntsho.................................1763-1765

Druk Tendzin I................................1765-1768

Donam Lhundub.................................1768-1773

Kunga Rinchen.................................1773-1776

Jigme Singye..................................1776-1788

Druk Tendzin II...............................1788-1792

Tashi Namgyal.................................1792-1799

Druk Namgyal..................................1799-1803

Tashi Namgyal (restored)......................1803-1805

Sangye Tendzin................................1805-1806

Umdze Parpop..................................1806-1808 with...

Bop Choda.....................................1807-1808

Tsulthrim Drayga..............................1809-1810 d. 1820

Jigme Dragpa II...............................1810-1811

Yeshey Gyaltshen..............................1811-1815 d. 1830

Tshaphu Dorji......................................1815

Sonam Drugyal.................................1815-1819

Tendzin Drugdra...............................1819-1823

Choki Gyaltshen...............................1823-1831 d. 1838

Dorji Namgyal.................................1831-1832

Adap Thrinley.................................1832-1835

Choki Gyaltshen (restored)....................1835-1838

Dorji Norbu...................................1838-1847

Tashi Dorji...................................1847-1850

Wangchuk Gyalpo....................................1850

Jigme Norbu (at Thimphu)......................1850-1852 opposed

by...

Chagpa Sangye (at Punakha)....................1851-1852

Damcho Lhundrup...............................1852-1856

Kunga Palden (at Punakha).....................1856-1861 opposed

by...

Sherab Tharchin (at Thimphu)..................1856-1861

Phuntsho Namgyal..............................1861-1864

Tshewang Sithub....................................1864 d. 1866

Tsulthrim Yonten...................................1864

Kagyu Wangchuk.....................................1864

Tshewang Sithub (restored)....................1864-1866

Tsondru Pekar.................................1866-1870

Jigme Namgyal.................................1870-1873 d. 1881

Kitsep Dorji Namgyal..........................1873-1877 d. 1879

Jigme Namgyal (restored)......................1877-1878 d. 1881

Kitsep Dorji Namgyal (restored)...............1878-1879

Chogyal Zangpo................................1879-1880

Jigme Namgyal (re-restored)...................1880-1881

Lam Tshewang..................................1881-1883

Gawa Zangpo...................................1883-1885

Sangye Dorji..................................1885-1901

vacant

Choley Yeshe Ngodub...........................1903-1905 d. 1917

 

By the 19th century, the system had broken down completely, and the

realm was fragmented into the hands of local governors (Penlops) and

military officials (Jungpens). Upon the demise of Jigme Chogyal in

the early 20th century, the emergence of a particularly strong

Penlop in the district of Tongsa brought about reforms which

succeeded in creating the modern state, with the Tongsa Penlops as

Kings...

TONGSA

Ugyen Wangchuck...............................1907-1926

Jigme Wangchuck...............................1926-1952

Jigme Dorji Wangchuck.........................1952-1972

Jigme Singhi Wangchuck........................1972-

BIDAR A successor state to the Deccan Sultanate.

BARID

Qasim Shah I..................................1492-1504

Amir Shah I...................................1504-1542

'Ali Shah I...................................1542-1579

Ibrahim Shah..................................1579-1586

Qasim Shah II.................................1586-1589

Amir Shah II..................................1589-1601

Mirza 'Ali Shah...............................1601-1609

'Ali Shah II..................................1609-1619

To Bijapur....................................1619-1724

To Hyderabad thereafter...

BIJAPUR A successor state to the Deccan Sultanate. It was from here

that the Marathas first established a revitalized Hindu state, in

the 17th century.

'ADIL

Yusuf 'Adil Shah..............................1490-1510

Isma'il Shah..................................1510-1534

Mallu 'Adil Shah...................................1534

Ibrahim 'Adil Shah I..........................1534-1558

'Ali 'Adil Shah I.............................1558-1580

Ibrahim 'Adil Shah II.........................1580-1627

Mohammed 'Adil Shah...........................1627-1657

'Ali 'Adil Shah II............................1657-1672

Sikandar 'Adil Shah...........................1672-1686

Mostly to Maharashtra, some remaining fragments to the Mughal

Empire...

BIKANER A city and district in western India, within the Great Thar

Desert, roughly 220 miles (350 km.) west of Delhi and about 60 miles

(95 km.) east of the Pakistani border.

RATHOR

Bika Rao......................................1465-1504

Naro..........................................1504-1505

Lunkaran......................................1505-1526

Jetsi.........................................1526-1542

Kalyan Singh..................................1542-1571

Raya Singh Raja...............................1571-1612

Dalpat Singh..................................1612-1613

Sur Singh.....................................1613-1631

Karan Singh...................................1631-1669

Anup Singh Maharaja...........................1669-1698

Sarup Singh...................................1698-1700

Sujan Singh...................................1700-1736

Zorawar Singh.................................1736-1745

Gaja Singh....................................1745-1787

Raja Singh.........................................1787

Pratap Singh.......................................1787

Surat Singh...................................1787-1828

Ratan Singh...................................1828-1851

Sardar Singh..................................1851-1872

Dungar Singh..................................1872-1887

Ganga Singh...................................1887-1943

Sadul Singh...................................1943-1949

To India......................................1948-

The BRITISH EAST INDIA COMPANY Not a nation as such, but "merely" a

corporate entity, the EIC nevertheless controlled during it's heyday

more territory than some empires. Incorporated on December 31, 1600

as The Governor and Company of Merchants trading with the East

Indies, it began as a private monopoly to take advantage of spice

trading in southeast Asia after the weakening of Hispano-Portuguese

monopolies following the defeat of the Armada in 1588. The company

quickly became enmeshed in conflict with the Dutch East India

Company, and were driven out of Indonesia by them, while gaining a

strong foothold in India. Expanding it's power in India over the

course of the 18th century, the peak of it's authority was reached

between 1757-1773. In the late 18th century, the British government

exerted more direct control over company affairs, and it's

commercial monopoly was removed in 1813. From 1834 it was converted

into the managerial authority through which the British government

wielded power in India. After the Sepoy Mutiny of 1857, Great

Britain took full political authority in India unto itself, and the

Company was formally dissolved in 1873. The following list details

the Governors-General of the Company, a position of supreme

authority over the three Indian Presidencies created in 1773 by the

Regulating Act, the first movement by Britain to rope in "John

Company".

GOVERNORS-GENERAL OF THE BRITISH EAST INDIA COMAPANY

Warren Hastings...............................1774-1785 d. 1818

Sir John MacPherson (acting), 1785-1786 d. 1821

Charles Mann Cornwallis.......................1786-1793 d. 1805

Sir John Shore, Baron Teignmouth..............1793-1798

Richard Colley Wellesley, Baron Wellesley.....1798-1805 d. 1842

Charles Mann Cornwallis (restored).................1805

Sir George Hilario Barlow (acting), 1805-1807 d. 1846

Gilbert Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, Baron Minto...1807-1813 d. 1814

Francis Rawdon-Hastings, Marquess of Hastings...1813-1823 d. 1826

John Adam (acting) 1823 d. 1825

William Pitt Amherst, Earl Amherst............1823-1828 d. 1857

William Butterworth Bayley (acting), 1828 d. 1860

William Henry Cavendish-Bentinck, Lord Bentinck...1828-1835 d. 1839

Sir Charles Theophilus Metcalfe (acting), 1835-1836

George Eden, Earl of Auckland.................1836-1842 d. 1849

Edward Law, Baron Ellenborough................1842-1844 d. 1871

William Wilberforce Bird (acting), 1844

Henry Hardinge, Viscount Hardinge.............1844-1848 d. 1856

James Andrew Broun Ramsay, Earl of Dalhousie..1848-1856 d. 1860

CANNANORE A port in southwestern India, a few miles north of

Pondicherry. The region was inhabited by large numbers of Mopla

Muslims, but is also a well-known temple site for Hindus.

Economically, the district is famous for its sophisticated weaving

industry.

To Chola Empire.............................c. 846-1279

To Delhi......................................1279-1334

To Madurai....................................1334-1378

To Vijayanagar................................1378-1545

'ALI RAJA

'Ali Adi-Raja I...............................1545-1591

Abu Bakr Adi-Raja I...........................1591-1607

Abu Bakr Adi-Raja II..........................1607-1610

Mohammed 'Ali Adi-Raja I......................1610-1647

Mohammed 'Ali Adi-Raja II.....................1647-1655

Kamal Adi-Raja................................1655-1656

Mohammed 'Ali Adi-Raja III....................1656-1691

'Ali Adi-Raja II..............................1691-1704

Kunhi Amsa Adi-Raja I.........................1704-1720

Mohammed 'Ali Adi-Raja IV.....................1720-1728

Harrabichi Kadavube Adi-Raja Bibi (fem.).......1728-1732

Junumabe Adi-Raja Bibi I (fem.)................1732-1745

Kunhi Amsa Adi-Raja II........................1745-1777

To British East India Company.................1783-1858

Junumabe Adi-Raja Bibi II (fem.)..........1777-1819

Maraiambe Adi-Raja Bibi (fem.)............1819-1838

Hayashabe Adi-Raja Bibi (fem.)............1838-1852

To Great Britain..............................1858-1948

'Abdul Rahman 'Ali Adi-Raja I............1852-1870

Musa 'Ali Adi-Raja.......................1870-1899

Mohammed 'Ali Adi-Raja V.................1899-1907

Imbichi Adi-Raja Bibi (fem.)..............1907-1911

Ahmad 'Ali Adi-Raja......................1911-1921

Ayesha Adi-Raja Bibi (fem.)...............1921-1931

'Abdul Rahman 'Ali Adi-Raja II...........1931-1946

Mariyumma Adi-Raja Bibi (fem.)............1946-1949

To India......................................1948-

CHITTAGONG A port city and surrounding district, comprising the

southeastern panhandle of Bangladesh extending away from the Ganges-

Brahmaputra Delta.

To Bengal.......................... < 14th century-1538

To Arakan.....................................1538-1666

Note: from c. 1577 to 1665, significant portions of Upper Chittagong

province were in the hands of a company of Portuguese mercenaries

based at Dianga, near Chittagong city. These troops were in the hire

of successive Kings of Arakan, and provided security for that nation

against encroaches by the Mughal Empire across the northwestern

frontier. Typical of hired troops of that era, they exerted

extensive authority over their district, and constantly strayed over

both sides of the line between security forces on the one hand and

private slavers/marauders on the other. For example:

Sandwip Island A large island in the southeastern corner of the

Delta.

Normally following Chittagong sequence, except...

Gonsalves Tibao, A renegade Portuguese pirate, c. 1610-c. 1620

To the Mughal Empire..........................1666-1760

To Great Britain..............................1760-1948

To Pakistan...................................1948-1971

To Bangladesh.................................1971-

COCHIN A coastal district in far southwestern India, about 150 miles

(240 km.) northwest of Cape Comorin.

Portuguese sphere of influence................1502-1669

COCHIN

Unni Rama Koil I...........................c. 1500-1503

Unni Rama Koil II.............................1503-1537

Vira Kerala Varma I...........................1537-1565

Kesara Rama Varma II..........................1565-1601

Vira Kerala Varma II..........................1601-1615

Ravi Varma I..................................1615-1624

Vira Kerala Varma III.........................1624-1637

Goda Varma I..................................1637-1645

Vira Rayira Varma.............................1645-1646

Vira Kerala Varma IV..........................1646-1650

Rama Varma I..................................1650-1656

Gangadhara Lakshmi (fem.)......................1656-1658

Rama Varma II.................................1658-1662

Goda Varma II.................................1662-1663

Within the Netherlands sphere of influence....1669-1795

Vira Kerala Varma V...........................1663-1687

Rama Varma III................................1687-1693

Ravi Varma II.................................1693-1697

Rama Varma IV.................................1697-1701

Rama Varma V..................................1701-1721

Ravi Varma III................................1721-1731

Rama Varma VI.................................1731-1746

Kerala Varma I................................1746-1749

Rama Varma VII................................1749-1760

Kerala Varma II...............................1760-1775

Rama Varma VIII...............................1775-1790

Within the British sphere of influence........1795-1948

Rama Varma Saktan Tampuran...............1790-1805

Rama Varma IX............................1805-1809

Kerala Varma III.........................1809-1828

Rama Varma X.............................1828-1837

Rama Varma XI............................1837-1844

Rama Varma XII...........................1844-1851

Kerala Varma IV..........................1851-1853

Ravi Varma IV............................1853-1864

Rama Varma XIII..........................1864-1888

Kerala Varma V...........................1888-1895

Rama Varma XIV...........................1895-1914

Rama Varma XV............................1914-1932

Rama Varma XVI...........................1932-1941

Kerala Varma VI..........................1941-1943

Ravi Varma V.............................1943-1946

Kerala Varma VII.........................1946-1948

Rama Varma XVII..........................1948-1949

To India......................................1948-

DELHI An important Sultanate in north-central India; significant as

(at times) a large imperial state acting as a buffer between Mongol

and Timurid aggression toward the rest of India.

MU'IZZ

Qutb Al-Din Aibeg.............................1206-1210

Aram Shah.....................................1210-1210/1

Shams Al-DinAl-Qutbi........................1210/1-1236

Rukn Al-Din........................................1236

Radiyya Begum.................................1235-1240

Mu'izz Al-Din Bahram Shah.....................1240-1242

Aladdin Masud Shah............................1242-1246

Nasr Al-Din...................................1246-1266

Balban........................................1266-1287/8

Mu'izz Al-Din...............................1287/8-1290

Kaiumarth..........................................1290

KHALJI

Djalal Al-Din.................................1290-1296

Rukn Al-Din (II)...................................1296

Aladdin.......................................1296-1316

Shihab Al-Din......................................1316

Qutb Al-Din...................................1316-1320

Nasr Al-Din Khusrau Shah the Usurper...............1320

TUGHLUQID

Tughluq Shah I................................1320-1325

Mohammed Shah II..............................1325-1351

Mahmud Ibn Mohammed.............a few days in Mar. 1351

Firuz Shah....................................1351-1388

Tughluq Shah II...............................1388-1389

Abu Bakr Shah.................................1389-1389/90

Mohammed Shah III..........................1389/90-1393

Sikander Shah I..........................Mar.-Apr. 1393

Mahmud Shah II................................1393-1394/5

Nusrat Shah.................................1394/5-1398/9

(Sack of Delhi by Timur; interregnum..........1399-1413/4)

LODI

Daulat Khan.................................1413/4-1414/5

SAYYID

Khidr Khan....................................1414-1421

Mubarrak Shah II..............................1421-1435

Mohammed Shah IV..............................1435-1445

Aladdin Alam Shah.............................1445-1451/2

LODI

Bahlul........................................1452-1489

Saikander.....................................1489-1517

Ibrahim II....................................1517-1526

To the Mughal Empire..........................1526-1540

SURI

Sher Shah.....................................1540-1545

Islam Shah....................................1545-1553

Mohammed V....................................1553-1554 d. 1555

Firuz................................29 Apr.-2 May 1554

Ibrahim III...................................1554-1554/5

Sikander Shah...............................1554/5-1555

To Mughal Empire, and the Raj, thereafter

GOA A port and district on the west coast of India, retaining an

unusual blend of Indian and Portuguese culture. This was the center

and capital of Portuguese Asia and during the hetday of the

Portuguese Empire in the 16th century it was of great power and

influence in southern Asia generally.

To South Konkan................................970-c. 1000

Kadamba A local dynasty of 14 kings, c. 1000-1334; my information on

them is fragmentary at this time.

Guhulladeva I..................................fl. c. 1000

?

Shasthadeva II..........................fl. latter 11th cent.

Guhalldeva III.................................fl. 12th cent.

Jayakeshi II

Shivachitta

Vishnuchitta

Jayakeshi III.................................... -1212

To Devagiri...................................1212-1224

More Kadamba monarch(s ?).....................1224-c. 1277

To Devagiri...................................... -1313

Kamdeva..................................... -1313

Final Kadamba monarch(s ?)....................1313-1334

Local vassals of Delhi........................1334-1347

To the Deccan (Bahamanis).....................1347-1380

To Vijayanagar................................1380-1454

To Bankapur...................................1454-1471

To Bijapore...................................1471-1489

Yusuf Adilshaha...............................1489-1510

To Portugal...................................1510-1961

Viceroy

Francisco de Almeida.....................1505-1509

Governor-general

Afonso de Albuquerque....................1509-1515

Lopo Soares de Albergaria................1515-1518

Diogo Lopes de Sequeira..................1518-1522

Duarte de Meneses........................1522-1524

Viceroy

Vasco da Gama, conde de Vidigueira............1524

On his epic voyage in 1497-99, with four vessels, Vasco da Gama

rounded the Cape of Good Hope, passed the easternmost point reached

by Bartolomeu Dias in 1488, continued up the east coast of Africa to

Malindi, and sailed across the Indian Ocean to Calicut. This voyage

opened up a way for Europe to reach the wealth of the Indies, and

out of it grew the Portuguese Empire. Immediately Portugal gained

great riches from the spice trade. Gama dictated the instructions

for Cabral's voyage (1500-1502) to India, and in 1502 he himself led

a fleet of ships on his second India voyage. With this force he

attempted to establish Portuguese power in Indian waters and sought

to secure the submission of a number of chiefs on the African coast.

He was harsh in his methods and was not as good an administrator as

many of the Portuguese captains who later went to the East, but he

was the first, and he was fittingly honored with many tributes and

the title of count of Vidigueria. In 1524 he was sent back to India

as viceroy, but he died soon after his arrival.

Governor-general

Henrique de Meneses......................1524-1526

Lopo Vaz de Sampaio......................1526-1529

Nunho da Cunha...........................1529-1538

Viceroy

Garcia de Noronha........................1538-1540

Governor-general

Estévão da Gama..........................1540-1542

Martim Afonso de Sousa...................1542-1545

Viceroy

João de Castro...........................1545-1548

Governor-general

Garcia de Sá.............................1548-1549

Jorge Cabral.............................1549-1550

Viceroy

Afonso de Noronha........................1550-1554

Pedro Mascarenhas........................1554-1555

Governor-general

Francisco Barreto........................1555-1558

Viceroy

Constantino de Bragança..................1558-1561

Francisco Coutinho, conde do Redondo.....1561-1564

Governor-general

João de Mendonça..............................1564

Viceroy

Antão de Noronha.........................1564-1568

Luís de Ataíde, conde de Atouguia........1568-1571

António de Noronha.......................1571-1573

Governor-general

António Moniz Barreto....................1573-1576

Diogo de Meneses.........................1576-1578

Viceroy

Luís de Ataíde, conde de Atouguia ®....1578-1580

Governor-general

Fernão Teles de Meneses, c. de Vilar Maior....1581

Viceroy

Francisco Mascarenhas, conde de Orta.....1581-1584

Duarte de Meneses, conde de Tarouca......1584-1588

Governor-general

Manuel de Sousa Coutinho.................1588-1591

Viceroy

Matias de Albuquerque....................1591-1597

Francisco da Gama, conde de Vidiguiera...1597-1600

Aires de Saldanha........................1600-1605

Martim Afonso de Castro..................1605-1607

Governor-general

Alexio de Meneses........................1607-1609

André Furtado de Mendonça.....................1609

Viceroy

Rui Lourenço de Távora...................1609-1612

Jerónimo de Azevedo......................1612-1617

João Coutinho, conde de Redondo..........1617-1619

Fernão de Albuquerque....................1619-1622

Francisco da Gama, conde de Vidiguiera...1622-1628

Governor-general

Luis de Brito............................1628-1629

Viceroy

Miguel de Noronha, conde de Linhares.....1629-1635

Pedro da Silva...........................1635-1639

Governor-general

António Teles de Meneses.................1639-1640

Viceroy

João da Silva Telo de Meneses, c. de Aveiras...1640-1645

Filipe Mascarenhas.......................1645-1651

Vasco Mascarenhas, conde de Óbidos.......1652-1653

Governor-general

Brás de Castro...........................1653-1655

Viceroy

Rodrigo da Silveira, conde de Sarzedas...1655-1656

Governor-general

Manuel Mascarenhas Homem......................1656

Junta....................................1656-1662

Viceroy

António de Melo Castro...................1662-1666

João Nunes da Castro, c. de São Vicente..1666-1668

Junta....................................1668-1671

Luiz de Mendonça Furtado e Albuquerque, c. do Lavradio...1671-1677

Pedro de Almeida, conde de Assu..........1677-1678

Junta....................................1678-1681

Francisco de Távora, conde de Alvor......1681-1686

Governor-general

Rodrigo da Costa.........................1686-1690

Miguel de Almeida........................1690-1691

Junta....................................1691-1693

Viceroy

Pedro António de Noronha de Albuquerque, c. de Vila Verde...1693-

1698

António Luís Gonçalves da Câmara Coutinho...1698-1701

Governing Commission.....................1701-1703

Fray Agostinho da Annunciao

Vasco Luiz Coutinho

Caetano de Mello e Castro................1703-1707

Rodrigo da Costa.........................1707-1712

Vasco Fernandes César de Meneses.........1712-1717

Governor-general

Sebastião de Andrade Pessanha.................1717

Viceroy

Luiz Carlos Inácio Xavier de Meneses, c. de Ericeira...1717-1720

Francisco José de Sampaio e Castro.......1720-1723

Cristóvão de Melo........................1723-1725 with...

Governing Commission.....................1723-1725

Fray Ignacio de Santa Theresa

Cristóvão Luiz de Andrade

João de Saldanha da Gama.................1725-1732 d. 1752

Governing Commission..........................1732

Cristóvão de Melo (restored)

Fray Ignacio de Santa Theresa (restored)

Pedro Mascarenhas, conde de Sandomil.....1732-1741 d. 1745

Luiz Carlos Inácio Xavier Meneses (r.)...1741-1742

Governing Commission.....................1742-1744

Francisco de Vasconcellos (to 1743)

Luiz Caetano de Almeida

Lourenço de Noronha (from 1743)

Pedro Miguel de Almeida, m. de Alorna....1744-1750

Francisco de Assis da Távora, m. de Távora...1750-1754

Luiz Mascarenhas, conde de Alva..........1754-1756

Governing Commission.....................1756-1756

António Taveira da Neiva da Silveira

João de Mesquita Matos Teixeira

Filippe de Valladares Souto Maior

Manuel de Saldanha e Albuquerque, c. da Ega...1756-1765 d. 1771

Governing Commission.....................1765-1768

António Taveira da Neiva da Silveira (restored)

João Baptista Vaz Pereira

João José de Mello

Governor

João José de Mello (continued)...........1768-1774

Filippe de Valladares Souto Maior.............1774

José Pedro da Câmara.....................1774-1779

Federico Guilherme de Sousa..............1779-1786

Francisco da Cunha e Meneses.............1786-1794

Francisco António da Veiga Cabral da Câmara Pimentel...1794-1807

Viceroy

Bernardo José da Silveira e Lorena, c. de Sarzedas...1807-1816

Diogo de Sousa, conde de Rio Pardo.......1816-1821

Governing Commission.....................1821-1822

Manuel Godinho da Mira

Joaquim Manuel Correia da Silva e Gama

Gonçalo de Magalhães Teixeira

Manuel Duarte Leitão

Governing Commission.....................1822-1823

Manuel da Câmara

Fray Paulo de San Thomé de Aquino

António de Mello Souto Maior

João Carlos Leal

António José de Lima Leitão

Manuel da Câmara.........................1823-1825

Governing Commission.....................1825-1827

Fray Manuel de San Galdino

Candido José Mourão Garcez Palha

António Ribeiro de Carvalho

Manuel de Portugal e Castro..............1827-1835

Prefect

Bernardo Peres da Silva.......................1835

Chairmen of the Provisional Government

Joaquim Manuel Correia da Silva e Gama........1835

João c. da Rocha Vasconcellos............1835-1836 with...

Manuel José Ribeiro......................1835-1836 and...

Fray Constantino de Santa Rita...........1835-1836

João Cabral de Estifique.................1836-1837 with...

António Maria de Mello...................1836-1837 and...

Joaquim António de Moraes Carneiro.......1836-1837

José António de Lemos.........................1837 with...

António Mariano de Azevedo....................1837

Governor-general

Simão Infante de Lacerda da Sousa Tavares, b. de Sabroso...1837-1838

Governing Council (acting)...............1838-1839

António Feliciano de Santa Rita

José António Vieira da Fonseca

José Cancio Freire de Lima

Domingo José Mariano

Luiz José António Vieira da Fonseca, acting 1839

Manuel José Mendes, barão de Candal......1839-1840

Governing Council (acting)....................1840

José António Vieira da Fonseca

José Carneiro Freire de Lima

António João de Athaíde

Domingo José Mariano Luiz

José da Costa Campos

Caetano de Sousa e Vasconcellos

José Joaquim Lopez de Lima, acting 1840-1842

Governing Council (acting)....................1842

António Ramalho da Sá

José de Mello Souta Maior Telles

António João de Athaíde (restored)

José da Costa Campos (restored)

Caetano de Sousa e Vasconcellos (restored)

Francisco Xavier da Silva Pereira, c. das Antas...1842-1843

Joaquim Mourão Garcez Palha..............1843-1844

José Ferreira Pestana....................1844-1851

José Joaquim Januario Lapa, b. de Villa Nova de Ourém...1851-1855

Governing Council (acting)....................1855

Joaquim de Santa Rita Botelho

Luiz da Costa Campos

Francisco Xavier Peres

Bernardo Hector da Silveira

Victor Anastacio Mourão Garcez

Palha António César de Vasconcellos Correia, v. de Torres

Novas...1855-1864

José Ferreira Pestana (restored).........1864-1870

Januario Correia de Almeida, v. de São Januario...1870-1871

Joaquim José de Macedo e Couto...........1871-1875

João Tavares de Almeida..................1875-1877

António, visc. de Sérgio de Sousa........1877-1878

Governing Council (acting)....................1878

Ayres de Oruellas e Vasconcellos

João Caetano da Silva Campos

Francisco Xavier Soares da Veiga

Thomas Nunes da Serva e Moura

António Sergio de Sousa

Eduardo Augusto Pinto Balsemão

Caetano Alexandre de Almeida e Albuquerque...1878-1881

Carlos Eugénio Correia da Silva, v. de Paço de Arcos...1881-1885

Francisco Joaquim Ferreira do Amaral.....1885-1886

Augusto César Cardoso de Carvalho........1886-1889

Vasco Guedes de Carvalho e Meneses.......1889-1891

Francisco Maria da Cunha.................1891-1892

Francisco Teixeira da Silva..............1892-1893

Raphael Jácome Lopes de Andrade..........1893-1894

Elesbão Betencourt Lapa, v. de Vila Nova de Ourém...1894-1895

Raphael Jácome Lopes de Andrade (rest.)..1895-1896

Afonso Henriques, duque de Pôrto..............1896

João António de Brissac das Neves Ferreira...1896-1897

Joaquim José Machado.....................1897-1900

Eduardo Augusto Rodrigues Galhardo.......1900-1905

Arnoldo de Novais Guedes Róbelo..........1905-1907

José Maria de Sousa Horta e Costa........1907-1910

Francisco Manuel Couceiro da Costa.......1910-1917

Francisco Maria Peixoto Vieira................1917

José de Freitas Ribeiro..................1917-1919

Augusto de Paiva Bobelo Mota..................1919

Jaime Alberto da Castro Morais...........1919-1925

Francisco Maria Peixoto Vieira (restored).....1925

Mariano Martins..........................1925-1926

Tito Augusto de Morais, acting 1926

Acurcio Mendes da Rocha Diniz.................1926

Pedro Francisco Massano de Amorim........1926-1929

Acurcio Mendes da Rocha Diniz (restored), acting 1929

João Carlos Craveiro Lopes...............1929-1936

Francisco Higino Craveiro Lopes..........1936-1938

José Ricardo Pereira Cabral..............1938-1945

Paulo Bénard Guedes......................1945-1946

José Silvestre Ferreira Bossa............1946-1947

Fernando Quintanilha Mendonça e Dias, acting 1947-1948

José Alves Ferreira, acting 1948

Fernando Quintanilha Mendonça e Dias (restored), acting 1948-1952

Paulo Bénard Guedes (restored)............1953-1958

Manuel António Vasalo e Silva.............1958-1961 (nominal to

1962)

To India.......................................1961-

GOLKONDA A Deccan state within east-central India.

QUTB

Quli Qutb Shah................................1512-1543

Jamshid Qutb Shah.............................1543-1550

Subhan Quli Qutb Shah..............................1550

Ibrahim Qutb Shah.............................1550-1580

Mohammed Quli Qutb Shah.......................1580-1612

Mohammed Qutb Shah............................1612-1626

'Abdullah Qutb Shah...........................1626-1672

Abu'l-Hassan Qutb Shah........................1672-1687

To the Mughal Empire..........................1687-1724

To Hyderabad thereafter...

GUJARAT A region in western India bounded by Kutch to the west and

Malwa to the east, with the Arabian Sea around the Kathiawar

Peninsula extending across its southwestern flank. It is largely an

agricultural district, but well-known for distinctive architectural

styles and important crafts. The Gujaratis have had an outward-

looking sea-faring tradition for millennia, and even today natives

of Gujarat or descendents of Gujaratis form a larger than average

percentage of Indians living abroad. Ghandi came from Gujarat - he

was born in Porbandar, a seacoast town on the southwest flank of the

Kathiawar Peninsula.

To the Mauryan Empire....................3rd cent.-180's

Poorly documented era....................180's BCE-130 CE

To Malwa.......................................130-382

To the Guptan Empire...........................382-c. 475

Kingdom of Vallabhi

MAITRAKA

Bhatarka....................................c. 475- ?

Dharasena I

Dronasimha..................................c. 500-c. 525

Dhruvasena I................................c. 525-c. 545

Dharapatta..................................c. 545-c. 556

Guhasena....................................c. 556-c. 570

Dharasena II................................c. 570-c. 606

Siladitya I.................................c. 606-c. 616

Kharagraha I................................c. 616-c. 623

Dharasena III...............................c. 623-c. 640

Dhruvasena II...............................c. 640-c. 644

Dharasena IV................................c. 644-c. 651

Dhruvasena III..............................c. 651-c. 656

Kharagraha II...............................c. 656-c. 662

Siladitya II................................c. 662- ?

Siladitya III

Siladitya IV

Siladitya V

Siladitya VI................................c. 766-c. 767

To Kabul....................................c. 767-c. 940

Ala Khan..................................fl. c. 900

Kingdom of Gujarat

CHAULUKYA (Solanki)

Mulraja I...................................c. 940-c. 995

Chamundaraja................................c. 995-c. 1010

Vallabharaja.......................................c. 1010

Occupied briefly by the Ghaznavid Empire (Afghanistan) in this era.

Durlabharaja...............................c. 1010-c. 1022

Bhima I....................................c. 1022-c. 1064

Karnadeva I................................c. 1064-c. 1094

Jayasimha I................................c. 1094-c. 1125

Kumarapala.................................c. 1125-c. 1171

Ajayapala..................................c. 1171-c. 1176

Mulraja II.................................c. 1176-c. 1178

Bhima II...................................c. 1178-c. 1241 with...

Jayasimha II.......................................c. 1223

Tribhuvanapala.............................c. 1241-c. 1244

VAGHELA

Visala.....................................c. 1244-c. 1262

Arjuna.....................................c. 1262-c. 1275

Sarangadeva................................c. 1275-c. 1297

Karnadeva II...............................c. 1297-1304

To Delhi......................................1304-1391

ZAFARID

Zafar Khan....................................1391-1403

Muhammad Shah I Tatar.........................1403-1407

Muzaffar Shah.................................1407-1411

Ahmad Shah I Shihab ad-Din....................1411-1442

Muhammad Shah II Karim........................1442-1451

Ahmad Shah II Qutb ad-Din.....................1451-1458

Dawud Khan.........................................1458

Mahmud Shah I Begra Saif ad-Din...............1458-1511

Muzaffar Shah II..............................1511-1526

Sikandar...........................................1526

Mahmud Shah II.....................................1526

Bahadur Shah..................................1526-1535

To the Mughal Empire..........................1535-1536

Bahadur Shah (restored).......................1536-1537

Mahmud Shah III...............................1537-1554

Ahmad Shah III................................1554-1561

Muzaffar Shah III.............................1561-1573

To the Mughal Empire..........................1573-1583

Muzaffar Shah III (restored).......................1583

To the Mughal Empire..........................1583-1728

To the Maratha Confederacy....................1728-1818

To Great Britain..............................1818-1948

To India thereafter...

GURKHA A town in west-central Nepal, about 47 miles (75 km.) west-

northwest of Katmandu. This district, noted for it's pugnacious

warriors, produced the leaders who reunified Nepal after the era of

Malla fragmentation, and is also the source of Great Britain's famed

Gurkha mercenary corps.

SAHA

Prithvi Pati.................................1669-1716

Narabhpati...................................1716-1742

Prithvi Barayana (K. of Nepal from 1768).....1742-1774

Within Nepal thereafter...

GWADAR (Gawadar) A port city in extreme southwestern Pakistan, on

the Baluchistani coast about 45 miles (72 km.) from the Iranian

frontier. An Omani possession during much of the 1800's and early

1900's.

Within Baluchistan to 1783

ALBUSA'IDI

Sultan ibn Ahmad (Sultan of Oman 1792-1806)...1783-1806

To Oman.......................................1792-mid 1800's

SARBAZID

Mir Dosten al-Sarbazi..............................mid 1800's

To Oman.................................mid 1800's-1956

To Pakistan thereafter...

GWALIORAn important fortress and city in central India, about 160

miles (250 km.) south-southeast of Delhi. During the latter 18th

century, the rulers of Gwalior were perhaps the most powerful among

native Indian Princes, controlling for a time Delhi itself.

To the Mughal Empire..........................1526-1751

SINDHIA

Ranoji (at Ujjain)............................1726-1745

Jayappa.......................................1745-1755

Jankoji I.....................................1755-1761

Madhava Rao I.................................1761-1780 d. 1794

To Great Britain...................................1780

Madhava Rao I.................................1780-1794

Daulat Rao....................................1794-1827

Jankoji Rao II................................1827-1843

To Great Britain...................................1843

Jayaji Rao....................................1843-1858 d. 1886

To Great Britain..............................1858-1948

Madhava Rao II...........................1886-1925

Jivaji Rao...............................1925-1948

To India thereafter...

HYDERABAD In south-central India, the largest of the raj

principalities. By Indian standards, the capital is a very young

city, having been established in 1590.

To the Mughal Empire..........................1685-1724

QAMARID

Asaf Jah......................................1724-1748

Mohammed Nasir Jung...........................1748-1750

Muzaffar Jang.................................1750-1751

Asaf ud-Dawlah Salabat Jang...................1751-1761

Nizam 'Ali....................................1761-1803

Sikandar Jah..................................1803-1829

Nasir ud-Dawlah...............................1829-1857

Afzal ud-Dawlah...............................1857-1869

Mahbub 'Ali Khan..............................1869-1911

Uthman 'Ali Khan Bahadur Jang.................1911-1948

To India thereafter...

INDORE A city and district in central India, a Maratha stronghold.

It is very young by Indian standards, having been established as a

trade market and temple complex only in the early 18th century.

To the Mughal Empire..........................1715-1728

HOLKAR

Malhar Rao I..................................1728-1764

Malle Rao.....................................1764-1766 with...

Ahalya Bai (fem.)..............................1765-1795

Tukoji........................................1795-1798

Jaswant Rao I.................................1798-1811

Malhar Rao II.................................1811-1834

Hari Rao......................................1834-1843

Tukoji Rao II.................................1843-1886

Sivaji Rao....................................1886-1903

Tukoji Rao III................................1903-1926

Jaswant Rao II................................1926-1948

To India......................................1948-

JAIPUR A city in western India, 135 miles (215 km.) southwest of

Delhi.

KACHWAHA

Dulha Rao..................................c. 1128-c. 1136

Kankal.....................................c. 1136- ?

Maidal

Hunadeva

Kantal I

Pujanadeva.....................................fl. c. 1185

Malesi

Byala

Rajadeva

Kilhan

Kantal II.....................................1276- ?

Jansi

Udayakarna

Nara Singh

Banbir

Udha Rao

Chandrasena

Prithvi I.....................................1502-1534

Bhima.........................................1534- ?

Ratan.......................................... ? -1547

Baharmalla....................................1547- ?

Bhagwan Das.................................... ? -1589

Man Singh I...................................1589-1614

Jagat Singh I......................................1614

Bhao Singh....................................1614-1622

Jaya Singh I..................................1622-1667

Rama Singh I..................................1667-1688

Bishan Singh..................................1688-1700

Sawai Jaya Singh II...........................1700-1743

Ishwari Singh.................................1743-1750

Madhu Singh I.................................1750-1768

Prithvi Singh II..............................1768-1778

Pratap Singh..................................1778-1803

Jagat Singh II................................1803-1818

Jaya Singh III................................1818-1835

Rama Singh II.................................1835-1881

Sawai Madhu Singh II..........................1881-1922

Sawai Man Singh II............................1922-1949

To India......................................1948-

JAISALMER A city in western India, within the Thar desert about 70

miles (110 km.) from the Pakistani frontier. Founded in the 12th

century as a Rajput fort and caravanserai, it is noted for it's

libraries and archives, and for the rich golden-coloured stone that

its walls and towers are constructed of.

BHATI

Jaisal........................................1156-c. 1180 >

Salivahan

Baijal

Kelan

Chachigdeva I..............................c. 1219-c. 1250

Karan Singh I..............................c. 1250-c. 1278

Lakhasena..................................c. 1278-c. 1281

Punyapala..........................................c. 1281

Jait Singh I...............................c. 1281-c. 1300

Mulraja I..........................................c. 1300

To Delhi...................................c. 1300-1399

Duda

Ghar Singh............................c. 1331-1361

Kehar....................................1361- ?

Lakhmana

To the Timurid Empire.........................1399-1413

To Delhi......................................1413-1526

Bairi Singh I............................1436-c. 1448

Chachigdeva II........................c. 1448-1467

Devidas..................................1467-1496

Jait Singh II............................1496-1528

To the Mughal Empire..........................1526-1818

Karan Singh II................................1528

Lunkaran.................................1528-1550

Malladeva................................1550-1561

Har Raja.................................1561-1577

Bhima....................................1577-1613

Kalyandas................................1613-1650

Manohardas....................................1650

Sabal Singh..............................1650-1661

Amar Singh...............................1661-1702

Jaswant Singh............................1702-1707

Budh Singh...............................1707-1721

Tej Singh................................1721-1722

Sawai Singh...................................1722

Akhai Singh..............................1722-1762

Mulraja II...............................1762-1819

To Great Britain..............................1818-1948

Gaja Singh...............................1819-1846

Ranjit Singh.............................1846-1864

Bairi Singh II...........................1864-1891

Salivahan II.............................1891-1914

Jawahir Singh............................1914-1949

Girdhar Singh.................................1949

To India thereafter...

JAUNPUR A large but ultimately ephemeral state in the Ganges

watershed, based on the city of Jaunpur, north of Benares.

The modern city was established as a frontier fort of Delhi in 1360,

situated on the site of an earlier city that had been destroyed by

floods. The eunuch Sarwar, who conquered Awadh on behalf of Delhi,

persuaded his master, the last Tughluqid dynast, to permit him the

title of King, and passed on his state as a fully sovereign

territory to his adopted heir upon the disruption of Delhi by Timur.

SHARQI

Malik Sarwar Khwaja-yi Jahan..................1394-1399

Malik Qaranful Mubarrak Shah..................1399-1401

Ibrahim Shams-ud-Din..........................1401-1440

Mahmud Shah...................................1440-1458

Mohammed Shah Bhikan Khan..........................1458

Husayn Shah...................................1458-1483 d. 1505

To Delhi......................................1483-1526

To the Mughal Empire..........................1526-1722

Mostly to Awadh...............................1722-1775

To Great Britain..............................1775-1948

To India thereafter...

JODHPUR A city on the edge of the Great Thar desert, in western

India, roughly 350 miles (560 km.) southwest of Delhi, and

approximately 180 miles (290 km.) east of the Pakistani frontier.

RATHOR

Chunda Rao....................................1382- ?

Kanha

Sata

Ranamalla

Jodha.........................................1438-1488

Satal.........................................1488-1491

Suja..........................................1491-1515

Ganga.........................................1515-1532

Malladeva.....................................1532-1584

Udaya Singh Raja..............................1584-1595

Sura Singh....................................1595-1620

Gaja Singh....................................1620-1638

Jaswant Singh I...............................1638-1680

Ajit Singh....................................1680-1725

Abhaya Singh Maharaja.........................1725-1750

Rama Singh....................................1750-1751 d. 1773

Bakht Singh...................................1751-1752

Vijaya Singh.......................................1752 d. 1792

Rama Singh (restored).........................1752-1773

Vijaya Singh (restored).......................1773-1792

Bhim Singh....................................1792-1803

Man Singh.....................................1803-1843

Takht Singh...................................1843-1873

Jaswant Singh II..............................1873-1895

Sardar Singh..................................1895-1911

Sumer Singh...................................1911-1918

Umaid Singh...................................1918-1947

Hanwant Singh.................................1947-1949

To India......................................1948-

KASHMIR This state is located HERE.

KATMANDU In central Nepal, it's largest city and since 1768 the

capital. During the centuries of fragmentation during Malla rule,

Katmandu was a separate Kingdom.

 

To Nepal until c. 1482

MALLA

Ramamalla..................................c. 1482-c. 1520

Suryamalla.................................c. 1520-c. 1530

Amaramalla.................................c. 1530-c. 1538

Narendramalla..............................c. 1538-c. 1560

Mahendramalla..............................c. 1560-c. 1574

Sadashivamalla.............................c. 1574-c. 1583 with...

Shivasimhamalla............................c. 1578-c. 1620

Lakshminarasimhamalla......................c. 1620-c. 1641

Pratapamalla...............................c. 1641-c. 1674

Jayanripendramalla.........................c. 1674-c. 1680

Parthivendramalla..........................c. 1680-c. 1687

Bhupendramalla.............................c. 1687-c. 1700

Bhaskaramalla..............................c. 1700-c. 1714

Mahendrasimhamalla.........................c. 1714-1722

Jagajjayamalla................................1722-1736

Jayaprakasamalla..............................1736-1768

To Gurkha and thence Nepal once more...

KERALA An Indian state located along the southwestern coast of the

subcontinent, from Mangalore in the north to Trivandrum in the

south, and including such locales as Cannanore, Pondicherry,

Calicut, and Cochin. The region is very ancient, and because of its

geographic situation has seen a great many diverse influence not

encountered elsewhere in India - it is here that St. Thomas is

reputed to have travelled, a Jewish colony was established at

Cranganore in the 1st century CE, and this is where Portuguese and

later Dutch explorers first landed in India.

Kingdom of KeralaputraA Dravidian Kingdom, known to have traded

extensively with Babylonians, Egyptians, Greeks, Romans, and

Chinese.

No names of these Kings at this time, 3rd cent. BCE-5th cent. CE

A poorly documented era..................5th cent.-9th cent.

KULASEKHARA

Kulasekhara Alwar...........................c. 800-c. 820

Rajasekharavarman...........................c. 820-844

Sthanu Ravivarman..............................844-885

Ramavarma......................................885-917

Goda Ravivarma.................................917-944

Indu Kothavarma................................944-962

Bhaskara Ravivarman I..........................962-1019 with...

Bhaskara Ravivarman II.........................979-1021

Vira Kerala...................................1021-1028

Rajasimha.....................................1028-1043

Bhaskara Ravivarman III.......................1043-1082

Ravi Ramavarma................................1082-1090

Ramavarma Kulasekhara.........................1090-1102

In the 12th century Kulasekharan hegemony over the region

disintegrated as a result of chronic warfare with the Chola Empire,

and the area was partitioned into a number of smaller states. The

Kulasekharans themselves retained control over...

Rajas of Venad

Kotha Varma...................................1102-1125

Kotha Kerala Varma............................1125-1155

Vira Ravi Varma...............................1155-1165

Aditya Varma I................................1165-1175

Udaya Marthanda Varma.........................1175-1195

Vira Rama Varma...............................1195-1205

Vira Rama Kerala Varma........................1205-1215

Ravi Kerala Varma I...........................1215-1240

Padmanabha Marthanda Varma....................1240-1253

To Delhi......................................1253-1299

Ravi Varma Kulasekhara........................1299-1314

Ravi Varma Kulasekhara managed to reunite Kerala, and indeed much of

southern India, under his rule - but he died at a young age, and his

empire was dispersed quickly thereafter.

Vira Udaya Marthanda Varma....................1314-1344

Kunnumel Vira Kerala Varma Tiruvati...........1344-1350

Iravi Iravi Varma.............................1350-1376

Aditya Varma Sarvanyanatha....................1376-1383

Chera Udaya Varma.............................1383-1444

Ravi Varma I..................................1444-1458

Sri Vira Rama Marthanda Varma Kulasekhara.....1458-1469

Kotha Aditya Varma............................1469-1484

Ravi Ravi Varma...............................1484-1512

Ravi Kerala Varma II..........................1512-1514

Jayasimha Kerala Varma........................1514-1516

Bhutalavira Sri Vira Udaya Marthanda Varma....1516-1535

Bhutalavira Ravi Varma........................1535- ?

Rama Kerala Varma

Aditya Varma II................................ ? -1544

Sri Vira Kerala Varma.........................1544-1545

Rama Varma I..................................1545-1556

Unni Kerala Varma.............................1556- ?

Sri Vira Udaya Varma........................... ? -1595

Sri Vira Ravi Varma...........................1595-1609

Aditya Varma III..............................1609-1610

Rama Varma II......................................1610

Rama Varma III................................1610-1611

Ravi Varma II.................................1611-1663

Ravi Varma III................................1663-1672

Aditya Varma IV...............................1672-1677

Ummayama Rani (fem.)...........................1677-1684

Ravi Varma IV.................................1684-1714

Aditya Varma V................................1714-1721

Rama Varma IV.................................1721-1729

Maharajas of Travancore

Marthanda Varma...............................1729-1758

Marthanda Varma succeeded in establishing a powerful Keralan state

once again, based at Travancore - capping his authority by crushing

the Dutch in 1741. But chronic invasions from Mysore in the next

generation fundamentally weakened Travancore, and it slipped under

British rule by the end of the 18th century.

Kartika Tirunal Rama Varma....................1758-1798

To Great Britain..............................1795-1948

Balarama Varma...........................1798-1810

Gouri Laksmi Bai (fem.)...................1810-1815

Gouri Parvati Bai (fem.)..................1815-1829

Swati Tirunal............................1829-1847

Utram Tirunal Marthanda Varma............1847-1860

Ayilam Tirunal...........................1860-1880

Rama Varma Tirunal Rama Varma............1880-1885

Sri Mulam Tirunal Rama Varma.............1885-1924

Setu Laksmi Bai (fem.)....................1924-1931

Sri Chitra Tirunal Balarama Varma........1931-1949

To India thereafter...

KOLHAPUR A Marathan state within central India.

BHONSLE

Sivaji I......................................1700-1712

Shambhuji.....................................1712-1760

Sivaji II.....................................1760-1812

Shambhu.......................................1812-1821

Shahaji I.....................................1821-1837

Sivaji III....................................1837-1866

Rajaram I.....................................1866-1870

Sivaji IV.....................................1870-1883

Shahu.........................................1883-1922

Rajaram II....................................1922-1940

To Great Britain..............................1940-1942

Sivaji V......................................1942-1947

Shahaji II....................................1947-1949

To India......................................1948-

KUTCH A district on the coastal portion of the India/Pakistan

frontier, to a large extent involving an extensive salt-flats (the

Great Rann of Kutch) adjacent to the Gulf of Kutch, an arm of the

Arabian Sea extending toward Gujarat. At the time of Alexander's

invasion (4th century BCE) the Rann was a shallow but navigable

lake, but subsequent centuries of silting have made a mud flat of

it, and settlement within the Rann is limited to what hills are

present.

CHAVADA RAJPUT

Jado (1st Jam)

Lakho Jadani..................................1147-1175

Ratto Rayadhan................................1175-1215

Othoji........................................1215-1255

Gaoji.........................................1255-1285

Vahenji.......................................1285-1321

SAMMA RAJPUT

Murvoji.......................................1321-1347

Kaiyaji.......................................1347-1386

Amarji........................................1386-1429

Bheemji.......................................1429-1472

Hamirji.......................................1472-1510

Khengarji I (1st Rao).........................1510-1586

Bharmalji I...................................1586-1632

Bhojrajji.....................................1632-1645

Khengarji II..................................1645-1654

Tamachiji.....................................1655-1666

Rayadhanji I..................................1666-1698

Pragmalji I (1st Maharao).....................1698-1715

Gohodaji I....................................1715-1719

Deshalji I....................................1719-1741

Lakhpatji.....................................1741-1761

Gohodaji II...................................1761-1779

Rayadhanji II.................................1779-1813

To Sind.......................................1813-1814

To Great Britain..............................1815-1948

Bharmalji II.............................1814-1819

Deshalji II..............................1819-1861

Pragmalji II.............................1861-1876

Khengarji III............................1876-1942

Vijayaraja...............................1942-1948

Madan Singh...................................1948

To Afghanistan................................1152-1215

To India thereafter; but there have been persistent border disputes

with Pakistan in this region. From 1965 Pakistan has held about ten

percent, while India retains the remainder.

LADAKH This Tibetan state is located HERE.

LAHORE In north-central Pakistan, about 20 miles from the Indian

frontier. This place is the source for the fabled Koh-I-Noor

diamond, once a possession of the Royal Family, and now one of the

chief Crown Jewels of Great Britain.

 

To Harappa.................................c. 2500-c. 1750

Aryan invasions from 1600/1400 BCE

Kingdom of Purus ?

Poros (Paurava ?)........................fl. < 330-321/15

"Poros" was the leader of a local state in the Lahore-Kashmir region

who strongly resisted the onslaught of the Macedonian invasion.

Though unsuccessful, his defense was so spirited that Alexander

spared him and retain him as vassal within his lands. He is known

only through Hellenic sources - Vedic sources do not refer to him or

his state. The Purus were a tribe known to have been active in that

general region about the same time.

To the Mauryan Empire.......................c. 315-c. 200

?

To Bactria (Menandrid)......................c. 150-c. 130

To Sakae (local rule by Bactrian vassals)...c. 130-c. 80

To Suren, as a Parthian client...............c. 80-c. 60

To Suren, as a Kushanid client...........c. 60 BCE-c. 125 CE >

The Kushan Empire withered from the 3rd century and began

fragmenting as local provinces sought autonomy. One such region was

the Kidara Confederacy, stretching across what is now northern

Pakistan, from Jammu and Kashmir in the east, to Lahore and Peshawar

in the west.

Kidara Confederacy

Kidara.........................................fl. c. 340

?

Hephtalite (White Hun) invasions, 5th and 6th centuries.

To the Caliphate...............................652-867

To Persia......................................867-900

To Bokhara.....................................900-999

To the Ghaznavid Empire........................999-1090's

To the Seljuqs..............................1090's-1152

To Ghurid Empire (Afghanistan)................1152-1215

To Khwarazm...................................1215-1221

Mongols and Il-Khanate successors.............1221-1398

City destroyed and district depopulated.......1398-1422

To Delhi......................................1422-1524

To the Mughal Empire..........................1524-1740

To Persia.....................................1740-1747

To Afghanistan................................1747-1799

SIKH For further commentary on the Sikhs, see below.

Ranjit Singh..................................1799-1839

Kharak Singh..................................1839-1840

Nao Nehal Singh....................................1840

Chand Kaur (fem.)..............................1840-1841

Sher Singh....................................1841-1843

Duleep Singh..................................1843-1849 d. 1893

To Great Britain..............................1849-1947

Partitioned between India and Pakistan...

MADURAI A city in the far south of India, roughly 130 miles (210

km.) north of the tip of Comorin Cape.

To Chola Empire.............................c. 850-1279

To Delhi......................................1279-1334

Djalal ud-Din Ahsan Shah......................1334-1339

Aladdin Udauji Shah...........................1339-1341

Qutb ud-Din Firuz Shah.............................1341

Ghiyath ud-Din Mohammed Shah..................1341-1345

Nasr ud-Din Mahmud Ghazi Shah.................1345-1356

'Adil Shah....................................1356-1360

Fakr ud-Din Mubarak Shah......................1360-1372

Aladdin Sikaqnder Shah........................1372-1378

To Vijayanagar................................1378-1529

NAYYAK

Vishvanatha...................................1529-1564

Krishnappa I..................................1564-1572

Virappa.......................................1572-1595

Krishnappa II.................................1595-1601

Muttu Krishnappa..............................1601-1609

Muttu Virappa I...............................1609-1623

Tirumala......................................1623-1659

Muttu Virappa II..............................1659-1682 with...

Chokkanatha...................................1659-1678 and then...

Muttu Linga...................................1678-1682

Muttu Virappa III.............................1682-1689

Mangammal (fem.)...............................1689-1706

Vijayaranga Chokkanatha.......................1706-1732

Minakshi (fem.)................................1732-1736

To France.....................................1736-1763

To Great Britain..............................1763-1948

To India......................................1948-

MAGADHA An ancient kingdom in east-central India, in modern Bihar

state. Comprising the vast Ganges plain to the west of Bengal,

Magadha has been the core of several Indian Empires, and it's

territory has been the scene of a great deal of Indian historical

and cultural experience.

The Brhadrathans are an early Magadhan dynasty referred to almost

entirely within traditional texts; their historicity is therefore

subject to much interpretation. The nominal dates are one example;

they are based entirely on analyzed assumptions regarding average

length of reign, tied to when it is thought the Haryanka dynasts

assumed power - modern Indian historians generally assume longer

reigns and a considerably earlier start date.

BRHADRATHA

Brhadratha....................................fl. c. 1360 BCE ?

Kushagra

Rsabha

Puspavana.....................................fl. c. 1300 ?

Suchi (Magadha)

Sudhanva

Jantu

Nabha (Sambhava)

Jarasandha (Magadha)..........................fl. c. 1200 ?

Sahadeva

Maghasandhi; Somapi

Shrutashrava

Ayutaya

Niramitra.....................................fl. c. 1100 ?

Suksatra

Brhatkarman

Senajit

Shrutanjaya

Vipra/Vibhu...................................fl. c. 1000 ?

Shuci

Ksemya

Suvrata

Dharmanetra

Nirvrati, Sushrama............................fl. c. 900 ?

Drdhasena

Sumati

Suvala

Sunita

Satyajit......................................fl. c. 800 ?

Vishvajit

Ripunjaya

Sunika/Punika

Pradyota

Palaka........................................fl. c. 700 ?

Vishakhayupa

Janaka

Nandivardhana

Shishunaga

Kakavarna.....................................fl. c. 600 ?

Kshemadharman

Kshatraujas

HARYANKA

Bimbisara..................................c. 543-c. 491 BCE

Ajatashatru................................c. 491-c. 459

Udayin (Udayibhadra).......................c. 459-c. 443

Anuruddha..................................c. 443-c. 439

Munda......................................c. 439-c. 435

Nagadasaka.................................c. 435-410

SISUNAGA

Sisunaga......................................410-392

Kalasoka......................................392-380

Ten sons of Kalasoka, Nandivardhana being the most prominent (22

years)

Ksemadharman

Ksemajit or Ksatraujas

Bimbisara

Mahanandin

The Sisunaga dynasty was overthrown by an illegitimate son of its

last king, who founded the short-lived Nanda dynasty. This was in

turn overthrown by Chandragupta Maurya, who made Magadha the center

of his Indian empire.

NANDA

Mahapadma Nanda.............................c. 350- ? followed by...

his eight sons, names unknown

MAURYA

Chandragupta Maurya.........................c. 320-c. 300

And so on to c. 187 BCE, see India...

The Mauryan Empire, based in this region, quickly expanded to

encompass all of northern India. Mauryan sovereigns are listed in

the section on Greater India. By c. 187, the Empire could no longer

retain control over the bulk of the subcontinent, and Magadha became

once more a regional state.

SUNGA

Pushyamatra Sunga...........................c. 187-c. 151

Agnimitra...................................c. 151-c. 143

Vasujyeshtha................................c. 143-c. 133

Vasumitra...................................c. 133- ?

Andhraka

Pulindaka

Ghosha

Vajramitra

Bhagavata

Devabhumi....................................c. 85-c. 75

KANVA

Vasudeva.....................................c. 75-c. 66

Bhumimitra...................................c. 66-c. 52

Narayana.....................................c. 52-c. 40

Susarman.....................................c. 40-c. 30

To Maharashtra...........................c. 30 BCE-c. 220 CE

unknown.....................................c. 220-c. 275

GUPTA

Gupta.......................................c. 275-c. 300

And so on to c. 550 CE, see India...

Once more, Magadha became the core of a subcontinental empire with

the advent of the Guptas. The Guptid list can be found within

Greater India above. By 550 CE, the Empire had lost cohesion and

Magadha once more sank into purely regional and local concerns.

Unknown sequence.............................550's-1193

To the Ghurids................................1193-1213

To Delhi......................................1213-early 1500's

To the Mughals........................early 1500's-1765

To Great Britain (incorporated into Bengal)...1765-1947

Largely to India; some eastern portions to Pakistan, and Bangladesh

thereafter...

MAHARASHTRA The bulk of the central Indian plateau, with a very long

and complex history. Here is a general framework for recent states

in the region.

SATAVAHANA Note well; the dating of Satavahana reigns is not well

understood, and there are a variety of schemes. The following dates

are fairly late, but there are others who advocate sequences as much

as 50 years earlier (see Tapsell, in the bibliography for an

example).

Simuka......................................c. 223-c. 205

Krishna.....................................c. 205-c. 187

Satakarni I.................................c. 187-c. 177

Purnotsanga.................................c. 177-c. 159

Skandastambhi...............................c. 159-c. 141

Satakarni II................................c. 141-c. 85

Lambodara....................................c. 85-c. 67

Apilaka......................................c. 67-c. 55

Meghasvati...................................c. 55-c. 37

Svati........................................c. 37-c. 19

Skandasvati..................................c. 19-c. 12

Mrigendra Svatikarna.........................c. 12-c. 9

Kuntala Svatikarna............................c. 9-c. 1

Svatikarna................................c. 1 BCE-c. 1 CE

Pulumavi I....................................c. 1-c. 25

Gaurakrishna.................................c. 25-c. 50

Hala.........................................c. 50-c. 51

Mandulaka....................................c. 51-c. 56

Purindrasena.................................c. 56-c. 77

Sundara Svatikarni...........................c. 77-c. 78

Chakora Svatikarna.................................c. 78

Sivasvati....................................c. 78-c. 106

Gautamiputra Satakarni......................c. 106-c. 130

Pulumavi II Vasishthiputra..................c. 130-c. 159

Siva Sri Satakarni..........................c. 159-c. 166

Sivaskanda Satakarni........................c. 166-c. 174

Yajma Sri Satakarni.........................c. 174-c. 203

Vijaya......................................c. 203-c. 209

Chandra Sri Satakarni.......................c. 209-c. 212

Pulumavi III................................c. 212-c. 220

Satavahana Empire disintigrates into local states from the 3rd

century. Vakataka dynasts recover much of the empire...

VAKATAKA

Vindhyasakti................................c. 250-c. 270

Pravarasena.................................c. 270-c. 330

Rudrasena I.................................c. 330-c. 355

Prithvishena I..............................c. 355-c. 380

Rudrasena II................................c. 380-c. 385

Divakarasena................................c. 385-c. 400

Prabhavatigupta (fem.), Regent c. 385-c. 405

Damodarasena................................c. 400-c. 440

Narendrasena................................c. 440-c. 460

Prithvishena II.............................c. 460-c. 480

Harishena...................................c. 480-c. 510

Further disorders, followed by the emergence of the Chalukyas.

CHALUKYA - Badami

Pulakesin I....................................543-566

Kirtivarman I..................................566-597

Mangalesa......................................597-609

Pulakesin II...................................609-642

vacant

Vikramaditya I.................................655-680

Vinayaditya....................................680-696

Vijayaditya....................................696-733

Vikramaditya II................................733-746

Kirtivarman II.................................746-757 opposed by...

RASHTRAKUTA

Dantidurga.....................................754-768

Krishna I......................................768-783

Govinda I......................................768- ?

Dhruva

Govinda II.....................................793-814

Amoghavarsha I.................................814-877

Krishna II.....................................877-915

Indra I........................................915-917

Amoghavarsha II................................917-918

Govinda III....................................918-934

Amoghavarsha III...............................934-939

Krishna III....................................939-968

Khottiga.......................................968-972

Karka Amoghhavarsha IV.........................972-973

Indra II.......................................973-982 opposed by...

CHALUKYA - Kalyana

Taila Ahavamalla...............................973-997

Satyasraya Irivabedanga........................997-1008

Vikramaditya I................................1008-1014

Ayyana........................................1014-1015

Jayasimha.....................................1015-1042

Somesvara I...................................1042-1068

Somesvara II..................................1068-1076

Vikramaditya II...............................1076-1127

Somesvara III.................................1127-1138

Jagadekamalla.................................1138-1151

Tailapa.......................................1151-1156

KALACHURI

Bijjala.......................................1156-1168

Somesvara.....................................1168-1177

Sankama.......................................1177-1180

Ahavamalla....................................1180-1183

Singhana......................................1183-1184

CHALUKYA

Somesvara IV..................................1184-1200

YADAVA

Singhana......................................1200-1247

Krishna.......................................1247-1261

Mahadeva......................................1261-1271

Amana..............................................1271

Ramachandra...................................1271-1311

Sankaradeva...................................1311-1313

Harapaladeva..................................1313-1317

To Delhi......................................1317-1347

Sultanate of the DECCAN

BAHMANID

Aladdin Hassan Bahman Shah....................1347-1358

Mohammed Shah I...............................1358-1375

Aladdin Mujahid Shah..........................1375-1378

Da'ud Shah.........................................1378

Mohammed Shah II..............................1378-1397

Ghiyath ud-Din.....................................1397

Shams ud-Din.......................................1397

Taj ud-Din Firuz Shah.........................1397-1422

Ahmad Shah I Wali.............................1422-1436

Aladdin Ahmad Shah II.........................1436-1458

Aladdin Humayun Zalim Shah....................1458-1461

Nizam Shah....................................1461-1463

Mohammed Shah III Lashkari....................1463-1482

Mahmud Shah...................................1482-1518

Ahmad Shah III................................1518-1521

Aladdin.......................................1521-1522

Wali-Allah Shah...............................1522-1525

Kalim-Allah Shah..............................1525-1527

By the end of the 15th century, the Deccan had fragmented into

competing statelets; the five of primary significance were

Ahmadnagar, Berar, Bidar, Bijapur, and Golkonda.

To the Mughal Empire piecemeal, 1633/87

In the latter 17th century, a nationalist revolution erupted out of

the Bijapur area, leading to a revival of Hinduism and native Indian

strength in their own land. The instigator of this movement, Sivaji

the Great, established a new Hindu kingdom within western

Maharashtra at Satara, within the old Deccan successor state of

Bijapur. See also the Peshwas at Poona for leaders of the Maratha

Confederation.

BHONSLE

Sivaji I the Great....................(1655-) 1674-1680

Shambhuji I...................................1680-1689

Rajaram.......................................1689-1700

Tara Bai (fem.)................................1700-1708

Shahu I.......................................1708-1749

Ramaraja......................................1749-1777

Shahu II......................................1777-1808

Pratap Singh..................................1808-1839

Shahji Raja...................................1839-1848

To Great Britain thereafter...

MALWA An Indo-Aryan kingdom in west-central India - the tableland to

the north of the Vindhya Range.

KSHATRAPA

Castana........................................110- ? CE

Rudradaman I

Damajadasri I..................................170-175

Jivadaman..........................................175 d. 199

Rudrasimha I...................................175-188 d. 197

Isvaradatta....................................188-191

Rudrasimha I (restored)........................191-197

Jivadaman (restored)...........................197-199

Rudrasena I....................................200-222

Samghadaman....................................222-223

Damasena.......................................223-232

Damajadasri II.................................232-239 with...

Viradaman......................................234-238

Yasodaman I........................................239

Vijayasena.....................................239-250

Damajadasri III................................251-255

Rudrasena II...................................255-277

Visvasimha.....................................277-282

Bhartridaman...................................282-295 with...

Visvasena......................................293-304

Rudrasimha II..................................304-348 with...

Yasodaman II...................................317-332

Rudradaman II..................................332-348

Rudrasena III..................................348-380

Simhasena......................................380- ?

To the Gupta Empire 382

Rudrasena IV

Rudrasimha III............................388-395

To the Gupta Empire directly...................395-c. 750

To the Pratiharas...........................c. 750-c. 800

PARAMARA

Upendra.....................................c. 800-c. 818

Vairisimha I................................c. 818-c. 843

Siyaka I....................................c. 843-c. 893

Vakpati.....................................c. 893-c. 918

Vairisimha II...............................c. 918-c. 948

Siyaka II...................................c. 948-c. 974

Vakpatiraja.................................c. 974-c. 995

Sindhuraja..................................c. 995-c. 1010

Bhoja I....................................c. 1010-c. 1055

Jayasimha I................................c. 1055-c. 1060

Udayaditya.................................c. 1060-c. 1087

Lakshmanadeva..............................c. 1087-c. 1097

Naravarman.................................c. 1097-c. 1134

Yasovarman.................................c. 1134-c. 1142

Jayavarman I...............................c. 1142-c. 1160

Vindhyavarman..............................c. 1160-c. 1193

Subhatavarman..............................c. 1193-c. 1210

Arjunavarman I.............................c. 1210-c. 1218

Devapala...................................c. 1218-c. 1239

Jaitugideva................................c. 1239-c. 1256

Jayavarman II..............................c. 1256-c. 1269

Jayasimha II...............................c. 1269-c. 1274

Arjunavarman II............................c. 1274-c. 1283

Bhoja II...................................c. 1283- ?

Mahlakadeva..................................c. ? -c. 1305

To Delhi...................................c. 1305-1390

GHURID

Dilavar Khan Husain...........................1390-1405

Alp Khan Hushang..............................1405-1435

Ghazni Khan Muhamnmad.........................1435-1436

Mas'ud Khan........................................1436

KHALJI

Mahmud Shah I.................................1436-1469

Ghiyath Shah..................................1469-1500

Nasr Shah.....................................1500-1511

Mahmud Shah II................................1511-1531

To Gujarat....................................1531-1535

Qadirid

Qadir Shah....................................1535-1542

To the Mughal Empire..........................1542-1555

Shaja'atid

Shaja'at Khan......................................1555

Miyan Bayezid Baz Bahadur.....................1555-1562

To the Mughal Empire..........................1562-1720's

To the Maratha Confederacy..................1720's-1818

To Great Britain..............................1818-1948

To India thereafter...

MANIPUR A region, now a State of India, located in the far

northeast - it is bordered by Assam to the west, Nagaland to the

north, and Burma to the east and south. It is a hilly country, and

difficult to access - the dominant people here are the Meithei, a

folk related to Tibetans and Burmese.

The Meithei maintain a traditional listing of sovereigns reaching

back to a remote past. As I have done with other chronologies, I

include this material here, with the normal caveat about taking the

dating too seriously...

Taangja Leelaa Paakhangba.....................1445-1405 BCE

Ningthou Kangba...............................1405-1359

Maria Fambaalchaa.............................1359-1329

Ningthou Kaksuba..............................1329-1297

Ningthou Tonkonba.............................1297-1276

Ningthou Pottingkoi...........................1276-1251

Ningthou Laanbicha............................1251-1229

Ningthou Sapaiba..............................1229-1209

Ningthou Puthiba..............................1209-1199

Khoiyum Ingouba

Khing Khing Laangba

Ngaangjeng Leitakpa

Khing Khing Ngaangba

Sana Manik

Toukai Ngamba

Tingkoi Ngamba

Korou Nongdren Paakhangba

Sentreng (and Kuptreng the Elder)

Mechi Sanaa

Khuman Lalheiba

Ahong Ningthou Haanba

Ninghthou Kaangba

Lamyaingamba

Samlunghphaa....................................44-34

Poireiton Khunthokpa............................34-18

Singtabung......................................18-8

Paangminnaba.....................................8-1

Luwaang Khunthiba............................1 BCE-5 CE

Luwaang Punshiba.................................5-33

Nongda Lairen Pakhangba.........................33-153 sic...

Khuiyoi Tompok.................................153-263 sic...

Taothingmang...................................263-363 sic...

Khui Ningomba..................................363-378

Pengsiba.......................................378-393

Kaokhangba.....................................393-410

Naokhamba......................................410-427

Naophangba.....................................427-517

Sameiraang.....................................517-567

Uraa Konthouba.................................567-657

?

Naothingkhong..................................662-762

Khongtekchaa...................................762-772

?

Keirencha......................................783-798

Yaaraba........................................798-820

Ayaangba.......................................820-909

Ningthou Cheng.................................909-948

Chenglei Ipaan Laangba.........................948-968

Yanglou Keiphaba...............................968-983

Kainou Irengba.................................983-1073 sic...

Loiyumba......................................1073-1121

Loitongba.....................................1121-1149

Atom Yoiremba.................................1149-1162

Hemtou Iwaan Thaaba...........................1162-1194

Thawaan Thaba.................................1194-1230

Chingthaang Laanthaaba........................1230-1241

Thingbai Selhongba............................1241-1246

Puroon Thaaba.................................1246-1262

Khumomba......................................1262-1277

Moraamba......................................1277-1301

Thaangbi Laanthaaba...........................1301-1323

Kongyaamba....................................1323-1334

Telheiba......................................1334-1354

Tonaaba.......................................1354-1359

Tabungba......................................1359-1394

Lairemba......................................1394-1399

Pengshiba.....................................1399-1432

Ningthou Khomba...............................1432-1467

Senbi Kiyaamba................................1467-1507

Koiremba......................................1507-1511

Chingkhong Lamgai Ngamba......................1511-1522

Nongyin Phaaba................................1522-1523

Senbi Khomba..................................1523-1541

Taangjaamba...................................1541-1544

Chalaamba.....................................1544-1561

Mungyaamba....................................1561-1596

Khagemba......................................1596-1651

Khunjaoba.....................................1651-1665

Paikhomba.....................................1665-1696

Charairongba..................................1696-1708

Paamheiba.....................................1708-1747

Chit Sai......................................1747-1751

Bhorot Sai....................................1751-1752

Maraamba......................................1752-1758

Chingthang Khomba.............................1758-1761

Maramba.......................................1761-1763

Before 1762, Manipur was almost entirely unknown outside it's local

region and consequently the sequence of rulers and dates is derived

exclusively from traditional sources. In that year, the Raja called

upon the British to assist in repeling a Burmese invasion. A further

request to again expel Burmese invaders came in 1824, and after that

Manipur begins to emerge. A series of disputed successions

culminated in a serious uprising in 1891, leading the British to

take a more active role in management.

Chingthang Khomba.............................1763-1798

Labeinachandra................................1798-1801

Madhuchandra..................................1801-1804

Chourjit......................................1804-1814

Marjit........................................1814-1819

Herachandra... Seven anarchic years: opposed by...

Yumjaotaba and...

Gambhirsing and...

Joysing and...

Jadusing and...

Raadhop and...

Bhadra

Gambhirsing...................................1826-1834

Chandrakirti..................................1834-1844

Narasingh.....................................1844-1850

Devendra...........................................1850

Chandrakirti..................................1850-1885

Surchandra....................................1886-1890

Kullachandra..................................1890-1891

Protectorate of Great Britain.................1891-1949

Churachand...............................1891-1941

Budhachandra.............................1941-1955

To India 1949-

The MARATHA CONFEDERACY The Marathas (Mahratta) are a people of

central India, primarily Maharashtra State. A vigourous and often

turbulent folk, they are best known outside India today as the

impetus behind the Hindu revival which occured in the latter 17th

century under Sivaji the Great, who carved a state out of Mughal

territory in western Maharashtra. The movement extended itself to

many parts of India in the ensuing generation, but real political

unity was proved impossible to create. As a response, Sivaji's

grandson Shahu I granted considerable authority to the Bhat family

as hereditary Prime Ministers (Peshwas) and proceeded with Peshwa

control of Marathan armies to expand his power base and that of

other maratha associate states. After Shahus death in 1749, the

Peshwas were the effective rulers of the confederation.

PESHWA - located at Poona

Balaji Vishvanath.............................1713-1720

Baji Rao I....................................1720-1740

Balaji Baji Rao...............................1740-1761

Madhava Rao Ballal............................1761-1772

Narayan Rao...................................1772-1773

Raghunath Rao.................................1773-1774

Madhava Rao Narayan...........................1774-1796

Chimnaji Appa......................................1796

Baji Rao II...................................1796-1818

To Great Britain thereafter...

MATHURA A Saka (Scythian) successor state of remote Dahae descent,

located slightly to the south of Delhi.

Karaostha ......................................? -c. 35 BCE

Rajuvula....................................35 BCE-22 CE with...

Sodasa..........................................10-45

Shivadatta......................................45-52

Hagamasha.......................................52-62

MULTAN An exceedingly ancient city in the Punjab. In ancient times

Multan was known as "The House of Gold" and was the main religious

center for a popular Indian solar cult centered around the god

Aditya.

Jibawin ?

Jibawin is listed in Arab sources as the builder of Multan's main

temple. He is described as having ruled in "ancient times". Nothing

else about him is recorded

??

To the Mauryan Empire..........................316-c. 250

To Bactria..................................c. 250-c. 100

To Suren (within Parthian hegemony)............100-60

To the Kushanids and the Kushanshahs.....c. 60 BCE-c. 300 CE

To the Guptas..................................300-mid 400's

To the Hephethalites.........................400's-565

To Sind........................................550-712

To the Caliphate...............................712-892

Banu SAMA

Asad al-Qurayshi...............................892-early 900's

opposed by...

A Qarmatian army under Abdullah al-Qarmati......c. 900

??

In 985 a coup led by an Ismai'ili agitator aligned with the Fatimids

toppled the last Sama emir of Multan. The new dynasty was

fanatically Shi'ite and allied with the Assasins of Alamut.

SUMRA/SHAIBANID (see also later Sind)

Jalam ibn Shaiban..............................985- ?

Hamid ibn Jalam................................ ? -997

Nasr ibn Hamid.................................997- ?

Abu'l Fath Daud ibn Nasr....................... ? -1008

To the Ghaznavids and Afghanistan.............1008-1215

Ai'i al-Karmani...................late 1100's-early 1200's

To Delhi......................................1215-1397

To the Timurids...............................1397-1413

To Dehli......................................1397-1438

LANGAH

Shaykh Yusuf al-Qurayshi......................1438-1440

Qutb ud-Din Shah Sahra Langah.................1440-1456

Husseyn Langah I..............................1456-1502

Mahmud Langah.................................1502-1527

Husseyn Langah II.............................1527-1528

To the Mughals................................1528-1730's

Abdul Samad Khan...............................fl. 1730's

To the Mughals..............................1730's-1752

To Kabul, but under constant attack by the Sikh Khalsa...1752-1816

Ali Muhammad Khakwani

Muzzafar Khan Saddozai........................1779-1818

To Lahore.....................................1818-1848

Diwan Mul Raj Singh................................1840's

To Great Britain...................................1848

Sardar Khan Singh..................................1848 opposed

by...

Diwan Mul Raj Singh (restored), in rebellion against Britain...1848-

1849

To Great Britain..............................1849-1947

To Pakistan...................................1947-

MUSTANG An isolated vale athwart the edge of the Himalayas, astride

the modern frontier between Nepal and Tibet. It has been for a very

long while a sub-Kingdom under the nominal tutelege of more powerful

states in the area.

Within the influence of Jumla and/or Tibet.c. 1380-1795

Ame Pal...............................c. 1380-c. 1450

Tsetin Trandul...........................fl. late 15th c. ?

??

Je Ang....................................fl. c. 1700

Krathis Namgyal...........................fl. c. 1720

Tenzing Anjia.............................fl. c. 1740

Anjia Dorje...............................fl. c. 1760/80

Within Nepal..................................1795-1912

Krathis Ningpo............................fl. c. 1800

Jampel Traldus............................fl. c. 1825

Kunga Norbu...............................fl. c. 1845

Jamian Angdu.............................. ? -1860

Jambian Pelbar...........................1860-1905

Within Tibet..................................1912-1950

Angun Tenzing Trandul....................1905-1950 d. 1964

Within Nepal..................................1950-

Angdu Ningpo.............................1950-1961

Angun Tenzing Trandul (restored).........1961-1964

Jigme Dorje Trandul......................1964-19..

Jigme Pelbar Bista.......................19..-

MYSORE A large and important city and district in the extreme south

of India, about 90 miles (145 km.) east of the Malabar Coast.

WESTERN GANGA

Kongunivarman Madhava I........................fl. c. 350 CE

Madhava II.....................................fl. c. 400

Harivarman.....................................fl. c. 450

Vishnugopa

Madhava III....................................fl. c. 460

Avinita........................................fl. c. 500

Durvinita......................................fl. c. 540

Mushkara

Sri Vikrama

Bhuvikrama

Sivamara I.....................................fl. c. 670

name unknown

Sri Purusha....................................725-788

Sivamara II....................................788-817

Rajamalla I....................................817-853

Nitimarga I....................................853-870

Rajamalla II...................................870-907

Nitimarga II...................................907-935

Narasimha......................................935-936

Rajamalla III..................................936-937

Butuga.........................................937-960

Maruladeva.........................................960

Marasimha......................................960-974

Rajamalla IV...................................974-985

Rakkasa Ganga..................................985-1024

HOYSALA

Nripakama.....................................1022-1047

Vinayadita....................................1047-1098 with...

Ereyanga......................................1063-1100

Ballala I.....................................1100-1110

Vishnuvardhana................................1110-1152

Narasimha I...................................1152-1173

Ballala II....................................1173-1220

Narasimha II..................................1220-1238 with...

Somesvara.....................................1233-1267 with...

Narasimha III.................................1254-1292 with...

Ballala III...................................1291-1342

Virupaksha Ballala IV.........................1342-1346

Vacant

WADIYAR

Yadu Raya.....................................1399-1423

Hiriya Bettada Chamaraja I....................1423-1459

Timmaraja I...................................1459-1478

Hiriya Chamaraja II...........................1478-1513

Hiriya Bettada Chamaraja III..................1513-1553

Timmaraja II..................................1553-1572

Bola Chamaraja IV.............................1572-1576

Bettada Devaraja..............................1576-1578

Raja Wadiyar..................................1578-1617

Chamaraja V...................................1617-1637

Immadi Raja...................................1637-1638

Kanthirava Narasaraja I.......................1638-1659

Kempa Devaraja................................1659-1673

Chikkadevaraja................................1673-1704

Kanthirava Narasaraja II......................1704-1714

Krishnaraja I.................................1714-1732

Chamaraja VI..................................1732-1734

Krishnaraja II................................1734-1766

Nanjaraja................................1766-1770

Bettada Chamaraja VII....................1770-1776

Khasa Chamaraja VIII.....................1776-1796

HAIDARID

Haidar 'Ali Khan..............................1762-1782

Tipu Sultan...................................1782-1799

WADIYAR

Krishnaraja III...............................1799-1831

To Great Britain..............................1831-1881

Chamaraja IX..................................1881-1894

Krishnaraja IV................................1894-1940

Jayachamarajendra Bahadur.....................1940-1949

To India......................................1948-

NAGPUR A Marathan state within central India.

BHONSLE

Raghuji I.....................................1738-1755

Janoji........................................1755-1772

Mudhoji I.....................................1772-1788

Raghuji II....................................1788-1816

Mudhoji II....................................1816-1818

Raghuji III...................................1818-1853

To Great Britain thereafter...

NEPAL A landlocked state athwart the southern Himalayas, the last

remaining Hindu Kingdom.

RAGHAVADEVA

Raghavadeva....................................fl. c. 879

Jayadeva

Vikramadeva

Narendradeva I

Gunakamadeva I

Udayadeva

Nirbhayadeva...................................fl. c. 1008

Rudradeva I................................c. 1008-c. 1015

Bhoja..............................................c. 1015

Lakshmikamadeva I..........................c. 1015-c. 1039

Jayakamadeva...............................c. 1039-1046

THAKURI

Bhaskaradeva..................................1046-1059

Baladeva......................................1059-1064

Pradyumnakamadeva.............................1064- ?

Nagfarjunadeva................................. ? -1068

Shankaradeva..................................1068-1080

Vamadeva......................................1080-1090

Harshadeva....................................1090-1118

Shivadeva.....................................1118-1128

Indradeva.....................................1128- ?

Manadeva.......................................... c. 1130's ?

Narendradeva II.................................. -1146

Anandadeva....................................1146- ?

Rudradeva II................................... ? -1176

Amritadeva....................................1176- ?

Ratnadeva......................................... c. 1180's ?

Somesvaradeva.................................. ? -1187

Gunakamadeva II...............................1187-1193

Lakshmikamadeva II............................1193-1196

Vijayakamadeva................................1196-1201

MALLA

Arimalladeva..................................1201-c. 1216

Ranasura...........................................c. 1216

Abhayamalla................................c. 1216-c. 1235

Jayadevamalla..............................c. 1235-c. 1258

Jayabhimadeva..............................c. 1258-c. 1271

Jayasimhamalla.............................c. 1271-c. 1274

Anantamalla................................c. 1274-c. 1310

Jayanandadeva..............................c. 1310-c. 1347 with...

Jayarudramalla.............................c. 1320-c. 1326 and...

Jayarimalla................................c. 1320-c. 1344

Jayarajadeva...............................c. 1347-c. 1361

Jayarjunamalla.............................c. 1361-c. 1382

Jayasthitimalla............................c. 1382-c. 1395

Jayadharmamalla............................c. 1395-c. 1408 with...

Jayakitimalla..............................c. 1395-c. 1403 and...

Jayajyotimalla.............................c. 1395-c. 1428

Jayayakshamalla............................c. 1428-c. 1482

At this point the state was partitioned. See Bhatgaon, Gurkha,

Katmandu, and Patan. In 1768/9, the state was reunited under Gurkha

hegemony.

GURKHA

Prithvi Narayana..............................1768-1774

Pratapa Simha.................................1774-1777

Rana Bahadur..................................1777-1799

Girvan Yuddha Bikram..........................1799-1816

Rajendra Bikram...............................1816-1847

Surendra Bikram...............................1847-1881

Prithvi Bir Bikram............................1881-1911

Tribhuvana Bir Bikram.........................1911-1950 d. 1955

Gyanendra Bir Bikram..........................1950-1951 d.

Tribhuvana Bir Bikram (restored)..............1951-1955

Mahendra Bir Bikram...........................1955-1972

Birendra Bir Bikram...........................1972-2001

Dipendra Bir Bikram.......................(3 days) 2001

Gyanendra Bir Bikram (restored)...............2001-

ORISSA A province in eastern India, located on the Bay of Bengal

between the delta of the Ganges and Bramhaputra floodplain to the

northeast, and the Hyderabad region to the southwest. The area has

for a very long time been a primary center of Hindu art and culture.

SOMAVAMSI1

Sivagupta...................................c. 915-c. 935

Janamejaya Mahabhavagupta I.................c. 935-c. 970

Yayati Mahasivagupta I......................c. 970-c. 1000

Bhimaratha Mahabhavagupta II...............c. 1000-c. 1015

Dharmaratha Mahasivgagupta II..............c. 1015-c. 1020

Nahusa Mahabhavagupta III.................c. 1020-c. 1025

Chandihara Yayati Mahasivagupta III........c. 1025-c. 1055

Uddyotakesari Mahabhavagupta IV............c. 1055-c. 1090

Karnakesari................................c. 1080-c. 1118

GANGA

Anantavarman Chodaganga....................c. 1118-c. 1148

Kamarnava..................................c. 1148-c. 1157

Raghava....................................c. 1157-c. 1171

Rajaraja I.................................c. 1171-c. 1192

Aniyankabhima I............................c. 1192-c. 1205

Rajaraja II................................c. 1205-c. 1216

Aniyankabhima II...........................c. 1216-c. 1238

Narasimha I................................c. 1238-c. 1264

Bhanudeva I................................c. 1264-c. 1279

Narasimha II...............................c. 1279-c. 1306

Bhanudeva II...............................c. 1306-c. 1328

Narasimha III..............................c. 1328-c. 1352

Bhanudeva III..............................c. 1352-c. 1378

Narasimha IV...............................c. 1378-c. 1414

Bhanudeva IV...............................c. 1414-1434

GAJAPATI

Kapilendra....................................1434-1467

Purushottama..................................1467-1497

Prataparudra..................................1497-1540

Kaluadeva.....................................1540-1541

Kakharuadeva.......................................1541

A final Orrisan dynasty

Govindaraja Vidyadhara........................1541-1549

Chakrapatapa..................................1549-1557

Narasimha Jana................................1557-1558

Raghurama Chhotra.............................1558-1560

Mukundadeva Harichandana......................1560-1568

To Bengal.....................................1568-1576

To the Mughal Empire..........................1576-1703

Most to Maratha states, especially Nagpur after 1738. All to Great

Britain by the mid 19th century.

PATAN A town in central Nepal, nowadays Lalitapur, just south of

Katmandu. During the centuries of Malla fragmentation, it became a

separate state.

To Nepal to c. 1482

To Katmandu................................c. 1482-c. 1620

MALLA

Jayasiddhinarasimhamalla...................c. 1620-c. 1661

Jayasrinivasamalla.........................c. 1661-1684

Jayayoganarendramalla.........................1684-1705

Jayalokaprakasamalla..........................1705-1706

Jayendramalla.................................1706-1709

Jayamahendramalla..................................1709 d. 1714

Jayaviranarasimhamalla.............................1709

Jayamahendramalla (restored)..................1709-1714

Jayariddhinarasimhamalla......................1715-1717

Jayabhaskaramalla.............................1717-1722

Jayayogaprakasamalla..........................1722-1729

Sri Jayavishnumalla...........................1729-1745

Jayarajyaprakasamalla.........................1745-1758

Jayavisvajitmalla.............................1758-1760

Jayaprakasamalla..............................1760-1762 d. 1763

Jayaranajitmalla..............................1762-1763

Jayaprakasamalla (restored)........................1763

SAHA

Dalamardana...................................1764-1765

MALLA

Jayatejanarayanasimhamalla....................1765-1768

To Gurkha, and Nepal thereafter...

PATIALA A young city (founded 1762) about 140 miles (175 km.) north-

northwest of New Delhi and roughly 100 miles (160 km.) southeast of

the Pakistani frontier.

SIKH For further commentary on the Sikhs, see below.

Ala Singh.....................................1762-1765

Amar Singh....................................1765-1781

Sahib Singh...................................1781-1813

Karam Singh...................................1813-1845

Narindar Singh................................1845-1862

Mohindar Singh................................1862-1876

Rajindar Singh................................1876-1900

Bhupindar Singh...............................1900-1938

Yadavindar Singh..............................1938-1948

To India thereafter...

PHATLAN A state in Maharashtra region of India.

NAIK NIMBRALKAR

Nimbraj I.....................................1284-1291

Padakhala Jagdevrao Dharpatrao................1291-1327

Nimbraj II....................................1327-1349

Vanang Bhupal.................................1349-1374

?

Vanangpal.....................................1390-1394

Vangoji I.....................................1394-1409

Maloji I......................................1409-1420

Baji I........................................1420-1445

Powarrao......................................1445-1470

Baji II.......................................1470-1512

Mudhoji II....................................1512-1527

Baji Dharrao..................................1527-1560

Maloji II.....................................1560-1570

Vangoji II Jagpalrao..........................1570-1630

Mudhoji II....................................1630-1644

Bajaji I......................................1644-1676

Vangoji III...................................1676-1693

Janoji........................................1693-1748

Mudhoji III...................................1748-1765

?

Sayaji........................................1767-1774

Maloji III....................................1774-1777

Janoji II.....................................1777-1825

?

Bajaji II.....................................1827-1828

?

Client to Great Britain.....................1830's-1916

Mudhoji IV...............................1860-1916

To Great Britain directly.....................1916-1948

To India thereafter...

PONDICHERRY A city and enclave on the Carnatic coast of southeastern

India, the chief French stronghold on the subcontinent.

To Chola Empire (A Chola capital 9th-11th c.)..846-1279

To Delhi......................................1279-1334

To Madurai....................................1334-1378

To Vijayanagar................................1378-1565

To the Mughal Empire..........................1565-1674

To France.....................................1674-1954

To India......................................1954-

PUNJAB Region in the NW of the Indian subcontinent. Since 1947 it

has been separated into an Indian state and a Pakistani province

bearing the same name. The Indus River bounds the region in part of

the west and the Yamuna River in part of the east. Punjab was one of

the early centers of Indian civilization; more recently it has

become the heartland of the Sikh community. See also Sind, for a

closely related district.

The Indus Valley civilization..............c. 2300-1700 BCE

A blank time, no knowlege of people living here remains...

To Persia...................................c. 520-late 400s

?

Local polities..........................late 400's-329

Ambhi (Omphis) (in Taxila).....................fl. 330's opposed

by...

Puru (Porus) (in Katha)........................fl. 330's and...

Numerous petty kingdoms and tribal republics, including Aspasia,

Assakeonois, Siboi, Kushudrakas, Maliavas, and Ambashta and then all

under...

To Macedon.....................................329-316

Macedonian Satraps

Philippus.................................329-325

Eudemenes.................................325-316 ?

To the Mauryan Empire..........................316-c. 250

To Bactria..................................c. 250-c. 100

To Suren (within Parthian hegemony)............100-60

To the Kushanids and the Kushanshahs.....c. 60 BCE-c. 300 CE

Gondopharnes (in Taxila)..................fl. c. 50 CE

To the Guptas..................................300-mid 400's

To the Hephethalites.........................400's-565

Local polities.................................565-712

To the Caliphate...............................712-c. 850

Largely to Multan..............................850-1008

To the Ghaznavids, and Afghanistan............1008-1215

To Khwarazm...................................1215-1221 and...

To Delhi (in the south and east)..............1215-1524 opposed

by...

Mongols and Il-Khanate successors (in north)..1221-1398

To the Mughal Empire..........................1524-1740

To Persia.....................................1740-1747

To Afghanistan................................1747-1799

Largely to the Khalsa (see Sikhs), and to Lahore..1799-1849

But see also local polities, including Patiala, Multan, Bikaner, and

Bahawalpur.

To Great Britain..............................1849-1947

To India (east)...............................1947- and...

To Pakistan (west)............................1947-

SAKYA An ancient tribal kingdom in the Himalayan foothills, along

the Indian-Nepalese border. Its capital was Kapilavatthu (located

about 5 miles (8 km.) inside Nepal, in the southeast corner of

modern Lumbini Province). It is best known as the birthplace of the

Buddha.

GOTAMAGOTTA

Okkaka.........................................fl. c. 800 BCE ?

Okkamukha

Nipuna

Candima

Candamukha

Sivisanjaya

Vessantara

Jali

Sihavahana

Sihassara

Sihassara is credited in Buddhist mythology with having over 82,000

sons and grandsons - an impressive, if mythical, achievement.

Jayasena Hastikarisrsa

Sihahanu

Suddhodana Shakyasimha the Lion....................mid 500's BCE

Suddhodana was the father of Siddhartha Gotama, the Buddha.

??

To the Mauryan Empire.......................c. 320-c. 187

To Maghada..............................c. 187 BCE-c. 275 CE

To the Gupta Empire.........................c. 275-c. 550

To Tibet (Tu-Fan)...........................c. 550-c. 850

To Magadha..................................c. 850-1230

To Delhi......................................1230-1394

To Jaunpur....................................1394-1483

To Delhi......................................1483-1526

To the Mughal Empire..........................1526-1722

To Awadh......................................1722-1856

To British East India Company.................1856-1857

To Great Britain (northern dist. to Nepal)....1857-1948

To India (northern districts remain Nepalese).1948-

SATAVAHANA A Dravidian kingdom in the Deccan plain of central India,

centered mostly around the Andhra Pradesh region. At its height in

the first century CE it dominated most of southern India. It's

dynasts were noted as patrons of advanced literature and

architecture, but the state suffered and ultimately collapsed from

almost continuous internecine warfare with it's neighbours. Note

that the dates of these rulers, and in some instances even the order

in which they appear, is in some disarray - in researching this

dynasty, I seldom found two lists that agreed at any particular

instance.

The Satavahana dynasts emerged out of the chaos following the

disruption of the Mauryan Empire...

Probably vassals of Maghadha/Sunga.............235-75 BCE

SATAKARNI

Simukha........................................235-212

Another source has Simukha's dates as 271-248.

Kanha..........................................212-195

Satakarni I....................................195-193

Vedistri.......................................193- ?

Satisiri....................................... ? -c. 166

Satakarni II................................c. 166-111 BCE

Eight rulers, names unknown...

Probably vassals of Kanva.......................75-35

Hala............................................19-24 CE

Hala is the author of the Gathasaptasati, one of the classics of

Indian literature.

Pulumavi I......................................24- ?

?

Gautamiputra Satakarni..........................62-95

Pulumavi II.....................................96-119

Siri Satakarni.................................119-149

Shiva Siri Pulumavi............................149-156

Siri-Sivakhada Satakarni.......................157-159

Sri Yajna......................................160-189

Madhariputra Svami Sakasena........................190's

By the end of the 2nd century CE, the rule of the Satavahanas had

come to an end. The empire was disrupted, and divided among several

successor states, including Chutu, Pallava, Ikshvaku, and Abhira.

SAURASHTRA A district within south-central Gujarat, comprising the

greater part of the Kathiawar Peninsula, with the city of Rajkot as

its center.

To the Mauryan Empire....................3rd cent.-180's

Poorly documented era....................180's BCE-130 CE

To Malwa.......................................130-382

To the Guptan Empire...........................382-c. 475

To Vallabhi.................................c. 475-c. 767

To the Pratiharan Empire....................c. 767-c. 845

CHUDSAMA

Chandrachud.................................c. 845-907

Mulraja........................................907-915

Vishvara.......................................915-940

Graharipu......................................940-982

Kawat I........................................982-1003

Mahipala I....................................1003-1010

To the Ghaznavids (Afghanistan)...............1010-1020

Navghan I.....................................1020-1044

Khengar I.....................................1044-1067

Navghan II....................................1067-1094

Khengar II....................................1094-1113

To Gujarat....................................1113-1125

Navghan III...................................1125-1140

Kawat II......................................1140-1152

Jaya Singh I..................................1152-1184

Raya Singh.........................................1184

Mahipala II...................................1184-1201

Jaya Malla....................................1201-1230

Mahipala III..................................1230-1253

Khengar III...................................1253-1260

Mandlik I.....................................1260-1306

Navghan IV....................................1306-1308

Mahipala IV...................................1308-1325

Khengar IV....................................1325-1352

Jaya Singh II.................................1352-1369

Mahipala V....................................1369-1373

Mokala Singh..................................1373-1397

Mandlik II....................................1397-1400

Melag.........................................1400-1415

Jaya Singh III................................1415-1440

Mahipala VI...................................1440-1451

Mandlik III...................................1451-1472

To Gujarat....................................1472-1573

To the Mughal Empire..........................1573-1728

To the Maratha Confederacy....................1728-1818

To Great Britain..............................1818-1948

To India thereafter...

The SIKHS A religious movement which began in the 15th century, and

now has about 18 million followers. It was started as a response to

both Hinduism and Islam, and attempted a working syncretism between

the two faiths. Persecuted by both, and outlawed in Mughal times,

the Sikh community traveled north into the hills of the Punjab,

where the greatest number of them still live. They continued to be

the object of hostlity and persecution, and gradually a martial life-

style emerged as a means of defending their communities.

The GURUS (Teachers)

Nanak.........................................1469-1539

Angad.........................................1539-1552

Amar Das......................................1552-1574

Ram Das Sodni Ji..............................1574-1581

Arjun Mal.....................................1581-1606

With the execution of Arjun Mal, the Sikhs migrated north into the

Punjab.

Hargobind.....................................1606-1644

Har Rai.......................................1644-1661

Hari Krishen..................................1661-1664

Tegh Bahadur..................................1664-1675

Gobind Rai....................................1675-1699 d. 1708

Gobind transformed the Sikh community into what was effectively an

army, the Khalsa, or "Pure Ones". He discarded the title of Guru,

mandated the adoption by all Sikhs of the honorific "Singh" (Lion,

male) or "Kaur" (Lioness, female) to their names, and henceforth was

Commander of the Khalsa.

Commanders of the Khalsa

Gobind Rai Singh..............................1699-1708

Banda Singh Bahadur...........................1708-1716

After the killing of Banda Singh, the Sikh community fragmented. But

Mughal authority was waning as well, and by the middle of the 18th

century, several Sikh-led communities had gained nominal or real

independence. See Lahore and Patiala for a continuance of the

leadership of this people.

SIKKIMA small Himalayan vale nestled between Nepal and Bhutan.

Phuntsog Namgyal..............................1642-1670

Tensung Namgyal...............................1670-1686

Chador Namgyal................................1686-1717

Gyurmed Namgyal...............................1717-1733

Namgyal Namgyal...............................1733-1780

Tenzing Namgyal...............................1780-1793

Tsugphud Namgyal..............................1793-1863

Sidkeong Namgyal I............................1863-1874

Thutob Namgyal................................1874-1914

Sidkeong Namgyal II................................1914

Tashi Namgyal.................................1914-1963

Palden Thondup Namgyal........................1963-1975

Seized by India...............................1975-

SINDH Occupying the frontier zone between India and Pakistan, this

is the land adjacent to the Indus River and the Thar Desert. It is,

in fact, one of the oldest inhabited regions on earth, and hosted

one of the worlds great pre-classical civilizations. Today it

includes the cities of Karachi (former capital and still the largest

city in Pakistan) and Hyderabad (not to be confused with the city in

central India of the same name). See also Punjab, for a closely

related district.

The Indus Valley civilization. Not much is known about this people,

who developed an urbanized culture in the late 3rd millenium BCE.

Primary known sites include Mohenjo-daro, Amri, and Kot Diji. This

culture, which was an important commercial partner to Dilmun and

early Mesopotamia, seems to have been active c. 2300-c. 1700 BCE.

A blank time, no knowledge of people living here remains...

To Persia...................................c. 520-326

To Macedon.....................................326-310

To the Seleucid Empire.........................310-306

To the Mauryan Empire..........................306-c. 250

To Bactria..................................c. 250-c. 100

To the Bactrian Sakae.......................c. 100-c. 20

To the Kushanid Empire...................c. 20 BCE-c. 230 CE

To the Kushanshahs..........................c. 230-c. 410

To the White Huns (Hephthalites)...............410-565

Sahasi I ?

?

Siharu.......................................early 600's

Sahasi II...................................... ? -632

CHACH

Chach.......................................c. 643-c. 671

Chandar.....................................c. 671-c. 679

Dahir.......................................c. 679-711

Hullishah......................................712-c. 724

Sisah..........................................fl. c. 724

To the Caliphate............................c. 725-855

Amirs of Sindh under the Caliphate

Muhammad ibn Qasim........................712-715 d. c. 720

Habib ibn Muhalab.........................715- ?

Amr ibn Muslim al-Bahili

Bilal ibn Ahwaz

Junaid ibn Abd ar-Rahman

Tamim ibn Zaid al-Atbi

Hakam ibn Awanah al-Qalbi.................fl. c. 732

Amr ibn Muhammad ibn Qasim................fl. c. 737

Yazid ibn Arrar

al-Mansur ibn Jamhur al-Qalbi.............fl. c. 750

?

Musa al-Barmakhi

Umar ibn Musa

Daud ibn Yazid............................ ? -821

Bashar ibn Daud...........................fl. 830's

HIBARI

Umar al-Hibari (Caliphate gov. until 855)...c. 850-865

Abdallah ibn Umar...........................c. 865-893

The Hibari clan ruled most of Sindh until its conquest by the

Ghaznavids in 1005, but the names of subsequent rulers are unknown

to me at this time.

To the Ghaznavid Empire.......................1005-1058

SUMRA

Sumra.................................c. 1025-c. 1053

Bhungar I..................................c. 1053-c. 1068

Duda I.....................................c. 1068-c. 1092

Singhar....................................c. 1092-c. 1107

Hamun (fem.)....................................fl. c. 1107

Pithu

Khaira

Hafif I

'Umar

Duda II

Pahtu

Genhra II

Mohammed Tur

Genhra II

Duda III...................................c. 1190-c. 1204

Tai........................................c. 1204-c. 1228

Chani Sar..................................c. 1228-c. 1246

Bhungar II.................................c. 1246-c. 1261

Hafif II...................................c. 1261-c. 1279

Duda IV....................................c. 1279-c. 1304

'Umar Sumra................................c. 1304-c. 1330

Bhungar III................................c. 1330-1336

Hamir..............................................1336

SAMMA

Unar..........................................1336-1340

Juna..........................................1340-1353

Banhatiya.....................................1353-1376

Timaji........................................1376-1379

Salah ud-Din..................................1379-1391

Nizam ud-Din..................................1391-1393

'Ali Sher.....................................1393-1408

Fath Khan.....................................1408-1422

Tughluq.......................................1423-1449

Mubarak............................................1449

Sikandar......................................1449-1452

Sanjar........................................1452-1460

Nizam ud-Din Nanda............................1460-1492

Firuz Salah ud-Din............................1492-1521

ARGHUN

Mirza Shah Beg (in Qandahar 1507-1522)........1522-1524

Mirza Husain..................................1524-1556

Mirza Mohammed 'Isa...........................1556-1567

Mirza Mohammed Baqi...........................1567-1585

Mirza Janibeg.................................1585-1591

To the Mughal Empire..........................1591-1718

KALHORA

Yar Mohammed Khan........................1701-1719

Nur Mohammed..................................1719-1752 d. 1754

To Afghanistan................................1752-c. 1760

Mohammed Murad Yar Khan....................c. 1760-c. 1765

Gulam Shah.................................c. 1765-1770's

3 rulers - no documented names as yet

Sarfaraz

Mahmud............................10 months in the 1770's

Ghulam Nabi

Abdul Nabi

Sadiq 'Ali

Abdul Nabi (restored)............................ -1783

TALPUR The Talpur arranged a dispersed system of local co-Princes,

with the Hyderabad succession as senior and chief among them. All

had a certain measure of influence over the polity as a whole.

Fath 'Ali Khan (at Hyderabad: Chief)..........1783-1801 with...

Thara (at Mirpur).............................1783-1829 and...

Sohrab (at Khairpur)..........................1783-1811 and...

Ghulam 'Ali Khan (at Hyderabad: Chief)........1801-1811 and...

Karim 'Ali Khan (Hyderabad: Chief 1811-28)....1801-1828 and...

Rustam 'Ali Khan (at Khairpur)................1811-1842 and...

Murad 'Ali (at Hyderabad: Chief)..............1828-1832 and...

Sher Mohammed (at Mirpur).....................1829-1843 and...

Mubarak 'Ali Khan (at Khairpur)...............1829-1839 and...

Sahib (at Hyderabad: Chief)...................1832-1833 and...

Nur Mohammed Khan (at Hyderabad: Chief).......1833-1841 and...

Mohammed Nasr Khan (Hyderabad: Chief 1841-3)..1833-1843 and...

Sobdar (at Hyderabad).........................1833-1843 and...

Mohammed (at Hyderabad).......................1833-1843 and...

Nasr Khan (at Khairpur).......................1839- ? and...

Shahdad (at Hyderabad)........................1841-1843 and...

Husain 'Ali (at Hyderabad)....................1841-1843

To Great Britain..............................1843-1948

A comment here is irresistable. Sir Charles Napier, the military

commander who conquered Sindh in 1843, sent to London on the

completion of his mission what is perhaps the most succinct despatch

in the annals of military history, and one which also provides an

extremely rare multi-lingual triple pun: he scrawled the single

word "Peccavi", which is Latin for "I have sinned".

To Pakistan...................................1948-

Further Emirs of Khairpur...

Under British authority.......................1843-1948

TALPUR

`Ali Murad Khan..........................1842-1894

Fa´iz Mohammad Khan I....................1894-1909

Imam Bakhsh Khan.........................1909-1921

`Ali Nawaz Khan..........................1921-1935

Fa´iz Mohammad Khan II...................1935-1947

Under Pakistani authority.....................1948-1955

George `Ali Murad Khan...................1947-1955

Emirate to Pakistan directly..................1955-

SOUTHERN INDIAThe southern portion of the subcontinent has often

followed a different course of development than the center and

north. Here the non-Aryan Dravidians retreated, and here have been

the loci of several large and powerful states. Currently, this

listing memorializes the last two.

PALLAVA EMPIRE

Simhavarman I...............................c. 315-c. 345

Skandavarman I..............................c. 345-c. 355 with...

Vishnugopa..................................c. 350-c. 355

Kumaravishnu I..............................c. 355-c. 370

Skandavarman II.............................c. 370-c. 385

Viravarman..................................c. 385-c. 400

Skandavarman III............................c. 400-c. 438

Simhavarman II..............................c. 438-c. 460

Skandavarman IV.............................c. 460-c. 480

Nandivarman I...............................c. 480-c. 500

Kumaravishnu II.............................c. 500-c. 520

Buddhavarman................................c. 520-c. 540

Kumaravishnu III............................c. 540-c. 550

Simhavarman III.............................c. 550-c. 574

Simhavishnu.................................c. 574-c. 600

Mahendravarman I............................c. 600-630

Narasimhavarman I..............................630-668

Mahendravarman II..............................668-670

Paramesvaravarman I............................670-680

Narasimhavarman II.............................680-720

Paramesvaravarman II...........................720-731

Nandivarman II.................................731-795

Dantivarman....................................795-845 with...

Nandivarman III................................844-866 with...

Nripatungavarman...............................855-896 with...

Aparajita......................................879-897

CHOLA EMPIRE

Vijayalaya..................................c. 846-c. 871

Asitya I....................................c. 871-907

Parantaka......................................907-947

Rajaditya I....................................947-949

Gandaraditya...................................949-956

Arinjaya...........................................956

Parantaka II.......................................956

Aditya II......................................956-969

Madhurantaka Uttama............................969-985

Rajaraja I Deva the Great......................985-1012

Rajendra I Choladeva..........................1012-1044

Rajadhiraja I.................................1044-1052

Rajendra II Deva..............................1052-1060

Ramamahendra..................................1060-1063

Virarajendra..................................1063-1067

Adhirajendra..................................1067-1070

Rajendra III..................................1070-1122

Vikrama Chola.................................1122-1135

Kulottunga II Chola...........................1135-1150

Rajraja II....................................1150-1173

Rajadhiraja II................................1173-1179

Kulottunga III................................1179-1218

Rajaraja III..................................1218-1246

Rajendra IV...................................1246-1279

Chola disrupted by defeat at the hands of the Delhi Sultanate.

Portions of the state annexed to Delhi, while other areas fall into

the hands of provincial rulers. Eventually, Vijayanagar ("City of

Victory") emerges as the chief center of independent Hindu

resistance to Muslim control of most of India...

VIJAYANAGAR

SANGAMA

Harihara I....................................1336-1356

Bukka I.......................................1356-1377

Harihara II...................................1377-1404

Virupaksha I..................................1404-1405

Bukka II......................................1405-1406

Devaraya I....................................1406-1422

Ramachandra...................................1422-1430 with...

Devaraya II...................................1422-1446

Vijaya II.....................................1446-1447 with...

Mallikarjuna..................................1446-1465

Virupaksha II.................................1465-1485

SALUVA

Narasimha.....................................1485-1490

Timma.........................................1490-1491

Immadi Narasimha..............................1491-1505

Vira Narasimha................................1505-1509

Krishnadevaraya...............................1509-1530

Achyota.......................................1530-1542

Venkata............................................1542

Sadashivaraya.................................1542-1565

To the Mughal Empire

When the Mughal Empire lost cohesion in the 18th century, southern

India fragmented once more into local states, and various European

colonies, especially at Goa (Portuguese) and Pondicherry (French).

After 1757, British influence was paramount, and the region followed

general Indian history from then on.

SUREN This Parthian dependency, located in much of what is now

Pakistan, northeastern India, southern Afghanistan, and eastern

Iran, is now placed among other SCYTHIAN groups.

TANJORE (Thanjavur) A city and district in far southern India, about

50 miles (80 km.) west of the French enclave and port of Karaikal.

 

To Chola Empire (A Chola capital 9th-11th c.)...c. 846-1279

To the Mughal Empire..........................1279-1334

To Madurai....................................1334-1378

To Vijayanagar................................1378-1549

NAYYAK

Sevappa.......................................1549-1572

Achyutappa....................................1572-1614

Raghunatha....................................1614- ?

Vijaya Raghava................................. ? -1673

Within French sphere of influence..........c. 1680-1763

BHONSLE (Maratha)

Venkaji..................................1674-1686

Shahji...................................1686-1711

Sarabhoji I..............................1711-1727

Tukoji...................................1727-1735

Bava Sahib...............................1735-1736

Sujana Bai (fem.).........................1736-1738

Sawai Shahji..................................1738

Sayaji...................................1738-1739

Pratap Singh.............................1739-1763

Within British sphere of influence............1763-1855

Tusalji..................................1763-1787

Amar Singh...............................1787-1798

Sarabhoji II.............................1798-1824

Sivaji...................................1824-1855

To Great Britain directly.....................1855-1948

To India......................................1948-

UDAIPUR In western India, about 200 miles (320 km.) northeast of the

Kathiawar Peninsula.

GUHILA

Khommana I..................................c. 750-c. 753

Mattata.....................................c. 753- ?

Bhartripatta I

Simha

Khommana II

Mahayaka

Khommana III

Bhartripatta II.............................c. 940-c. 950

Allata......................................c. 950-c. 960

Naravahana..................................c. 960-c. 971

Salivahana..................................c. 971-c. 977

Saktikumara.................................c. 977- ?

Ambaprasada

Suchivarman

Naravarman

Anantavarman

Kirtivarman

Yogaraja

Vairata

Hamsapala

Vairi Singh

Vijaya Singh...................................fl. c. 1108

Ari Singh I

Choda Singh

Vikrama Singh

Rana Singh.....................................fl. c. 1168

Kshema Singh

Samanta Singh

Kumara Singh

Mathana Singh

Padma Singh

Jaitra Singh...............................c. 1213-c. 1260

Teja Singh.................................c. 1260-c. 1273

Samara Singh...............................c. 1273-c. 1302

Ratna Singh I..............................c. 1302-c. 1303

Lakhana Singh..............................c. 1303-c. 1314

Hammir I...................................c. 1314-c. 1378

Kshetra Singh..............................c. 1378-c. 1405

Laksha Singh...............................c. 1405-c. 1420

Mokala.....................................c. 1420-1433

Kumbhakarna...................................1433-1468

Udaya Karan...................................1468-1473

Rayamalla.....................................1473-1509

Sangrama Singh I..............................1509-1528

Ratna Singh II................................1528-1532

Bikramajit....................................1532-1535

Ranbir........................................1535-1537

Udaya Singh...................................1537-1572

Pratap Singh I................................1572-1597

Amar Singh I..................................1597-1620

Karan.........................................1620-1628

Jagat Singh I.................................1628-1652

Raja Singh I..................................1652-1680

Jaya Singh....................................1680-1699

Amar Singh II.................................1699-1711

Sangrama Singh II.............................1711-1734

Jagat Singh II................................1734-1752

Pratap Singh II...............................1752-1754

Raja Singh II.................................1754-1761

Ari Singh II..................................1761-1773

Hammir II.....................................1773-1778

Bhim Singh....................................1778-1828

Jawan Singh...................................1828-1838

Sardar Singh..................................1838-1842

Sarup Singh...................................1842-1861

Sambhu........................................1861-1874

Sujjan Singh..................................1874-1884

Fateh Singh...................................1884-1930

Bhopal Singh..................................1930-1949

To India......................................1948-

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