Caitanyachandra

IBM Builds World's Fastest Supercomputer to Simulate Nuclear Testing for U.S. Energy Department Poughkeepsie, N.Y., June 29, 2000. IBM today announced that the company has built the world's fastestsupercomputer--capable of 12 trillion calculations per second--more than three times faster than the most powerful computer in existence today. Known as ASCI White, the RS/6000 SP supercomputer covers an area the size of two basketball courts and will be used by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) program to help ensure the safety and reliability of the nation's nuclear weapons stockpile without real-world testing. In testing just completed at IBM facilities in Poughkeepsie, N.Y., ASCI White demonstrated a record computational capability of 12.3 teraflops (trillions of operations/second)--exceeding the performance requirements of IBM's pioneering contract with the DOE by 23%. The system is scheduled to be fully installed at the DOE's Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in California by the end of the year. The Laboratory is operated for DOE by the University of California. ASCI White marks a breakthrough in computing. At 12.3 teraflops, the IBM-designed RS/6000 SP system is the first computer to exceed the double-digit teraflop speed barrier, a feat once thought impossible by computer scientists. It will be used by the DOE to develop complex 3D simulation tools for use in supporting nuclear stockpile stewardship efforts. The system, developed by IBM under the DOE's ASCI (Accelerated Strategic Computing Initiative) Partnership, is powered by 8,192 copper microprocessors, and contains six trillion bytes (TB) of memory with more than 160 TB of IBM disk storage capacity--enough to hold six times the entire book collection of the Library of Congress. Delivery of the ASCI White system from IBM facilities in Poughkeepsie, N.Y. to DOE's Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in Livermore, California will require 28 tractor trailer trucks. "This is a significant achievement," said Secretary of Energy Bill Richardson. "Once this system is fully installed it will be an important tool for stockpile stewardship." "This level of computing power has never been achieved anywhere. It will open new horizons in scientific computing, as we approach our goal to simulate the aging and operation of a nuclear weapon," according to David M. Cooper, Associate Director for Computations and CIO at Lawrence Livermore. "This is the second time in our partnership with IBM that they have exceeded contract performance specifications in the delivery of a major supercomputer system." "The completion of the ASCI White system is a significant milestone for the Department of Energy and for the science of computer simulation," said Nicholas Donofrio, IBM Senior Vice President and Group Executive, Technology and Manufacturing. "The selection of IBM and the RS/6000 SP for a project of this scope and national urgency is a reflection of our unique ability to provide large scale computational power to solve the most demanding business and scientific applications--what we call "'Deep Computing'." The DOE's Stockpile Stewardship ASCI project was developed in response to a directive from President Clinton. It integrates the efforts of the three DOE national laboratories: Livermore, Los Alamos, and Sandia. The ASCI project calls for a series of supercomputers--1, 3, 10, 30 and 100 teraflops in size--to be built over a period of several years. http://www.llnl.gov/asci/news/white_news.html

http://www.llnl.gov/asci/news/worlds_fastest.html

interesting the list from 00's was accurate.

[This message has been edited by Caitanyachandra (edited 10-01-2001).]

a [This message has been edited by Caitanyachandra (edited 10-01-2001).]

go go Gooh!

http://www.iskcon.org/main/twohk/prabhu.htm Srila Prabhupada took birth in this world on the day after Krishna's appearance day, in Calcutta, 1896. His life history from his earliest days to his passing away in 1977 is vividly described in his authorized biography, the Srila Prabhupada Lilamrta. In Calcutta, 1922, Srila Prabhupada first met his spiritual master, Srila Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati Thakur, who immediately asked him, "You are an intelligent young man. Why don't you preach the message of Lord Caitanya in English?" This request was to be the driving force in Srila Prabhupada's life. Although Srila Prabhupada then accepted his spiritual master within his heart, it was in 1932 that he became Srila Bhaktisiddhanta's officially initiated disciple. Meanwhile, Srila Prabhupada had started a successful pharmaceutical business to maintain his family. In 1936, Srila Prabhupada wrote to his spiritual master, who was then passing his last days on the planet. In the letter Prabhupada asked, "Is there any particular service I can do?" Srila Bhaktisiddhanta said in his reply, "I am fully confident that you can explain in English our thoughts and arguments. ...I have every hope that you can turn yourself into a very good English preacher." Srila Prabhupada knew this was to be his life's mission, and he began to prepare himself. In 1944, during the Second World War, when paper was scarce and people were not very wealthy materially or spiritually, Srila Prabhupada began his magazine, Back to Godhead, which is still being published today. To pay for the printing, he would collect donations. To publish the issues (then in newspaper format), he would write, edit, and do the layout. To sell them, he would go out himself. In 1950, he left his home and family and dedicated his life to preaching. In 1959, he took the order of sannyasa -- full renunciation from material life. Soon afterward he wrote three volumes of the Srimad-Bhagavatam, finishing the first of twelve cantos. Again he wrote, edited, proofread, bought the paper, and got the books printed and bound. After delivery, he sold the books through bookstores and agents in the larger cities of India. Now he had these three books in English. Feeling the weight of his spiritual master's order and knowing Lord Caitanya Mahaprabhu's assurance that His holy name would be heard in every town and village throughout the world, Srila Prabhupada was determined to go to America somehow or other and preach. He was convinced that if the Americans would take up Krishna consciousness, all the other countries in the world would follow. Begging passage on the Jaladuta, a cargo carrier of the Scindia Steamship Corporation, and traveling 35 painful days across the ocean (he had two heart attacks on the journey), Srila Prabhupada arrived in New York City. He later related, "I didn't know where to turn, left or right." After a difficult six months, living here and there, he rented a small storefront on 26 Second Avenue in New York's Lower East Side, not the best neighborhood by any estimation. It was here that some sincere searchers for spiritual knowledge gathered and gradually found shelter at the lotus feet of Srila Prabhupada, whom they affectionately called, "Swamiji." Soon Srila Prabhupada gathered the most interested of these searchers and brought them to Tompkins Square Park, where they held the first outdoor chanting session (sankirtan) outside India. Onlookers were amazed, and the boys who had gone with him were feeling the ecstasy of chanting. Soon there were regular chanting parties, and the first devotees became initiated by Srila Prabhupada. In July of 1966, Srila Prabhupada officially incorporated The International Society for Krishna Consciousness (ISKCON) and began to develop his infrastructure for spreading the message of Krishna throughout the world. Srila Prabhupada revived his Back to Godhead magazine, which the newly-initiated devotees distributed on the streets. Regularly Srila Prabhupada would hold chanting sessions and give lectures to the eager groups of people who would come to his storefront. Always he would distribute prasadam, and soon he started the first Sunday feasts. After the New York devotees became more steady in their spiritual practice, Srila Prabhupada went to San Francisco to establish ISKCON on the West Coast of the USA. Many hippies joined his movement and spread spiritual love and peace throughout the community. Srila Prabhupada sent his disciples to preach in other parts of the world and establish Krishna Conscious centers. They first started preaching in London, then later in Berlin, India, and many cities throughout the USA. Srila Prabhupada passed away from this world in 1977. After preaching for 11 years in the West, he had created 108 centers worldwide, written 51 volumes of transcendental literature (described below), traveled around the world eight times and initiated 5,000 disciples. He had created the world's largest publisher of Vedic literature (The Bhaktivedanta Book Trust), a scientific preaching academy (The Bhaktivedanta Institute), and many other trusts to insure the continuity of ISKCON.

What is the purpose and meaning of ISKCON? Why does it exist? Who created it... It is common knowledge that ISKCON does not have a bona-fide disciplic parampara. What's next for this maze of mirrors and fire?

[url=http://www.geocities.com it was a good read chapz. [This message has been edited by Caitanyachandra (edited 10-01-2001).]

Putting someone against a white board could reflect more light which resembles a intended --interpretation of an aura. Too much white can damage the eyes. For the bodily aura. It might be the superimposition of light from the body + brain electromagnetic radiation + (bodily raditation - light from the body) = AURA? I don't know now.

done. [This message has been edited by Caitanyachandra (edited 10-17-2001).]

How can you see auras? I would like to know that...

There are millions of infinite qualities to The Lord however there are 2 that set him apart from everything.

Samkhya and Vedanta Out of six classical systems of studies of Indian thought (Nyaya, Vaisheshika, Samkhya, Yoga, Mimamsa, and Vedanta), Samkhya forms one of the most important philosophical currents. It is based on two distinct principles, namely 1) Purusha, and 2) Prakriti. This dualism forms the basis of this philosophy. Secondly, Samkhya is precise, rational, and logical, and therefore does not deem it necessary to invoke the concept of God for explaining the manifest and non-manifest multifarious nature: the individual self and the objective universe. Samkhya nicely propounds the theory of the possibility and the need to realize our true Self so that the bondage of ignorance is broken and the individual self may attain liberation. Patanjali in his system of Yoga further elucidates the method and means to unite our lower self with the true Self. It is to the credit of sage Kapila (of ancient India, circa 3500 BCE) that saw the elaboration of this system, and thereby he established the basis for all subsequent philosophical deliberations. Therefore, Kapila Muni is truly called "Father of Philosophy". Prakriti Through the concept of Prakriti Samkhya deduced the evolution of objective universe in its infinite diversity. This Prakriti is the all pervasive but complex primal substance, which is transformed into multifarious nature. The primal entity is not perceived in its original form, for then it is in a state of equilibrium, and as such non-modified. This eternal and infinite principle is insentient and consists of three interdependent and interchangeable elements called the gunas. These are sattva, rajas, and tamas. These gunas are not the qualities but the constituent parts of Prakriti. They give complexity to the Mula (original) Prakriti. Under the inscrutable influence of Purusha, which is inactive and passive, but sentient (and also infinite and eternal), Prakriti loses its equilibrium. As a consequence of this, the equilibrium is disturbed and the whole universe of unlimited permutations and combinations comes into existence. The first modification of primordial nature is called Mahat or Cosmic Intelligence. It further involutes into two forces, 1) Akasha, the primal matter, and 2) Prana, the primal energy. Akasha forms the material basis and prana the energy basis of creation. Out of the interaction of akasha and prana are formed five subtle elements, crudely translated as ether, fire, air, water, and earth. These are the constituents of all the material existence in the universe. As can be seen, even mahat is material consisting of three gunas, and so also the prana. Nothing can exist without the combination of these three gunas. Mind, intellect, ego, sense organs, sense objects, trees, plants, animal world, in short everything evolves from the various combination of these three gunas. In some of these the sattva predominates, in others the rajas or the tamas. Depending upon the preponderance of a particular guna in such a combination, the object acquires its peculiarities. Fir instance, while the mind and intellect have predominance of sattva, a clod of earth is full of tamas! Sattva is helpful in illumining the true nature of the thing, tamas in its extreme obscures the reality, rajas acts at the intermediate level, and it causes distorted perception and gives false perception of it. Sattva is pure and shining, rajas is active and passionate, while tamas is dull and lazy. Purusha Samkhya philosophy should not be construed to mean naturalistic science; and its conception of the second principle as Purusha removes such a misconception. While Prakriti is insentient, Purusha is the sentient being. It is the principle of awareness. Because of its close association with the Prakriti it is possible to gain experience. Organs of perception are responsible for bringing sensory stimuli to the mind, but it s only because of proximity of Purusha to the internal organ -antahkarana- one can gain the experience. One more important consideration according to Samkhya is that Purusha are many. The process in brief can be described as follows: Spirit or Purusha is the principle for the sake of which nature evolves. Experience is explained on the basis of a certain association of spirit with nature. Matter is merely the medium for spirit to manifest itself; matter is not the source of consciousness. Mind intellect complex (or internal organ, the Antahkarana) is refined, subtle matter predominantly consisting of sattva guna that acts as the main locus of union between Prakriti and Purusha resulting in possibility of an experience, and thereby knowledge. Every thought, desire, i.e. mental process by way of internal or external stimulus brings about modifications in chitta - the mind-stuff. Like a stone thrown in a lake it produces ripples in the chitta. Immediately the mind reacts, it sends the message to the Buddhi or the intellect, which determines the nature of the impulse and decides the course of action. Thus, intellect acts as the deterministic faculty. Buddhi presents the whole series of modifications to the Purusha, which experiences the change in the chitta, but is not affected in the least in the process. It is like a colorless prism appearing red when a red flower is placed beside it! Thus internal organ or mind-stuff is the main conduit for knowledge. However, the ego-function confuses the situation by identifying the Purusha with the matter. The Purpose But what is the purpose of all these changes in the nature! Is there any? How and why this evolution from gross to subtle and back, and these changes can be interpreted in relation to the goal? The question comes to mind: Is the cosmic revolution purposeful? Answers to these questions form the basis of various philosophical thoughts in the history of time and place. The westerners and Charvakas of India believed that such changes are meant for the sense enjoyment, from grosser indulgence to refined intellectual deliberations. Eat, drink, and be merry was the slogan of ancient materialist Charvakas. But the Indians didn't object to their whims, for, true religious democratic tradition, respect for every belief, was the main pillar of Indian culture. Anyway, coming to our point of answering the question of purpose, aim or goal, of the changes in the nature, Samkhya maintains that changes are for the 'benefit' of the soul. The Purusha gradually realizes that changes in the nature do not affect it; and a day comes when it becomes free from all the bondages of identification with the and mind. It realizes that it is eternal Free and omniscient. This freedom of soul is the aim and destiny of every human endeavor. The missing link in modern materialist science is the absence of any conception of primal sentient Self or Consciousness or Purusha. (Throughout the article, the terms Self or Consciousness or Purusha are used interchangeably.) * Differences with Advaita Vedanta: The ancient Samkhya and Vedanta philosophies discuss various aspects of origin of universe and evolutionary rationality of creation. The whole argumentative approach of various Indian belief systems, in some way or the other, is based on these philosophies. We have seen that Samkhya maintains two independent Realities and infinite numbers of Purusha! Moreover, both the entities are taken to assume infinite and eternal existence. Vedanta does not accept two infinites and multiplicity of Souls. Vedanta maintains that Brahman is the only Immaterial Existence; and being non-material and simple, It has to be all pervading and the only One Reality. The problem arises, then, about explaining this 'multifarious existence including our identity!' The simple and apparently clever answer to this question is: 'When one perceives this universe as real, the explanation based on Maya theory should suit the person. A time will come when one shall reach the state of higher consciousness when this multifarious reality will vanish, and the person will perceive the same universe as no other than Brahman, (or Atman, or Self, or God).' Before everything there exists Reality as Absolute Consciousness. The 'Will' to become many is the beginning of manifest universe. The Will evolves as Illusion: the Maya. 'Absolute Consciousness, Brahman, willed to become many', this is Maya. Maya is the cosmic illusion that creates ignorance and veils the vision of the Only Reality. Due to the power of Maya, the Same Oneness is perceived as manifold universe. Basically Absolute Consciousness was never modified, is not modified, and cannot be modified. This is the basis of Advaita Vedanta. Based on their experiences the 'seers' or 'rishis' of ancient ages came to the conclusion that the entire manifest universe is the expression of illusory qualities of One Substance -the Absolute Universal Consciousness: Swami Vivekananda has had honesty to praise the sage Kapila and his exposition of Samkhya philosophy as, "(If we take into consideration Advaita Vedanta), then our argument will be that the Samkhya is not a perfect generalization, ...and yet all glory really belongs to the Samkhya. It is very easy to give a finishing touch to a building when it is constructed

Samkhya and Vedanta Out of six classical systems of studies of Indian thought (Nyaya, Vaisheshika, Samkhya, Yoga, Mimamsa, and Vedanta), Samkhya forms one of the most important philosophical currents. It is based on two distinct principles, namely 1) Purusha, and 2) Prakriti. This dualism forms the basis of this philosophy. Secondly, Samkhya is precise, rational, and logical, and therefore does not deem it necessary to invoke the concept of God for explaining the manifest and non-manifest multifarious nature: the individual self and the objective universe. Samkhya nicely propounds the theory of the possibility and the need to realize our true Self so that the bondage of ignorance is broken and the individual self may attain liberation. Patanjali in his system of Yoga further elucidates the method and means to unite our lower self with the true Self. It is to the credit of sage Kapila (of ancient India, circa 3500 BCE) that saw the elaboration of this system, and thereby he established the basis for all subsequent philosophical deliberations. Therefore, Kapila Muni is truly called "Father of Philosophy". Prakriti Through the concept of Prakriti Samkhya deduced the evolution of objective universe in its infinite diversity. This Prakriti is the all pervasive but complex primal substance, which is transformed into multifarious nature. The primal entity is not perceived in its original form, for then it is in a state of equilibrium, and as such non-modified. This eternal and infinite principle is insentient and consists of three interdependent and interchangeable elements called the gunas. These are sattva, rajas, and tamas. These gunas are not the qualities but the constituent parts of Prakriti. They give complexity to the Mula (original) Prakriti. Under the inscrutable influence of Purusha, which is inactive and passive, but sentient (and also infinite and eternal), Prakriti loses its equilibrium. As a consequence of this, the equilibrium is disturbed and the whole universe of unlimited permutations and combinations comes into existence. The first modification of primordial nature is called Mahat or Cosmic Intelligence. It further involutes into two forces, 1) Akasha, the primal matter, and 2) Prana, the primal energy. Akasha forms the material basis and prana the energy basis of creation. Out of the interaction of akasha and prana are formed five subtle elements, crudely translated as ether, fire, air, water, and earth. These are the constituents of all the material existence in the universe. As can be seen, even mahat is material consisting of three gunas, and so also the prana. Nothing can exist without the combination of these three gunas. Mind, intellect, ego, sense organs, sense objects, trees, plants, animal world, in short everything evolves from the various combination of these three gunas. In some of these the sattva predominates, in others the rajas or the tamas. Depending upon the preponderance of a particular guna in such a combination, the object acquires its peculiarities. Fir instance, while the mind and intellect have predominance of sattva, a clod of earth is full of tamas! Sattva is helpful in illumining the true nature of the thing, tamas in its extreme obscures the reality, rajas acts at the intermediate level, and it causes distorted perception and gives false perception of it. Sattva is pure and shining, rajas is active and passionate, while tamas is dull and lazy. Purusha Samkhya philosophy should not be construed to mean naturalistic science; and its conception of the second principle as Purusha removes such a misconception. While Prakriti is insentient, Purusha is the sentient being. It is the principle of awareness. Because of its close association with the Prakriti it is possible to gain experience. Organs of perception are responsible for bringing sensory stimuli to the mind, but it s only because of proximity of Purusha to the internal organ -antahkarana- one can gain the experience. One more important consideration according to Samkhya is that Purusha are many. The process in brief can be described as follows: Spirit or Purusha is the principle for the sake of which nature evolves. Experience is explained on the basis of a certain association of spirit with nature. Matter is merely the medium for spirit to manifest itself; matter is not the source of consciousness. Mind intellect complex (or internal organ, the Antahkarana) is refined, subtle matter predominantly consisting of sattva guna that acts as the main locus of union between Prakriti and Purusha resulting in possibility of an experience, and thereby knowledge. Every thought, desire, i.e. mental process by way of internal or external stimulus brings about modifications in chitta - the mind-stuff. Like a stone thrown in a lake it produces ripples in the chitta. Immediately the mind reacts, it sends the message to the Buddhi or the intellect, which determines the nature of the impulse and decides the course of action. Thus, intellect acts as the deterministic faculty. Buddhi presents the whole series of modifications to the Purusha, which experiences the change in the chitta, but is not affected in the least in the process. It is like a colorless prism appearing red when a red flower is placed beside it! Thus internal organ or mind-stuff is the main conduit for knowledge. However, the ego-function confuses the situation by identifying the Purusha with the matter. The Purpose But what is the purpose of all these changes in the nature! Is there any? How and why this evolution from gross to subtle and back, and these changes can be interpreted in relation to the goal? The question comes to mind: Is the cosmic revolution purposeful? Answers to these questions form the basis of various philosophical thoughts in the history of time and place. The westerners and Charvakas of India believed that such changes are meant for the sense enjoyment, from grosser indulgence to refined intellectual deliberations. Eat, drink, and be merry was the slogan of ancient materialist Charvakas. But the Indians didn't object to their whims, for, true religious democratic tradition, respect for every belief, was the main pillar of Indian culture. Anyway, coming to our point of answering the question of purpose, aim or goal, of the changes in the nature, Samkhya maintains that changes are for the 'benefit' of the soul. The Purusha gradually realizes that changes in the nature do not affect it; and a day comes when it becomes free from all the bondages of identification with the and mind. It realizes that it is eternal Free and omniscient. This freedom of soul is the aim and destiny of every human endeavor. The missing link in modern materialist science is the absence of any conception of primal sentient Self or Consciousness or Purusha. (Throughout the article, the terms Self or Consciousness or Purusha are used interchangeably.) * Differences with Advaita Vedanta: The ancient Samkhya and Vedanta philosophies discuss various aspects of origin of universe and evolutionary rationality of creation. The whole argumentative approach of various Indian belief systems, in some way or the other, is based on these philosophies. We have seen that Samkhya maintains two independent Realities and infinite numbers of Purusha! Moreover, both the entities are taken to assume infinite and eternal existence. Vedanta does not accept two infinites and multiplicity of Souls. Vedanta maintains that Brahman is the only Immaterial Existence; and being non-material and simple, It has to be all pervading and the only One Reality. The problem arises, then, about explaining this 'multifarious existence including our identity!' The simple and apparently clever answer to this question is: 'When one perceives this universe as real, the explanation based on Maya theory should suit the person. A time will come when one shall reach the state of higher consciousness when this multifarious reality will vanish, and the person will perceive the same universe as no other than Brahman, (or Atman, or Self, or God).' Before everything there exists Reality as Absolute Consciousness. The 'Will' to become many is the beginning of manifest universe. The Will evolves as Illusion: the Maya. 'Absolute Consciousness, Brahman, willed to become many', this is Maya. Maya is the cosmic illusion that creates ignorance and veils the vision of the Only Reality. Due to the power of Maya, the Same Oneness is perceived as manifold universe. Basically Absolute Consciousness was never modified, is not modified, and cannot be modified. This is the basis of Advaita Vedanta. Based on their experiences the 'seers' or 'rishis' of ancient ages came to the conclusion that the entire manifest universe is the expression of illusory qualities of One Substance -the Absolute Universal Consciousness: Swami Vivekananda has had honesty to praise the sage Kapila and his exposition of Samkhya philosophy as, "(If we take into consideration Advaita Vedanta), then our argument will be that the Samkhya is not a perfect generalization, ...and yet all glory really belongs to the Samkhya. It is very easy to give a finishing touch to a building when it is constructed

Samkhya and Vedanta Out of six classical systems of studies of Indian thought (Nyaya, Vaisheshika, Samkhya, Yoga, Mimamsa, and Vedanta), Samkhya forms one of the most important philosophical currents. It is based on two distinct principles, namely 1) Purusha, and 2) Prakriti. This dualism forms the basis of this philosophy. Secondly, Samkhya is precise, rational, and logical, and therefore does not deem it necessary to invoke the concept of God for explaining the manifest and non-manifest multifarious nature: the individual self and the objective universe. Samkhya nicely propounds the theory of the possibility and the need to realize our true Self so that the bondage of ignorance is broken and the individual self may attain liberation. Patanjali in his system of Yoga further elucidates the method and means to unite our lower self with the true Self. It is to the credit of sage Kapila (of ancient India, circa 3500 BCE) that saw the elaboration of this system, and thereby he established the basis for all subsequent philosophical deliberations. Therefore, Kapila Muni is truly called "Father of Philosophy". Prakriti Through the concept of Prakriti Samkhya deduced the evolution of objective universe in its infinite diversity. This Prakriti is the all pervasive but complex primal substance, which is transformed into multifarious nature. The primal entity is not perceived in its original form, for then it is in a state of equilibrium, and as such non-modified. This eternal and infinite principle is insentient and consists of three interdependent and interchangeable elements called the gunas. These are sattva, rajas, and tamas. These gunas are not the qualities but the constituent parts of Prakriti. They give complexity to the Mula (original) Prakriti. Under the inscrutable influence of Purusha, which is inactive and passive, but sentient (and also infinite and eternal), Prakriti loses its equilibrium. As a consequence of this, the equilibrium is disturbed and the whole universe of unlimited permutations and combinations comes into existence. The first modification of primordial nature is called Mahat or Cosmic Intelligence. It further involutes into two forces, 1) Akasha, the primal matter, and 2) Prana, the primal energy. Akasha forms the material basis and prana the energy basis of creation. Out of the interaction of akasha and prana are formed five subtle elements, crudely translated as ether, fire, air, water, and earth. These are the constituents of all the material existence in the universe. As can be seen, even mahat is material consisting of three gunas, and so also the prana. Nothing can exist without the combination of these three gunas. Mind, intellect, ego, sense organs, sense objects, trees, plants, animal world, in short everything evolves from the various combination of these three gunas. In some of these the sattva predominates, in others the rajas or the tamas. Depending upon the preponderance of a particular guna in such a combination, the object acquires its peculiarities. Fir instance, while the mind and intellect have predominance of sattva, a clod of earth is full of tamas! Sattva is helpful in illumining the true nature of the thing, tamas in its extreme obscures the reality, rajas acts at the intermediate level, and it causes distorted perception and gives false perception of it. Sattva is pure and shining, rajas is active and passionate, while tamas is dull and lazy. Purusha Samkhya philosophy should not be construed to mean naturalistic science; and its conception of the second principle as Purusha removes such a misconception. While Prakriti is insentient, Purusha is the sentient being. It is the principle of awareness. Because of its close association with the Prakriti it is possible to gain experience. Organs of perception are responsible for bringing sensory stimuli to the mind, but it s only because of proximity of Purusha to the internal organ -antahkarana- one can gain the experience. One more important consideration according to Samkhya is that Purusha are many. The process in brief can be described as follows: Spirit or Purusha is the principle for the sake of which nature evolves. Experience is explained on the basis of a certain association of spirit with nature. Matter is merely the medium for spirit to manifest itself; matter is not the source of consciousness. Mind intellect complex (or internal organ, the Antahkarana) is refined, subtle matter predominantly consisting of sattva guna that acts as the main locus of union between Prakriti and Purusha resulting in possibility of an experience, and thereby knowledge. Every thought, desire, i.e. mental process by way of internal or external stimulus brings about modifications in chitta - the mind-stuff. Like a stone thrown in a lake it produces ripples in the chitta. Immediately the mind reacts, it sends the message to the Buddhi or the intellect, which determines the nature of the impulse and decides the course of action. Thus, intellect acts as the deterministic faculty. Buddhi presents the whole series of modifications to the Purusha, which experiences the change in the chitta, but is not affected in the least in the process. It is like a colorless prism appearing red when a red flower is placed beside it! Thus internal organ or mind-stuff is the main conduit for knowledge. However, the ego-function confuses the situation by identifying the Purusha with the matter. The Purpose But what is the purpose of all these changes in the nature! Is there any? How and why this evolution from gross to subtle and back, and these changes can be interpreted in relation to the goal? The question comes to mind: Is the cosmic revolution purposeful? Answers to these questions form the basis of various philosophical thoughts in the history of time and place. The westerners and Charvakas of India believed that such changes are meant for the sense enjoyment, from grosser indulgence to refined intellectual deliberations. Eat, drink, and be merry was the slogan of ancient materialist Charvakas. But the Indians didn't object to their whims, for, true religious democratic tradition, respect for every belief, was the main pillar of Indian culture. Anyway, coming to our point of answering the question of purpose, aim or goal, of the changes in the nature, Samkhya maintains that changes are for the 'benefit' of the soul. The Purusha gradually realizes that changes in the nature do not affect it; and a day comes when it becomes free from all the bondages of identification with the and mind. It realizes that it is eternal Free and omniscient. This freedom of soul is the aim and destiny of every human endeavor. The missing link in modern materialist science is the absence of any conception of primal sentient Self or Consciousness or Purusha. (Throughout the article, the terms Self or Consciousness or Purusha are used interchangeably.) * Differences with Advaita Vedanta: The ancient Samkhya and Vedanta philosophies discuss various aspects of origin of universe and evolutionary rationality of creation. The whole argumentative approach of various Indian belief systems, in some way or the other, is based on these philosophies. We have seen that Samkhya maintains two independent Realities and infinite numbers of Purusha! Moreover, both the entities are taken to assume infinite and eternal existence. Vedanta does not accept two infinites and multiplicity of Souls. Vedanta maintains that Brahman is the only Immaterial Existence; and being non-material and simple, It has to be all pervading and the only One Reality. The problem arises, then, about explaining this 'multifarious existence including our identity!' The simple and apparently clever answer to this question is: 'When one perceives this universe as real, the explanation based on Maya theory should suit the person. A time will come when one shall reach the state of higher consciousness when this multifarious reality will vanish, and the person will perceive the same universe as no other than Brahman, (or Atman, or Self, or God).' Before everything there exists Reality as Absolute Consciousness. The 'Will' to become many is the beginning of manifest universe. The Will evolves as Illusion: the Maya. 'Absolute Consciousness, Brahman, willed to become many', this is Maya. Maya is the cosmic illusion that creates ignorance and veils the vision of the Only Reality. Due to the power of Maya, the Same Oneness is perceived as manifold universe. Basically Absolute Consciousness was never modified, is not modified, and cannot be modified. This is the basis of Advaita Vedanta. Based on their experiences the 'seers' or 'rishis' of ancient ages came to the conclusion that the entire manifest universe is the expression of illusory qualities of One Substance -the Absolute Universal Consciousness: Swami Vivekananda has had honesty to praise the sage Kapila and his exposition of Samkhya philosophy as, "(If we take into consideration Advaita Vedanta), then our argument will be that the Samkhya is not a perfect generalization, ...and yet all glory really belongs to the Samkhya. It is very easy to give a finishing touch to a building when it is constructed

Leonhard Euler Calvinist physicist; mathematician; differential and integral calculus and algebra where does this guy get 'his history? what a l00ser.

Interesting study list for scholars.

Einstein would be in bottom fifty. His influence is completely taken out LI. Thank relative time for that.

ADD to the list or create your own list... I'll put a concocted one: 1. Sri Krsna 1. Sri Adi Sankar Acarya. 2. Jeev Goswami. 3. Jesus Christ (non-existent) 4. Darwin 5. Clinton 6. etc...

Intersting list here. Moohammed is put at #1 for founding Zorastrainistic ISLAM. NEWTON IS PUT AT #2 for theory of universal gravitation and motional laws (note he was not the first to discover gravitity by any means)! http://www.adherents.com/adh_influ.html 1 Muhammad Islam Prophet of Islam; conqueror of Arabia; Hart recognized that ranking Muhammad first might be controversial, but felt that, from a secular historian's perspective, this was the correct choice because Muhammad is the only man to have been both a founder of a major world religion and a major military/political leader. 2 Isaac Newton Anglican (rejected Trinitarianism; believed in the Arianism of the Primitive Church) * physicist; theory of universal gravitation; laws of motion 3 Jesus Christ * Judaism; Christianity founder of Christianity 4 Buddha Hinduism; Buddhism founder of Buddhism 5 Confucius Confucianism founder of Confucianism 6 St. Paul Judaism; Christianity proselytizer of Christianity 7 Ts'ai Lun Chinese traditional religion inventor of paper 8 Johann Gutenberg Catholic developed movable type; printed Bibles 9 Christopher Columbus Catholic explorer; led Europe to Americas 10 Albert Einstein Jewish * physicist; relativity; Einsteinian physics 11 Louis Pasteur Catholic scientist; pasteurization 12 Galileo Galilei Catholic * astronomer; accurately described heliocentric solar system 13 Aristotle Platonism / Greek philosophy influential Greek philosopher 14 Euclid Platonism / Greek philosophy mathematician; Euclidian geometry 15 Moses Judaism major prophet of Judaism 16 Charles Darwin Anglican (nominal) biologist; described Darwinian evolution, which had theological impact on many religions 17 Shih Huang Ti Chinese traditional religion Chinese emperor 18 Augustus Caesar Roman state paganism ruler 19 Nicolaus Copernicus Catholic (priest) astronomer; taught heliocentricity 20 Antoine Laurent Lavoisier Catholic * father of modern chemistry; philosopher; economist 21 Constantine the Great Roman state paganism; Christianity Roman emperor who made Christianity the state religion 22 James Watt nonreligious * developed steam engine 23 Michael Faraday Sandemanian physicist; chemist; discovery of magneto-electricity 24 James Clerk Maxwell Presbyterian; Anglican; Baptist * physicist; electromagnetic spectrum 25 Martin Luther Catholic; Lutheran founder of Protestantism and Lutheranism 26 George Washington Episcopalian; Deist first president of United States 27 Karl Marx Jewish; Christian; Atheist; Marxism/Communism * founder of Communism 28 Orville and Wilbur Wright Protestant (nominal?) * inventors of airplane 29 Genghis Khan Mongolian shamanism Mongol conqueror 30 Adam Smith Liberal Protestant economist; expositor of capitalism; religious philosopher 31 Edward de Vere Christianity * literature; also wrote 6 volumes about philosophy and religion; William Shakespeare? 32 John Dalton Quaker chemist; physicist; atomic theory; law of partial pressures (Dalton's law) 33 Alexander the Great Greek state paganism conqueror 34 Napoleon Bonaparte Catholic (nominal) * French conqueror 35 Thomas Edison Congregationalist; agnostic * inventor of light bulb, phonograph, etc. 36 Antony van Leeuwenhoek Calvinist * microscopes; studied microscopic life 37 William T.G. Morton ?? pioneer in anesthesiology 38 Guglielmo Marconi Catholic and Anglican * inventor of radio 39 Adolf Hitler Catholic; Nazism conqueror; led Axis Powers in WWII 40 Plato Platonism / Greek philosophy founder of Platonism 41 Oliver Cromwell Puritan (Protestant) British political and military leader 42 Alexander Graham Bell Unitarian-Universalist inventor of telephone 43 Alexander Fleming Catholic penicillin; advances in bacteriology, immunology and chemotherapy 44 John Locke raised Puritan (Anglican); Liberal Christian philosopher and liberal theologian 45 Ludwig van Beethoven Catholic composer 46 Werner Heisenberg * discovered the principle of uncertainty 47 Louis Daguerre ?? an inventor/pioneer of photography 48 Simon Bolivar Catholic (nominal); Atheist * National hero of Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia 49 Rene Descartes * Catholic Rationalist philosopher and mathematician 50 Michelangelo Catholic painter; sculptor 51 Pope Urban II Catholic called for First Crusade 52 'Umar ibn al-Khattab Islam Second Caliph; expanded Muslim empire 53 Asoka Buddhism king of India who converted to and spread Buddhism 54 St. Augustine Christianity Early Christian theologian 55 William Harvey Anglican (nominal) * discovered the circulation of the blood 56 Ernest Rutherford ?? physicist; pioneer of subatomic physics 57 John Calvin Protestant; Calvinism Protestant reformer; founder of Calvinism 58 Gregor Mendel Catholic (monk) Mendelian genetics 59 Max Planck Protestant * physicist; thermodynamics 60 Joseph Lister Quaker principal discoverer of antiseptics which greatly reduced surgical mortality 61 Nikolaus August Otto ?? built first four-stroke internal combustion engine 62 Francisco Pizarro Catholic Spanish conqueror in South America; defeated Incas 63 Hernando Cortes Catholic conquered Mexico for Spain 64 Thomas Jefferson Episcopalian; Deist; Unitarian * 3rd president of United States 65 Queen Isabella I Catholic Spanish ruler 66 Joseph Stalin Russian Orthodox; Atheist; Marxism revolutionary and ruler of USSR 67 Julius Caesar Roman state paganism Roman emperor 68 William the Conqueror Catholic laid foundation of modern England 69 Sigmund Freud Jewish (non-practicing); Atheist * Freudian psychology/psychoanalysis founder of Freudian school of psychology; psychoanalysis 70 Edward Jenner Christianity * discoverer of the vaccination for smallpox 71 Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen ?? discovered X-rays 72 Johann Sebastian Bach Lutheran; Catholic composer 73 Lao Tzu Taoism founder of Taoism 74 Voltaire raised in Jansenism; later Deist * writer and philosopher; wrote Candide 75 Johannes Kepler Lutheran * astronomer; planetary motions 76 Enrico Fermi Catholic * initiated the atomic age; father of atom bomb 77 Leonhard Euler Calvinist physicist; mathematician; differential and integral calculus and algebra 78 Jean-Jacques Rousseau born Protestant; converted as a teen to Catholic; later Deist French deistic philosopher and author 79 Nicoli Machiavelli Catholic wrote The Prince (influential political treatise) 80 Thomas Malthus Anglican (cleric) economist; wrote Essay on the Principle of Population 81 John F. Kennedy Catholic president of United States 82 Gregory Pincus Jewish * endocrinologist; developed birth-control pill 83 Mani Manicheanism founder of Manicheanism, once a world religion which rivaled Christianity in strength 84 Lenin Jewish (1/4); Russian Orthodox; Atheist; Marxism/Communism Russian ruler 85 Sui Wen Ti Chinese traditional religion unified China 86 Vasco da Gama Catholic navigator; discovered route from Europe to India around Cape Hood 87 Cyrus the Great Zoroastrianism founder of Persian empire 88 Peter the Great Russian Orthodox forged Russia into a great European nation 89 Mao Zedong Atheist; Communism; Maoism founder of Maoism, Chinese form of Communism 90 Francis Bacon Anglican * philosopher; delineated inductive scientific method

test [This message has been edited by Caitanyachandra (edited 03-16-2002).]

Disciples of prabhupada like to here his good pasttimes. Not bad ones like that if it even happened.

I cannot believe SHE requests that I be removed from these forum. RIDICULOUS

You need to go valaya. You have implied beef and steaks on these forums and forms now. Later.